夏季金塔绿洲风环流的数值模拟及结构分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5，替换了模式第三重嵌套模拟域中金塔绿洲及周围地区与实际不符的植被类型，对2004年7月5日金塔绿洲效应进行了较为成功的模拟。模拟结果显示：白天绿洲是一冷源，这一现象可维持到3000m左右，临近地面沙漠绿洲温差最大，冷中心强度由低层向高层逐渐减弱；气压距平场低层为沙漠低，绿洲高，较高层则反之，转变发生在1300m。低层绿洲风盛行，随高度增加，辐散风渐弱；750hPa以上转为以背景风为主，存在向绿洲中心辐合的趋势；距平风场低层为辐散风，高层为辐合风，绿洲中部风速较小，越远离风场辐散（辐合）中心，风速越大；沙漠上为上升气流，绿洲基本上全为下沉运动所控制，但剖面图上显示绿洲上并不是只有一个闭合中心，且绿洲上、下沉运动的顶部高度也不一致，绿洲中心最低，两侧逐渐增高。最大下沉运动出现在绿洲边缘；绿洲低层分布着强度均匀的辐散区，而沙漠上则为零散辐合区，750hPa辐合区开始侵入绿洲，700hPa时绿洲基本为辐合区，绿洲边缘辐合最强，沙漠以辐散为主，分布少许辐合中心。比湿同湿位温具有相似特征，在一定高度以上，在下沉气流的作用和西风背景场的影响下等值线形成低槽形状，低槽中心从高层向低层、由西向东偏移。     

夏季绿洲气候效应的观测和数值模拟

利用“金塔绿洲能量水分循环观测试验”的资料和中尺度数值模式对绿洲小气候效应进行了17天较长序列的研究,在模拟过程中每天替换土壤湿度。研究结果表明：在分析时段内2004年7月6目前和9日后分别盛行西北风和东风两种背景风;白天,绿洲低层相对沙漠是一个冷源,随着高度的增加逐渐转为暖中心,温度场在600～700hPa之间转变。当背景风较大时,绿洲上空的温度中心会偏向绿洲中心下游。白天绿洲低层风场平均态为在东风背景场的基础上向南北两侧辐散,随着高度的增加风场逐渐由辐散转为向绿洲的辐合,转变高度在700hPa以下,且低于温度场的转变高度。白天绿洲上以下沉运动为主,绿洲风次级环流是绿洲上夏季晴天长期存在的平均态。当背景风较小时绿洲低层可形成向四周辐散的风场,当背景风场过大时,无绿洲环流生成。绿洲为高湿场,在绿洲边缘沙漠上存在的逆湿和高水汽柱,既阻止沙漠上干热气流侵入绿洲,又防止绿洲上水汽的流失。白天沙漠、绿洲的地表能量通量差异较大,绿洲上以潜热为主,沙漠上以感热为主,二者量级相当。绿洲上的边界层高度低于沙漠的,对绿洲生态系统起一定的保护作用。     

夏季金塔绿洲及邻近沙漠地面风场、气温和湿度场特性的对比分析

利用2004年7～8月金塔“绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测与数值研究”观测试验期间的资料,对比分析了金塔绿洲及邻近沙漠地面风场和空气温湿特性的水平差异。结果表明：绿洲及邻近沙漠的温湿和风速差异明显,绿洲内部冷湿风弱,而外部干热风稍大;绿洲内的温湿场为非对称结构,冷湿中心偏离绿洲的几何中心,在绿洲东部,当地盛行风向的上风方位置上;而风速场结构对称,弱风中心与绿洲的几何中心一致;在不同的风向时空气比湿有较大的差异,存在明显的来自东北方沙漠戈壁的干平流和来自西南方水库及绿洲的湿平流。     

夏季金塔地区绿洲环流的数值模拟

利用中尺度模式MM5,模拟研究了晴天时不同背景风场作用下的不同绿洲冷岛效应的三个个例。模拟结果显示,在背景风较强时,绿洲向四周辐散的风场不易形成,但是冷中心依然存在,只是中心会被环境风场吹离绿洲,而后再逐渐生成;或有时仅生成向背景风垂直方向辐散的风场。在背景风相对较弱时,可清楚地看到绿洲风场逐渐形成及衰退的演变,环境风场与同它反向的辐散绿洲风间的交界是次序进退的。对于不同个例,温度场和湿度场同风场的配合也不太一致。     

1223号台风“山神”转向成因分析

利用micaps常规观测资料、ncep再分析资料,分析台风“山神”后期东北转向的原因,分析表明：500hPa副高东退南落是“山神”转向的关键;台风沿假相当位温高值轴线方向移动;环境风场的变化、200hPa高空辐散场中心偏离台风中心、卫星云图特征变化等都可能引起台风的转向;台风的内部特征（散度场、垂直速度场）的分布特点对台风移向有一定的关系.     

金塔绿洲大气边界层特征的数值模拟研究

利用美国NCAR中心的天气研究与预报模式WRF(weather Research and Forecast Model),对金塔绿洲的环流场、温度场及湿度场结构及其日变化进行了较为全面细致的模拟研究,WRF模式很好地模拟出了绿洲一沙漠环流的日变化特征和这种局地热力环流的空间结构,模拟再现了绿洲“冷岛效应”和邻近绿洲的沙漠“逆湿”等边界层特征．模拟还发州了白天绿洲湿度场“凹型槽,,式分布的特征。     

WRF模式对金塔绿洲效应的数值模拟

利用美国NCAR中心的天气研究与预报模式WRF,对金塔绿洲的温度场、环流场、能量场的结构及其日变化特征进行了较为细致的模拟研究。结果表明,WRF模式能较好地模拟出非均匀下垫面上绿洲和戈壁的近地面温度、风场、净辐射、感热和潜热等要素的变化特征及日变化规律,较为完整地呈现出绿洲"冷岛效应",模拟的近地面风向和观测值吻合较好。通过对能量场的时空分析,发现下垫面的植被类型、土壤类型和土壤湿度对绿洲白天感热、潜热、土壤热通量和净辐射等有很大影响,绿洲白天净辐射峰值比戈壁大,潜热通量比感热通量大;白天大气向地面传输热量,绿洲地表获得的热通量大;而夜间地表向上传递热量,绿洲释放的热通量比戈壁大。更加细致地研究这些现象对深入了解绿洲气候的形成和维持机理具有重要的意义。     

夏季金塔绿洲与沙漠次级环流近地层风场的初步分析

利用2004年6～8月在甘肃省酒泉金塔地区进行的“绿洲-沙漠能量和水分循环的野外观测试验”的风场资料,分析了该地区两种不同的绿洲沙漠低层风场结构。结果表明：绿洲沙漠的温差效应可以激发绿洲和沙漠间的次级环流,在白天绿洲沙漠边缘低层是辐散气流,夜间表现为辐合气流;在大背景风场较强的情况下,在背景风场风向方向上局地环流被掩盖,而其它方向上局地环流占主导地位;大背景风场处于转换期,如西风转东风时,当西风削弱。而东风还没有产生时,绿洲地区背景风场很小,绿洲沙漠环流较为明显。     

500 hPa场的纬向平均地转风的经向廓线分布与稳定波型的联系

应用蒙特卡罗方法、奇异值分解（SVD）、自然正交分解（EOF）和回归分析等统计方法，探讨冬季北半球海平面气压场与 500 hPa高度场、500 hPa纬向平均场和纬偏场（Z5ua）中稳定波的联系。依据正交分解分析，海平面气压场的第一与第二特征向量权重之比远大于 500 hPa，其比值达2倍，而且它的第一特征场更具有纬向对称性。在应用蒙特卡罗方法讨论上述两场的第一与第二特征向量时间序列的差异时，海平面气压场第一特征向量是十分稳定的，不因随机抽样而改变，一再重复出现；因此认为海平面气压场的第一特征向量场比 500 hPa高度场具有更好的重复性和代表性。在比较海平面气压场第一特征向量时间序列（即北冰洋涛动指数）与 500 hPa场上 35°N－55°N纬向风差值（即 Ut指数）时，两者的相关达 0．85；在它们与 500hPa纬向平均风场的回归廓线图中。无论在振幅和极大极小值的位置上，都十分相似。在比较上述两指数与纬偏场（Z500）的回归场时，所有的正负大值中心，位置全部一一对应，中心值也相近，尤其在北大西洋和欧亚大陆。在 500 hPa纬向平均风场和纬偏场（Z500）的奇异值分解分析中，其结果正与上述两回归场相仿；应用正交分解分析Z500场，其第二特征向量场与上述的回归场也完全一致。因此认为这种覆盖整     

0903号强热带风暴“莲花”的非对称结构对路径的影响

利用2009年6月18 ～22日的1°×1°NCEP(美国环境预报中心)再分析资料和TBB（相当黑体亮温）资料等,分析“莲花”的环境场和结构对路径的影响.结果表明:19日11:00 ～20日14:00,“莲花”移动方向与引导气流方向有一定的偏离,这段时间里,“莲花”向偏北方向移动的主要原因是,“莲花”的低层风场存在较明...     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;