Hack＇s law of debris-flow basins

Hack＇s law was originally derived from basin statistics for varied spatial scales and regions. The exponent value of the law has been shown to vary between 0.47 and 0.70, causing uncertainty in its application. This paper focuses on the emergence of Hack＇s law from debris-flow basins in China. Over 5,000 debris-flow basins in different regions of China with drainage areas less than 100km^2 are included in this study. Basins in the different regions are found to present similar distributions. Hack＇s law is derived from maximum probability and conditional distributions, suggesting that the law should describe some critical state of basin evolution. Results suggest the exponent value is approximately 0,5. Further analysis indicates that Hack＇s law is related to other scaling laws underlying the evolution of a basin and that the exponent is not dependent on basin shape but rather on the evolutionary stage. A case study of a well known debris-flow basin further confirms Hack＇s law and its implications in basin evolution.     

Debris-flow volumes in northeastern Italy: Relationship with drainage area and size probability

A dataset of 809 debris flows that occurred in 537 basins in mountainous areas of northeastern Italy between the mid-19th century and 2015 is collected and analyzed. A remarkable increase in the number of events is observed in the last four decades and is mainly ascribed to more systematic data collection. The correlation between debris-flow volume and drainage basin area is obtained assuming a power-law relationship. The exponent of the power-law curve at the 50th percentile (0.67 ± 0.02) indicates negative allometry, which means that basin area grows out of proportion to debris-flow volume. In contrast, the exponents at the 98th and 99th percentiles are close to one, implying that debris-flow volumes grow linearly with basin areas. The isometric relationship between the largest debris flows and the corresponding basin areas is due to the enhanced debris supply provided by the activation of widespread sediment sources, the extent of which is proportional to the basin size. The probability density function of debris-flow volume for a subset of the collected dataset is calculated using the kernel density estimation function, which permits estimating the probability of the occurrence of debris flows that exceed a given threshold volume. The comparison with debris flows in other hydroclimatic regions shows that, although debris-flow volumes in northeastern Italy may attain high values, they are often exceeded by debris flows that occur in seismically active regions and/or are triggered by more intense rainstorms. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Regional variation of recession flow power‐law exponent

Recession flows of a basin provide valuable information about its storage–discharge relationship as during recession periods discharge occurs due to depletion of storage. Storage–discharge analysis is generally performed by plotting ?dQ/dt against Q , where Q is discharge at time t . For most real world catchments, ?dQ/dt versus Q show a power‐law relationship of the type: ?dQ/dt = kQ^α . Because the coefficient k varies across recession events significantly, the exponent α needs to be computed separately for individual recession events. The median α can then be considered as the representative α for the basin. The question that arises here is what are the basin characteristics that influence the value of α ? Studies based on a small number of basins (up to 50 basins) reveal that α has good relationship with several basin characteristics. However, whether such a relationship is universal remains an important question, because a universal relationship would allow prediction of the value of α for any ungauged basin. To test this hypothesis, here, we study data collected from a relatively large number of basins (358 basins) in USA and examine the influence of 35 different physio‐climatic characteristics on α . We divide the basins into 2 groups based on their longitudes and test the relationship between α and basin characteristics separately for the two groups. The results indicate that α is not identically influenced by different basin characteristics for the two datasets. This may suggest that the power‐law exponent α of a region is determined by the way local physio‐climatic forces have shaped the landscape.     

Dissecting the effect of rainfall variability on the statistical structure of peak flows

This study examines the role of rainfall variability on the spatial scaling structure of peak flows using the Whitewater River basin in Kansas as an illustration. Specifically, we investigate the effect of rainfall on the scatter, the scale break and the power law (peak flows vs. upstream areas) regression exponent. We illustrate why considering individual hydrographs at the outlet of a basin can lead to misleading interpretations of the effects of rainfall variability. We begin with the simple scenario of a basin receiving spatially uniform rainfall of varying intensities and durations and subsequently investigate the role of storm advection velocity, storm variability characterized by variance, spatial correlation and intermittency. Finally, we use a realistic space–time rainfall field obtained from a popular rainfall model that combines the aforementioned features. For each of these scenarios, we employ a recent formulation of flow velocity for a network of channels, assume idealized conditions of runoff generation and flow dynamics and calculate peak flow scaling exponents, which are then compared to the scaling exponent of the width function maxima. Our results show that the peak flow scaling exponent is always larger than the width function scaling exponent. The simulation scenarios are used to identify the smaller scale basins, whose response is dominated by the rainfall variability and the larger scale basins, which are driven by rainfall volume, river network aggregation and flow dynamics. The rainfall variability has a greater impact on peak flows at smaller scales. The effect of rainfall variability is reduced for larger scale basins as the river network aggregates and smoothes out the storm variability. The results obtained from simple scenarios are used to make rigorous interpretations of the peak flow scaling structure that is obtained from rainfall generated with the space–time rainfall model and realistic rainfall fields derived from NEXRAD radar data.     

莺歌海—琼东南盆地构造-地层格架及南海动力变形分区

通过对盆地地震剖面构造-地层的详细解释,在莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地(简称莺-琼盆地)古近纪同裂陷充填序列中识别出一条区域性的构造变革界面——T70,该界面在地震剖面上表现为显著的下削上超的地震反射结构特征,发育的时代为32～30 Ma,与南海海底扩张起始和红河断裂带左旋走滑的时间一致;T70界面将莺-琼盆地的同裂陷期地层...     

Recent developments in study of the typical superimposed basins and petroleum accumulation in China:Exemplified by the Tarim Basin

Most of petroliferous sedimentary basins in China have experienced multiple phases of tectonic evolution and deposition, and are characterized by tectonic and depositional superimposition. The term "superimposed basin" is suggested to describe those basins which consist of two or more simple prototype basins superimposing vertically and/or coalescing laterally. The characteristics of petroliferous superimposed basins are "multiple stages of basin forming and reworking, multiple layers of source rocks, multiple periods of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, multiple periods of petroleum migration-accumulation-escape". Therefore,applying the wave process analysis method to studying the process of basin formation, hydrocarbon generation, and reservoir formation, and then establishing theory of "petroleum accumulation system" is helpful to enhancing petroleum exploration efficiency in superimposed basins.This paper will, based on case study in the Tarim basin, report the major developments in studying basin formation, hydrocarbon generation and petroleum accumulation. In study of basin formation, (1) geophysical comprehensive profiles reveal that the Tarim plate has been subducted beneath the Tianshan orogenic belt with an interfinger structure and that the deep structure in the eastern section of the Tianshan orogenic belt is different from that in the western section. (2) The vertical variation in debris and geochemical composition reveals the nature and Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution history of the Kuqa Depression. (3) Field investigation and paleostress reconstruction show that the Kuqa Depression has undergone gravity-driven extension in sedimentary cover when the Tianshan uplifted vertically. In hydrocarbon generation study, new developments include (1) setting environmental index to judge high grade source rocks in marine carbonates, and (2) establishing the lower limit of the organic carbon content for effective carbonate source rocks. In petroleum accumulation study, (1) methods of determining paleopressure and paleotemperature of forming fluid inclusions have been established. (2) The petroleum source analysis has indicated that the crude oil in the Lunnan and Tahe oilfields are derived from the source rocks of the Middle and Upper Ordovician. (3) Three generations of oil inclusions from the Lunnan oilfield have been recognized and dated.     

湖泊深钻揭示的中更新世以来中国环境的区域分异及其与亚洲季风的关系

根据青藏高原东部若尔盖盆地ＲＭ孔,北部柴达木盆地ＺＫ－３３６及ＣＫ－６孔和滇池盆地参１井等长孔的湖泊深钻记录,探讨了中更新世以来我国环境的区域分异特点,结合黄土－古土壤序列的研究成果,初步分析了导致区域环境分异的原因与亚洲季风的关系,结果表明青藏高原在其中扮演很重要的角色。     

太原盆地及周边地区双差层析成像

山西断陷带位于鄂尔多斯与华北地块交汇处,是我国著名的历史强震活动带之一,尤其是断陷盆地中部区域,6级以上地震频发.本研究旨在揭示忻定盆地中南部、太原盆地及临汾盆地中北部交汇处的深部结构特征,分析盆地的形成和演化,探讨该区域孕震环境.利用山西地震台网观测数据以及固定地震台站融合流动台站得到的地震数据,共7455个地震事件,采用双差层析成像方法,反演得到了太原盆地及周边地区的三维P波速度结构及精定位结果.层析成像结果显示,忻定盆地、太原盆地的中上地壳为明显的低速异常,被高速的石岭关隆起隔开,深部结构特征相对简单.太原盆地、临汾盆地及灵石隆起之间的深部结构特征较为复杂,反映了两个盆地演化过程的复杂性.穿过忻定盆地的速度剖面显示,在中地壳存在明显的低速异常体,且大部分地震都发生在该低速体上方;穿过太原盆地北部的剖面显示,该区域在20~25 km深度范围内有较密集的地震分布,并勾画出交城断裂呈犁形的断层特征;穿过太原盆地中部的剖面显示,太原盆地自西向东沉积层逐渐减薄;穿过临汾盆地的剖面揭示,汾东断裂在浅部倾角较陡,随深度增加倾角逐渐变小,倾向向东.     

Intracontinental basins and strong earthquakes

Introduction A M=8 earthquake occurred in the intracontinental Linfen basin on September 17, 1303. This is the Hongtong M=8 earthquake in Shanxi Province. It is the first recorded M = 8 earthquake since the Chinese historical seismic records had started. The earthquake killed 200 000 people (LI, 1960; XIE, CAI, 1983). The year 2003 is the 700th anniversary of the earthquake occurrence. In memory of the people died in the earthquake, for further improving earthquake prevention and disas…     

中国近海前新生代残留盆地初探

中国近海沉积盆地按形成时代可以划分为新生代盆地和前新生代盆地。新生代陆相碎屑岩断陷盆地有良好的油气前景,而古生代还有广泛海相碳酸盐岩分布地区,只要它们经受中生代挤压,改造后还能保留下来,就具有巨大的油气潜力。初步分析中国近海的油气勘探资料及大地构造演化史表明,陆内断坳盆地下伏以古生代碳酸盐岩为主的残留盆地。而陆缘盆地并不是寻找古生代残留盆地的场所。但在台西南盆地,珠江口盆地潮汕坳陷发育海相中生代盆     

渤海湾盆地新生代以来构造-热演化模拟研究

渤海湾盆地是华北最大的新生代裂谷盆地,具有最完整的新生代地层记录,是研究盆地演化的理想区域.本文基于二维多期拉张模型,对渤海湾盆地内9条地震解释剖面进行新生代构造-热演化模拟,以揭示盆地拉张强度及热演化的时空差异性,为探讨盆地演化的地球动力学机制提供依据.研究结果表明:渤海湾盆地各坳陷新生代期间的总拉张系数为1.28～2.39,渤中坳陷和辽东湾坳陷的总拉张系数最大,而辽河坳陷和临清坳陷的拉张系数最小.盆地基底热流在古近纪中、晚期达到峰值71～100mW·m-2,之后逐渐降低至现今.盆地西部热流峰期出现的时间早于东部.由盆地拉张系数和基底热流的研究结果得出,渤海湾盆地新生代的拉张有着自西向东,自南向北的迁移,与沉积、沉降中心的迁移方向一致.太平洋板片新生代期间的幕式向东后撤可能是造成渤海湾盆地幕式拉张及拉张中心向东迁移的主要动力学机制.     

塔里木盆地现今地热特征

地温梯度和大地热流是揭示盆地现今热状态的重要参数,它们对理解盆地的构造-热演化过程及油气资源评价等方面均具有重要意义.利用塔里木盆地约470口井的地层测试温度资料和941块岩石热导率数据,本文计算了塔里木盆地38个新的大地热流数据,进而揭示了该盆地现今地热分布特征.研究表明,塔里木盆地现今地温梯度变化范围为17～32 ℃/km,平均为22.6±3.0 ℃/km;大地热流变化范围为26.2～65.4 mW/m²,平均为43.0±8.5 mW/m².与我国其他大中型沉积盆地相比,它表现为低地温、低大地热流的冷盆的热状态,但仍具有与世界上典型克拉通盆地相似的地热背景.整体而言,盆地隆起区地温梯度和热流相对较高,坳陷区地温梯度和热流则偏低.此外,我们还发现塔里木盆地现有的油气田区一般位于高地温梯度区域,这可能与下部热流体的向上运移和聚集有关.影响塔里木盆地现今地热特征的因素包括盆地深部结构、构造演化、岩石热物理性质、盆地基底构造形态和烃类聚集等.     

Progress in simplifying hydrologic model parameterization for broad applications to post-wildfire flooding and debris-flow hazards

Predicting the timing of overland flow in burned watersheds can help to estimate debris-flow timing and the location of debris-flow initiation. Numerical models can produce flow predictions, but they are limited by our knowledge of appropriate model parameters. Moreover, opportunities to test and calibrate model parameters in post-wildfire settings are limited by available data (measurements of debris-flow timing are rare). In this study, we use a unique data set of rainfall and flow-timing data to test the extent to which model parameters can be generalized from an individual watershed to other watersheds (0.01 km ² to >1km ²) within a burned area. Simulations suggest that a single, low, saturated hydraulic conductivity value can be used in post-wildfire landscapes with reasonable results. By contrast, we found that watershed-scale effective Manning roughness parameter values decrease as a power-law function of basin drainage area. Thus a Manning roughness parameter calibrated for a single basin within a burned area may not provide adequate results in a different watershed. However, when flow velocity is modeled independently for hillslopes and channels, and different roughness parameters are used for those morphometric units, there is no drainage-area dependence on the roughness parameters. Moreover, we found that it was possible to use field-measured grain size data to parameterize the roughness for both hillslopes and channels. Thus our results show that, employing this generalizable approach, it is possible to use field measurements to fully parameterize a model that produces peak flow timing to within a few minutes in storms lasting several hours. Further, we demonstrate how model simulations can be leveraged to identify areas within a watershed that are most susceptible to debris flows. This modeling approach could be used for decision making in hazardous burned areas and would be especially useful in ungaged basins. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于磷灰石裂变径迹约束的北黄海盆地热演化研究

热演化历史的研究对于盆地分析和油气勘探具有重要意义.北黄海盆地是中国近海海域油气勘探程度较低的盆地之一,迄今未见专门的热演化研究报道.笔者利用北黄海盆地中生代砂岩的磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果,结合地质条件约束,模拟获得了中生代以来盆地的热演化史.结果表明,北黄海盆地经历了两次增温和两次冷却的热演化过程,并在100-80 Ma时盆地的热历史出现明显变化,表明在晚白垩世北黄海盆地发生过一次较大的构造-热事件.磷灰石裂变径迹分析所表明的北黄海盆地的热历史与盆地原型演化阶段相对应,而这种热历史和盆地的演化过程与区域构造背景相关.磷灰石裂变径迹所揭示的热演化史对于深化认识北黄海盆地的地质演化过程和油气勘探潜力具有重要意义.     

南海扩张的地震反射标志——南海东北部多道地震剖面结果

南海的扩张、成因演化研究的成果主要基于深部速度研究及磁条带研究的基础上,但南海东北部边界的研究相对薄弱.本次通过对南海东北部边界的反射地震剖面973的综合研究,结合前人的天然地震震源研究及地质研究成果,得到南海形成与扩张是单方向向菲律宾吕宋岛弧—台湾岛地块漂移的结果.南海各块体处于一个统一的区域应力场作用之下,菲律宾吕宋岛弧—台湾岛地块限制了南海的扩张与发展;在此应力条件下,不同部位受力状态不同,就南海东北部973剖面地震波场特征,可划分为五个构造单元：AB段南海东北部大陆架张性盆地区;BC段大陆坡为伸展区,形成大量张性盆地;CD段中部深海沉积盆地为弱挤压区,深海沉积盆地弱变形,大陆坡张性盆地浅俯冲其下,深海沉积盆地西部翘起,向东倾斜;DE段东部为强挤压区,沉积盆地挤压变形,越向东挤压越强烈,深海沉积盆地浅俯冲其下,相对弱变形并西部翘起;E以东,菲律宾吕宋岛弧—台湾岛构造带为稳定地块.南海东北部在东或南东方向统一的区域应力场作用下,处于张性、弱挤压、强挤压不同压力状态,形成南海特有的由北西向东呈现拉张-弱挤压-强挤压构造格局,反射地震剖面上显示两个浅俯冲点.每个块体构造层呈手风琴风箱式折曲并向东聚敛,近菲律宾吕宋岛弧—台湾岛构造带其折曲更为严重,沉积盆地由西向东,展现为不同阶段的沉积盆地,发育、成长、结束、消亡,块体俯冲方向以及各块体的区域性倾伏方向均与区域应力场方向一致.     

Predictions in ungauged basins: an approach for regionalization of hydrological models considering the probability distribution of model parameters

Regionalization of model parameters by developing appropriate functional relationship between the parameters and basin characteristics is one of the potential approaches to employ hydrological models in ungauged basins. While this is a widely accepted procedure, the uniqueness of the watersheds and the equifinality of parameters bring lot of uncertainty in the simulations in ungauged basins. This study proposes a method of regionalization based on the probability distribution function of model parameters, which accounts the variability in the catchment characteristics. It is envisaged that the probability distribution function represents the characteristics of the model parameter, and when regionalized the earlier concerns can be addressed appropriately. The method employs probability distribution of parameters, derived from gauged basins, to regionalize by regressing them against the catchment attributes. These regional functions are used to develop the parameter characteristics in ungauged basins based on the catchment attributes. The proposed method is illustrated using soil water assessment tool model for an ungauged basin prediction. For this numerical exercise, eight different watersheds spanning across different climatic settings in the USA are considered. While all the basins considered in this study were gauged, one of them was assumed to be ungauged (pseudo-ungauged) in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in ungauged basin simulation. The process was repeated by considering representative basins from different climatic and landuse scenarios as pseudo-ungauged. The results of the study indicated that the ensemble simulations in the ungauged basins were closely matching with the observed streamflow. The simulation efficiency varied between 57 and 61 % in ungauged basins. The regional function was able to generate the parameter characteristics that were closely matching with the original probability distribution derived from observed streamflow data.     

南海构造格局及其演化

依据重磁资料在南海及其邻区识别出17条深大断裂和10个重磁异常区.据此并结合其他地质资料,在南海及其邻区划分出7个地质结构不同的构造单元.早白垩世南海地区曾形成过统一的基底,新生代时统一的南海基底发生肢解,这一个肢解过程经历了两个在时空上接踵发生、交叠作用的构造事件.第一个构造事件为巽他地块与华夏古陆之间古南海的萎缩、闭合和地块碰撞;第二个构造事件为南沙地块裂离华夏古陆并向巽他地块增生,且伴随新南海的持续扩张,直至中中新世.区域构造演化控制了南海沉积盆地呈"北三南三、东西两竖"格局分布,进而控制了油气富集区的分布.     

扬子板块北缘壳（慢）岩石圈结构与古生代盆地

“七·五”计划期间,在扬子板块北缘地带所作地震测深(DSS)和大地电磁测深(MTS)成果揭示了该地带壳(慢)岩石圈结构,提供了分析古生代盆地形成演化的深部地质依据。本文据深部地球物理资料探讨古生代盆地的深部地质结构与其所处大地构造背景之内涵。早古生代扬子板块北缘秦巴地区为被动边缘型盆地,江南大别区为陆内裂谷;晚古生代,秦岭大巴地区为前陆盆地,江南大别地区为陆表海盆。     

Thermal-rheological structure of the lithosphere beneath two types of basins in eastern and western China

After calculating thermal-rheological properties of the lithosphere in the Northern Jiangsu basin, the Bohaiwan basin as well as the Jiyang depression in the east and Tarim basin in the west of China, this paper analyzes the relationship between thermal-rheological structures and tectonic evolution of the two types of basins. The results show that the thermal-rheological structures of the lithosphere directly reflect the dynamic processes. Under different dynamic environments, the style of basin formation and the differences in basin evolution are closely related to the dynamic properties of the lithosphere indicated by thermal-rheological structures.     

塔里木盆地北缘库车前陆盆地地温梯度分布特征

结合塔里木库车前陆盆地的109口井的地温数据，给出了库车盆地的地温场分布特征. 库车盆地各构造单元的平均地温梯度值为18～28℃/km，与我国其他大、中型沉积盆地相比，仍然偏低. 库车前陆盆地整体上是属于低温冷盆，山前带部位，依奇克里克、克拉苏和大宛齐等构造分区是低温冷盆中的高地温梯度带；从山前带由北向南，地温梯度逐渐降低. 在盆地的南部，地温梯度又存在明显差异. 总体上，地温梯度随深度的增加而降低，趋于一致，但在不同地质构造条件下其变化的速率不同. 在此基础上，进一步探讨地温梯度与盆地形成和构造演化的关系以及油气勘探意义.