地球大气红外间接遥测的最佳测值条件分析

利用估计空间三类不同性质又相互联系的特征态,对红外大气间接遥测的最佳探测条件作了数值试验,结果表明:对同样的热探测问题,使用不同性质的特征态作判据,可以得到相当不同的一组独立通道数.     

大气遥感研究的进展

大气遥感是六十年代全面兴起的新型大气探测方法。它的发展将为掌握大气运动和变化规律提供更丰富、更深刻的观测资料,是推动近代大气科学研究进步的重要工具。早在六十年代中期,如何把空间、激光、红外和微波等近代技术迅速应用到我国大气科学研究,建立新的大气探测系统,适应气象为我国国防与国民经济现代化建设服务的实际需要,促进我国大气科学赶超世界先进水平的问题,就引起了我国著名地球物理学家赵九章和气象学家顾震潮的密切注意,并且着手组织力量,制定发展大气遥感的研究规划。从1965年到现在,在党的领导下,我们努力排除并克服了各种干扰和困难,全面开展了激     

大气对红外窗区遥感的影响

本文简述大气对红外窗区遥感的影响。给出处理遥感资料的辐射传输方程。用简化的辐射传输方程处理一次海空试验的资料,将遥感测量与常规测量作了比较,结果较为满意。     

Analysis of the ability of infrared water vapor channel for moisture remote sensing in the lower atmosphere

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微波遥感大气温度层结的原理和试验

一、引言 利用5毫米微波段大气辐射的地面遥感,反演大气温度压力层结。本文将讨论它的原理、仪器和试验结果。这项工作最初在北京大学进行原理性的探索。随后分别与上海气象仪器厂和北京768厂合作研制成A型微波辐射计及B型微波辐射计两种试验样机,并对两种试验样机作了野外考察试验。从观测结果上看,可以用它遥感十公里以下大气温度层结,低空逆温能够明显地反应,高空逆温反演误差较大。5公里以下均方根误差在2—3°K以内,5公里以上误差还要大些。     

GPS水汽探测原理及应用

随着地基GPS技术日益完善以及GPS气象学研究的迅速发展,地基GPS探测技术已经成为一种有效的大气水汽探测手段,可提供高精度、高容量、快速变化的水汽信息。介绍地基GPS遥感大气可降水量的基本原理,分析国内地基GPS水汽探测取得的主要成果及应用现状,展望GPS水汽探测的发展及潜在应用。     

激光大气遥感探测

一、引言 用光学方法进行主动大气遥感探测,早在本世纪三十年代就有过这方面的尝试,当时用探照灯研究了直至28公里高度的大气浑浊度和分子散射。以后,还发展成脉冲光探照灯来探测大气,并用弧光光源探测云底高度等。但是,利用这种非相干光源探测大气,受到光源性能的多方面限制,从而使得大气光学探测这一学科分支进展缓慢。     

Indo-Japanese lidar observations of the tropical middle atmosphere during 1998 and 1999

A state-of-the art Rayleigh and Mie backscattering lidar was set up at Gadanki (13.5N, 79.2E) in the Tropics in India. Using this system, regular observations of upper tropospheric clouds, aerosols at stratospheric heights and atmospheric temperatures in the range from 30 to 80 km were made. In this paper, the data collected during the period of 1998–99 were selected for systematic investigation and presentation. The Mie scattering lidar system is capable of measuring the degree of depolarization in the laser backscattering. Several tropical cirrus cloud structures have been identified with low to moderate ice content. Occasionally, thin sub-visible cirrus clouds in the vicinity of the tropical tropopause have also been detected. The aerosol measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere show low aerosol content with a vertical distribution up to 35 km altitude. Rayleigh-scattering lidar observations reveal that at the tropical site, temperature inversion occurs at mesospheric heights. Atmospheric waves have induced perturbations in the temperatures for several times at the upper stratospheric heights. A significant warming in the lower mesosphere associated with a consistent cooling in the upper stratospheric heights is observed particularly in the winter season during the events of sudden stratospheric warming (SSW).     

Estimation of the error of lidar determination of the transparency of low-turbidity atmosphere

Considered is the method of determination of atmospheric turbidity using weak lidar signals when the problem is mathematically incorrect due to the presence of the background noise. An accuracy of the method can be increased by means of using the procedure of effective averaging and linear approximation of the transmission in the case of the low attenuation coefficient.     

城市遥感研究进展

城市遥感是当前遥感技术应用的一个重要领域.随着我国新型城镇化过程的推进,遥感技术将在城市生态建设、国土空间开发、资源环境承载能力监测等方面发挥重要作用,成为城市规划管理重要的信息源.本文在总结国内外城市遥感研究内容的基础上,重点对城市遥感若干重要方向的发展进行了分析,在此基础上构建出一个地理学视角的城市遥感研究框架,结合典型实例从结构与格局、要素与作用、变化与过程、功能与响应4个方面进一步探讨了城市遥感研究的发展.最后,结合国家需求和技术发展,对城市遥感今后的发展从数据源、研究对象、应用主题、研究目标、技术方法等方面进行了展望.     

GNSS remote sensing of the Australian tropopause

Radio occultation (RO) techniques that use signals transmitted by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have emerged over the past decade as an important tool for measuring global changes in tropopause temperature and height, a valuable capacity given the tropopause??s sensitivity to temperature variations. This study uses 45,091 RO data from the CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload, 80 months), GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment, 23 months) and COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate, 20 months) satellites to analyse the variability of the tropopause??s height and temperature over Australia. GNSS RO temperature profiles from CHAMP, GRACE, and COSMIC are first validated using radiosonde observations provided by the Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). These are compared to RO soundings from between 2001 and 2007 that occurred within 3 h and 100 km of a radiosonde. The results indicate that RO soundings provide data of a comparable quality to radiosonde observations in the tropopause region, with temperature deviations of less than 0.5 ± 1.5 K. An analysis of tropopause height and temperature anomalies indicates a height increase over Australia as a whole of ca. 4.8 ± 1.3 m between September 2001 and April 2008, with a corresponding temperature decrease of ?0.019 ± 0.007 K. A similar pattern of increasing height/decreasing temperature was generally observed when determining the spatial distribution of the tropopause height and temperature rate of change over Australia. Although only a short period has been considered in this study, a function of the operating time of these satellites, the results nonetheless show an increase in the height of the tropopause over Australia during this period and thus may indicate regional warming. Several mechanisms could be responsible for these changes, such as an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and lower stratospheric cooling due to ozone loss, both of which have been observed during the last decades.     

The analysis of results of remote sensing monitoring of the temperature profile in lower atmosphere in Bergen (Norway)

Considered is the application of MTP-5 meteorological temperature profiler used for the remote sensing of vertical profiles of the air temperature in the planetary boundary layer and the lower one-kilometer layer of the atmosphere. The measurements were carried out in Bergen (Norway) in 2011–2012. The obtained dataset of temperature profiles has temporal resolution of five minutes and vertical resolution of 50 m. The MTP-5 data are complemented with the measurements of the air temperature and the wind taken at two automatic weather stations and with the measurements of the rain intensity made with the rain radar. Studied is the impact of meteorological conditions and precipitation on the MTP-5 readings. It is revealed that formation of a thin water film (of ice or, to a smaller degree, of sleet) on the surface of the sensor cover of MTP-5 has a significant impact on the data of the temperature monitoring. The removal of intensive precipitation (the precipitation rate is >0.2 mm/hour) improved the reliability and quality of the temperature profile monitoring. In particular, it is demonstrated that significant air pollution and stably stratified atmospheric conditions which lead to low temperatures are reliably monitored with this instrument.     

遥感图像处理系统ENVI及其在MODIS数据处理中的应用

介绍了美国遥感图像处理系统ENVI的主要功能,包括数据接口、交互式分析功能、波谱工具、矢量处理功能、及遥感图像处理功能等。并将MODIS影像(HDF数据格式)在NEVI中进行了处理分析,包括数据读入、影像几何校正、监督分类和制图。应用证明,ENVI可以处理最先进的卫星数据格式,在高级遥感图像处理和高光谱影像处理方面具有优势。     

卫星遥感数据库系统

介绍了系统的总体设计构思、原理与功能特点,开发了系统技术说明,建立了一套适合黑龙江省的卫星遥感数据库系统,可对遥感资料进行现代化管理。     

An algorithm for remote sensing of water color from space

The ocean color algorithm proposed in this paper takes into account the effects of Rayleigh and aerosol scattering. The inherent reflectance and the diffuse transmittance of the Rayleigh atmosphere are expressed as functions of optical thickness and satellite measurement geometry with the aid of simple and accurate formulas. In the case of a turbid atmosphere, from which the aerosol optical thickness is unknown, the aerosol contribution is estimated with the aid of a measurement in a channel where the ocean is a blackbody (in the red or near infrared). If the relationship between the ocean color and the chlorophyll-like pigment concentration is assumed to be known at sea level, it is shown that the chlorophyll-like pigment concentration at an open ocean site can be determined from space to within a factor of 1.5 to 3 (uncertainty equal to 0.2 to 0.5 log interval), depending on the atmospheric turbidity.     

Land remote sensing technology and methodology

Remote sensing is a tool for gathering information about the Earth's surface and monitoring how it changes. A large number of remote sensing systems have been developed that exploit different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and that produce data in different formats at varying scales and costs. These data may be acquired for virtually any place on Earth. A body of manual and automated techniques have evolved for processing and interpreting remote sensing data. The selections of a remote sensing system and of the techniques by which data are processed are driven by information requirements of varying detail and constrained by cost.     

光学遥感卫星大气校正研究综述

由于高分辨率遥感应用需求增加的牵引,国内外发射了越来越多的光学遥感卫星载荷.然而,随着传感器分辨率的增加,大气对地表信息干扰的问题也越来越突出,光学遥感图像的大气校正问题,因载荷特点和应用需求的改变面临着一些新的挑战,有必要对其进行总结和分析.本文在介绍大气校正现状和原理的基础上,按照光学遥感卫星大气校正输入信息来源不同,把大气校正方法归纳为基于图像和图形处理方法、基于辐射传输计算、基于图像自身信息反演大气参数、基于大气同步校正仪的大气校正4类进行介绍.最后,结合我国高分辨率光学卫星的发展方向,对当前的大气校正应用方案和未来发展进行了讨论和展望.     

Stability classification by acoustic remote sensing

Two different Doppler acoustic sounders have been operated at the Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe (KfK) since 1982. It has been investigated whether meteorological data from these sounders can be used for dispersion modeling and monitoring in the environment of pollutant-emitting plants. Data from the sounders and from a 200 m high meteorological tower have been sampled continuously for intercomparison.Two schemes of stability classification are presented. They are based on 30-min mean values of the following meteorological data measured by the acoustic sounders: (a) standard deviation σ_w of the vertical wind speed and horizontal wind speed u, at a height of 100 m; and (b) standard deviation σ_φ of the vertical wind direction at a height of 100 m and vertical profile of the backscattered amplitude A_w.The class limits applied in these schemes are determined by “statistical equivalence” with a standard classification scheme. This standard scheme is based on σ_φ, measured by a vector vane at the 100 m level of the tower. Statistical equivalence in this context means that the frequency distributions of the classes are approximately equal at the same site and during the same period.The reliability of these schemes is investigated and compared to the standard scheme by correlation analysis. Finally, the schemes are compared with other commonly applied classification methods.