黄海西部沿岸冷水在夏季南黄海西部底层冷水形成和季节演变过程中作用的化学水文学分析

以金枪鱼碎肉为原料, 采用双酶分步水解法制备高F值酶解液, 通过Box-Behnken试验设计, 分别确定两步酶解的最佳条件, 酶解液经活性炭静态吸附去除游离芳香族氨基酸, 对脱芳后的酶解液进行氨基酸组成分析并测定F值。结果表明, 胃蛋白酶为第一步水解用酶, 酶解的最佳工艺条件为酶用量650U/g, 料水比1∶7(g/mL), 温度35.9℃; 风味蛋白酶为第二步水解用酶, 酶解的最佳工艺条件为酶用量50700U/g, pH 6.51, 温度51℃, 最终水解度达到36.87%±0.54%; 酶解液在pH 3.0, 温度35℃条件下, 经5%(质量体积分数)的活性炭吸附时间3h后, 脱芳率达到63.18%, F值为30.33, 符合高F值肽的要求。     

酶解蓝圆鲹蛋白制备降血压肽的工艺研究

以蓝圆(Decapterus maruadsi)鱼肉蛋白为原料,选用6种蛋白酶在各自适宜的条件下酶解制备鲹降血压肽,通过检测酶解产物对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的体外抑制活性,筛选出木瓜蛋白酶为制备蓝圆降血压肽的最佳用酶。考察了不同水解度的酶解产物对ACE抑制效果,当水解度为13.7%时,产物对ACE的最高抑制活性可达67.4％。在此基础上,分别了考察酶解时间、初始酶用量、初始底物浓度、酶解温度和 pH 值对酶解工艺的影响,鲹得到制备蓝圆降血压肽的适宜酶解工艺为：初始酶用量鲹为7000 U/g,初始底物浓度为25 g/L,酶解温度为45℃, pH为7.0,酶解240 min。采用超滤技术对酶解产物活性组分进行分离富集,发现产物中高活性部分均可富集于10 kDa和5kDa渗透液中,且高活性组分分子量主要集中在5 kDa以下,该组分对ACE的活性抑制率为88.47%。     

鹌鹑蛋蛋清蛋白酶解工艺条件的研究

以鹌鹑蛋蛋清蛋白作为原料,探讨酶解鹌鹑蛋蛋清蛋白生成小分子活性肽的加工工艺。采用单因素和响应面分析试验,优化出蛋清蛋白酶解的最佳工艺条件为:选用胰蛋白酶,固液比1∶3,加酶量187.5 U/g底物,水解时间5 h,pH 8.07,酶解温度51.76℃,水解度可达到91.37%,且得到的酶解液风味良好。采用高效液相色谱法分析酶解液中游离氨基酸的组成及含量,结果表明:酶解液含有7种人体必需氨基酸,其中赖氨酸含量达16.22%,是1种天然优质的水解制品,可精制成富含多种氨基酸的蛋白溶液,应用于新型产业的开发。     

绿潮藻浒苔微生物高效降解及生物乙醇制备

从绿潮藻暴发海域的底泥和腐烂浒苔(Ulva prolifera)中,筛选出一株可高效降解浒苔纤维素的微生物菌株(F菌株),通过刚果红染色实验以及真菌的ITS分析,鉴定为曲霉属真菌。以浒苔为诱导培养基制备F菌株的粗酶液,测得其滤纸纤维素酶活为34.79 U/m L。在发酵实验中,当酶解条件为6%的粗酶液添加量、反应温度为38℃、反应时间为60 h、pH为6.8时,浒苔纤维素降解效果最好,酶解液发酵乙醇产量最高达到28.98 g/L。     

酶解糙刺参内脏团蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺研究

为了能够有效利用糙刺参内脏蛋白,以水解度为主要指标,对酶解蛋白酶进行了筛选,并系统研究了酶解温度、p H、加酶量和水解时间等单因素对水解度的影响。在此基础上,利用响应面中心组合设计实验,对酶解工艺进行了优化,得到以温度、p H、加酶量及水解时间为因子的二次方程,通过方差分析和验证性实验得出,此二次方程能较好反应海参内脏团蛋白水解度的变化规律,得到最佳水解条件为:温度52.66℃,p H 6.71,加酶量2.5%(质量分数),酶解时间10 h,预测最高水解度为49.58%。最佳酶解条件下所得多肽74%以上分子质量小于500 Da。利用DPPH法测定最佳条件酶解所得多肽的抗氧化活性,3 g/L的抗氧化率达到了24.8%,利用ABTS法测定最佳条件酶解所得多肽的抗氧化活性,3 g/L的抗氧化率达到了0.255μmol/g。为海参内脏蛋白的利用提供了参考。     

多酚氧化酶的固定化及其酶学性质的研究

以壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物为载体,采用吸附法和戊二醛交联法固定多酚氧化酶(PPO),考察了固定化酶的最佳制备条件及其酶学性质。结果表明,吸附法固定化多酚氧化酶(A-PPO)的最佳制备条件为pH=5.0,酶与载体质量比20mg/g,固定化时间6h,固定化酶的载酶量为12.12mg/g,单位载体酶活为12.76×103 U/g,酶活回收率为81.7%。交联法固定化酶(C-PPO)的最佳制备条件为pH=4.0,酶与载体质量比75 mg/g,固定化时间6h,固定化酶的载酶量为18.33mg/g,单位载体酶活为2.78×103 U/g,酶活回收率为12.9%。A-PPO和C-PPO的最适酶促反应条件为pH=8.0,温度分别为40和30℃。与游离多酚氧化酶相比,固定化酶的操作稳定性、贮存稳定性均有所提高。固定化酶重复使用5次后,可保留37.6%以上的相对酶活。PPO,A-PPO和C-PPO的米氏常数Km值分别为0.48,0.56和3.06mmol/L,较游离酶的Km值均有所增加;最大反应速率Vmax分别为2.70,2.08和0.18U/g,较游离酶的Vmax值均有所减小。     

海参蒸煮废液多糖提取优化研究

从海参蒸煮废液有效利用出发,采用胃蛋白酶提取废液中海参多糖。在单因素实验基础上,选择酶解pH、酶解温度、酶用量为自变量,酶解后多糖质量浓度为响应值,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合实验及响应面分析法,研究各自变量交互作用对多糖提取的影响。确定最佳提取工艺条件为:酶解pH=1.50、酶解温度47.00℃、酶用量2.00%,在此条件下提取海参多糖质量浓度为2.31g/L。经体积分数为50%的乙醇沉淀后回收海参多糖,总回收率为39.5%。     

响应面法优化鱿鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)皮胶原蛋白提取液脱色工艺研究*

提要 鱿鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)皮胶原蛋白提取液为红棕色,不利于在食品中广泛地应用。为了进一步利用鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白,本文采用活性炭吸附法脱除鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白提取液中色素,优化脱色条件。在确定该色素特征吸收波长为420 nm条件下,分别研究了活性炭添加量、脱色时间、溶液pH值和吸附温度对鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液色素脱除效果影响。在单因素实验基础上,选择吸附时间30 min,进行活性炭添加量、溶液pH值、吸附温度三因素三水平Box-Behnken中心组合响应面分析试验。结果表明：活性炭吸附鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液色素最佳条件为活性炭添加量4.2%,溶液pH值2.27,脱色温度35 ℃,该条件下鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白液的脱色率为45.6%,蛋白质和氨基酸损耗率分别为19.65%和22.93%。脱色后鱿鱼皮胶原蛋白的甘氨酸含量最高(136.02 mg/g,相对含量23.05%),谷氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸含量也较高,而半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸总量不到1%,符合水产蛋白氨基酸和I型胶原蛋白氨基酸特点。     

酶解马氏珠母贝肉制备降血压肽工艺条件优化

以马氏珠母贝（Pinctada martensii）肉为原料,选用6种蛋白酶在各自适宜的条件下进行酶解,采用HPLC法分析酶解产物对血管肾张素转换酶（ACE）的抑制活性（IP）,筛选出碱性蛋白酶为其制备的最佳酶种类,并确定了水解度为21％时,产物具有较好的抑制活性。在此基础上,分别考察了加酶量,底物浓度,酶解温度及pH对水解度的影响。结果表明：当加酶量为0．175g／L,底物浓度为35g／L,温度为45℃,pH为9．5,水解时间240min为酶解最适宜工艺条件。通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定分子质量分布,表明酶解产物中主要为14．4ku以下的多肽分子。     

微波-复合酶辅助提取海带多糖工艺优化及其抗氧化性能分析

以海带多糖提取率为评价指标,优化了微波 复合酶辅助提取海带加工下脚料中多糖的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,海带废弃物原料为2.00 g时,微波辅助提取阶段的最佳工艺条件为：微波功率400 W、温度60 ℃、时间12 min、pH6.5和液料比60.00 mL/g,此工艺条件下海带多糖的提取率为106.49 g/kg;复合酶辅助提取阶段的最佳工艺条件为：酶解温度55 ℃、pH6.0、时间105 min、液料比40.00 mL/g、纤维素酶添加量4.00×10³U、木瓜蛋白酶添加量4.00×10³U、果胶酶添加量2.40×10³U,在此工艺条件下海带多糖的提取率为115.16 g/kg。在上述微波 复合酶辅助提取最佳工艺条件下,海带多糖的提取率可达 (208.93±0.18) g/kg。抗氧化试验测定结果表明,海带多糖具有一定的抗氧化活性,且清除羟自由基(·OH)的能力较强。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.