The characteristics of unconformity surface at the bottom of the Paleogene and its significance in hydrocarbon migration in the Sikeshu Sag of the Junggar Basin, Northwest China

The unconformity surface at the bottom of the Paleogene, located in the Sikeshu Sag of the Junggar Basin, Northwest China, is one of the most important hydrocarbon migration pathways and characterized by 3 layers of upper coarse clastic rock, lower weathering crust and leached zone. The upper coarse clastic rock displays features of higher density, lower SDT and gamma-ray logging while the weathering crust in the lower part displays opposite features. The formation water is of NaHCO 3 type but at lower mineralization degree. The QGF indices are generally between 2.19 and 3.77 and the GOI parameters vary from 1% to 5%. From the southeast to the northwest of the sag, the content of saturated hydrocarbon increases from 30.81% to 53.74% while that of non-hydrocarbon and asphaltene decreases. The Pr/nC 17 decreases from 0.65 to 0.47 while the Ph/nC 18 decreases from 0.66 to 0.27, and the content of benzo[c] carbazole declines while the benzo[a] carbazole amount and (alkyl carbazole)/(alkyl+benzo carbazole) ratio both increase. These revealed that the hydrocarbons migrated from the sag to the ramp region along the unconformity surface.     

煤和泥岩不同温度条件下非烃中咔唑类化合物的演化特征

在密闭体系中,200～450℃的条件下进行了煤和泥岩加水的模拟实验,分析了实验产物非烃中咔唑类化合物的演化特征,并讨论了不同温度条件下非烃中咔唑类化合物的演化的机理.实验结果表明,非烃中咔唑类化合物是沉积有机质成岩过程的产物,其含量和组成受有机质成熟度影响较大.该研究结果不仅加深了对非烃中咔唑类化合物演化机理的认识,而...     

地震反射特征对风化壳发育带的指示意义:以东营凹陷永北地区沙三上亚段为例

东营凹陷永北地区T1不整合面之下风化壳发育带的的预测是地层油藏勘探的重点与难点。综合利用高精度三维地震解释、岩心观察、薄片鉴定、测录井分析及物性分析等方法,结合构造发育史、埋藏史等研究成果,对东营凹陷永北地区T1不整合面下沙三上亚段地层中特殊的地震反射特征进行研究,并对其地质意义进行了探讨。研究表明:T1不整合面下发育典型埋藏风化壳,包括风化粘土层和半风化淋滤带2层结构;在大气淡水风化、淋滤作用下,半风化淋滤带内部地震同相轴消失,表现为空白反射特征;半风化淋滤带物性得到改善,与未风化岩石之间形成一个物性差异界面,表现为不连续的角度不整合面;未受明显风化、淋滤作用的地层,则表现为典型的角度不整合;地震反射特征的演化过程可划分4个阶段:沙三上沉积后阶段、沙三上抬升后阶段、风化壳形成早期阶段、风化壳形成阶段。地震空白反射带的发育范围是风化壳发育带的保守范围或最小范围,向湖盆方向逐渐过渡为正常地层。风化壳的发育大大改善了原岩的储集性能,可作为良好的油气储集空间和运移通道,是下步地层油气藏勘探的重点目标。     

碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩巨旋回及其形成机理

全球整个地史时期,特别是震旦纪以来沉积的沉积岩序列,不论是稳定地区,还是活动地区,几乎都是由大小不等的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩旋回组成。碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩巨旋回主要受地外因素控制。较小的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩旋回则主要受地球本身因素控制。稳定地区浅水沉积的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩巨旋回主要受地外因素控制。活动地区或深水地区沉积的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩巨旋回除受地外因素控制外,还与构造活动等地球本身因素有关。本文着重讨论碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩巨旋回是如何受地外因素控制的,希图能抛砖引玉。由于笔者水平和掌握的资料有限,谬误之处难免,敬希读者批评指正。     

Applicability of Carbazole Migration Indices in Continental Rift Basins: A Case Study of Western Lujiapu Depression in Kailu Basin, NE China

<正>Kailu Basin in which the Western Lujiapu Depression is located is a typical continental rift basin.Biomarker parameters of the oils indicate that depositional facies and environments vary between the Bao 1 and Bao 14 fault blocks with a higher saline environment in the Bao 1 fault block, but such difference has no significant impact on carbazole abundance and distribution.Maturity and migration distance are the main controls on carbazole abundance and distribution in the Western Lujiapu Depression.The commonly used migration indices,such as ratios of nitrogen shield isomers to nitrogen exposed isomers(1-/4-methylcarbazole ratio,1,8-/2,4-dimethylcarbazole(DMC) ratio and half-shield/exposed-DMC ratio),absolute concentrations of alkylated carbazoles and BC ratio(=benzo [a]carbazole/(benzo[a]carbazole+benzo[c]carbazole)) increase at the low mature range and decrease at a higher mature range with increasing maturity.At relatively low maturity stage(Rc0.77%), maturation has reversal effects with migration on the ratios of nitrogen shield isomers to nitrogen exposed isomers,which may cover migration influence and makes these parameters fail to indicate migration effects.Valid migration indicators at this maturity stage are concentrations of alkylated carbazoles and BC ratios,which can provide ideal tools for migration direction assessment even within short migration distance.Maturity effects should be taken into account when carbazole compounds are applied to indicate migration direction,and at different maturity stages,these commonly used parameters have different validity in tracing migration direction.Coupled with our previous study in the Eastern Lujiapu Depression,a conceptual model of the variation of nitrogen migration indices can be established for terrestrial rifted basins,that is,strong fractionation lateral migration model through sandy beds,weak fractionation vertical migration model along faults,and maturity impacts on migration assessment.     

新疆西准噶尔哈山地区佳木河组的重新厘定及地质意义

岩石地层单位建立的正确与否,关乎区域地层序列、建造对比、盆地分析与构造演化等,是地质学最基础最重要的研究内容之一.新近1: 5万区域地质调查证实,西准噶尔哈拉阿拉特山地区的“佳木河组”,并非前人所述火山岩呈夹层状与陆相碎屑岩互层,实由下部陆相粗碎屑岩和上部火山岩构成,二者间为区域性角度不整合接触关系,相互独立且新老关系层序清楚,岩石组合差异性显著.上部火山岩构成较完整的火山机构,火山通道相集块岩、次火山岩及岩株、岩脉与陆相粗碎屑岩为侵入接触,火山喷发相中基性熔岩、凝灰岩与陆相粗碎屑岩呈角度不整合关系.下部陆相砾岩-含砾粗砂岩组合具有典型磨拉石建造特征,产早二叠世Paracalamites stenocostatus,Lepidodendrales等植物化石及孢粉Protohaploxypinus,Striatoabietites.依据中国地层指南、岩石地层单位清理相关规范,以及组的命名优先权原则,现将具有独立火山机构的全部陆相火山岩从原“佳木河组”剔出(新建为白杨河组),将新建白杨河组之下伏的陆相砾岩-含砾粗砂岩组合重新清理厘定谓之佳木河组.这一成果,为正确建立本区地层格架,合理进行区域地层划分与对比等研究提供了重要佐证.      

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系风化壳储层稀土元素配分特征及其油气地质意义

对鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奧陶系马家沟组风化壳岩溶储层的碳酸盐岩、硫酸盐岩和碎屑岩类岩石样品以及上覆层本溪组碎屑岩样品所作的稀土元素含量与配分特征分析表明,稀土元素分馏特征与富集特征明显,非可溶岩的稀土元素总含量与富集程度高于可溶岩。轻、重稀土元素关系分析表明,可溶岩的轻稀土元素迁移大于重稀土元素的分馏效应,揭示了可溶岩经历了不同的岩溶环境,马家沟组碎屑岩中的稀土元素与上覆层本溪组底部砂泥岩中的稀土元素是同源的。δEu与δCe分析表明,δEu的活化迁移,反映了表生期岩溶环境的存在,而δCe的相对富集,揭示了埋藏期岩溶的发育及其与天然气生成运聚的密切关系。     

不整合结构对地层油气藏形成的控制作用研究

不整合不仅仅是一个“面”,更是一个“体”,其本身具有较独特的微观组构,即具有“空间结构”属性.通过大量的岩心观察、野外踏勘及测井资料对比解释,纵向上提出不整合结构体的概念,并将其划分为三层结构:结构体上层、结构体中层及结构体下层,其中结构体上层与下层构成储集体,结构体中层形成封盖层,且封盖强度随埋深加大而增加.地层油气...     

大庆长垣以东地区深层天然气成藏的控制因素及成藏模式

通过长垣以东地区深层天然气分布特征研究,提出了深层天然气成藏的 4种控制因素,即气源条件、盖层条件、断裂和不整合面,并对它们在气藏形成中所起作用进行了深入分析。在此基础上,提出了该区深层天然气成藏的4种模式。即天然气沿不整合面短距离运移基岩风化壳成藏模式,天然气沿裂缝运移源岩区内火山岩成藏模式,天然气沿不整合面或砂体和断层长距离运移古隆起之上各种类型圈闭成藏模式,天然气沿砂体侧向运移地层超覆圈闭成藏模式。最后指出了该区深层有利钻探靶区。     

内蒙古索伦地区上二叠统林西组碎屑岩地球化学特征及其对物源的指示意义

内蒙古索伦地区上二叠统林西组沉积物源受控于晚古生代古亚洲洋的闭合事件。本文通过分析碎屑岩元素地球化学特征,对林西组母岩类型和古构造环境进行了探讨。常量元素分布特征表明,林西组早期属于风化程度较弱的第一次旋回沉积物,后期属于中等风化的第一次旋回沉积或再旋回沉积物,母岩类型以火成岩为主;微量元素和稀土元素分布特征表明,林西组母岩沉积环境为大陆岛弧背景下切割的岩浆弧,以上地壳碱性-中性火成岩为主,伴有钙质-泥质沉积岩,（Gd/Yb）_n表明早期沉积母岩为太古宙碱性火成岩。综合分析表明,林西组沉积同时接受南侧华北板块北缘和北侧苏尼特左旗-锡林浩特-西乌旗南岩浆弧的共同物源供给,早期沉积有华北板块北缘太古宙基底母岩的参与。     

惠州凹陷HZ21钻孔珠江组地球化学特征及其物源指示意义

过对珠江口盆地惠州凹陷HZ21井珠江组碎屑岩的主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素进行综合分析,发现研究区碎屑岩中MnO、Na2O、P2O5和TiO2含量与PAAS中这几种组分的含量相近,但是,与PAAS相比,研究区碎屑岩富集SiO2,贫Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O和MgO。泥岩中亲石元素Ba的含量略低于上地壳丰度,而远高于下地壳丰度;过渡元素Cr的含量略高于上地壳丰度,而远低于下地壳丰度;不相容元素Th的含量略高于上地壳丰度值,远远高于下地壳丰度。砂岩中亲石元素Ba的含量与上地壳丰度相近,但远高于下地壳丰度;不相容元素Th在NSQ1、NSQ2层序略低于上地壳丰度值,在NSQ3、NSQ4层序中则高于上地壳丰度值。REE分布模式与上地壳相似,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素均一,Eu负异常,且在NSQ1、NSQ2中,Eu异常值大于PAAS的Eu异常值,而NSQ3、NSQ4的Eu异常值小于PAAS的Eu异常值。主量元素比值和非迁移性微量元素图解显示源岩以长英质岩石为主,NSQ1、NSQ2层序以沉积岩钙质泥岩物源为主,而NSQ3、NSQ4层序为花岗岩、碱性玄武岩和沉积岩钙质泥岩混合物源的特点。从SiO2-K2O/Na2O、La-Th-Sc判别图及Ce异常值的分析认为,源区的构造背景具有被动大陆边缘的特征。Al2O3/Na2O比值及化学蚀变指数（CIA）反映了该地区整体处于湿热气候条件,但NSQ1、NSQ2层序湿热程度较高,风化程度较强,而NSQ3、NSQ4层序湿热程度较低,风化程度较弱。
      

滇西陇川营盘山离子吸附型稀土矿稀土元素分布特征

滇西陇川地区广泛分布着白垩纪至古近纪中酸性花岗岩,以邦棍尖山为代表的岩体花岗岩稀土含量较高,经复杂的风化淋滤作用,岩体中的稀土元素在风化壳中迁移、富集成矿,陇川营盘山稀土矿即为近年新发现的该类型矿产地之一。为研究新发现的营盘山稀土矿稀土元素分布特征、富集规律及稀土配分特征,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析成矿母岩及其风化壳不同风化程度样品稀土分量,结果表明:风化壳各层位稀土元素分布特征相比母岩具有明显的继承性,随风化程度升高,轻重稀土分馏程度升高,轻稀土在全风化层上部相对富集,且随风化程度升高轻稀土富集程度升高,而重稀土的富集程度则逐渐减弱,Gd是风化壳富集能力最强的元素,Dy富集能力最弱,Ce富集在近地表,重稀土具有更强的向下迁移能力。同时,研究发现该稀土矿床的稀土配分特征为低钇、铕,富镧、铈、钕。     

Molecular structure parameters and thermal stabilities of benzocarbazoles

The distance between 4-H and adjacent H on the substitutional benzene ring in benzo[c]carbazole was calculated in terms of molecular structure parameters. The result showed that the distance is shorter than the sum of van der Vaals＇ radii of two hydrogen atoms. This means that there is a steric hinderance between them. This effect will make the bond angle stretch and the bond length extend, or cause the molecule to distort, thus making benzo[c]carbazoles become unstable in thermodynamics. On the contrary there is no such effect for benzo[a]carbazoles. This conclusion has been confirmed by the result of calculation of the distance between the same two atoms with software GaussView. So the skeleton of benzo[c]carbazoles in sediments may be breached or isomerized with increasing maturity. It is consistent with the decrease of the ratio of benzo[c]carbazole to benzo[a]carbazole in hydrocarbon migration, suggesting that [c]/[a] not only changes with the distance of migration, but also may be influenced by maturity.     

长白山天池瀑布附近地质灾害

垂挂在长白山天池出口的长白瀑布是长白山名胜佳景之一,其西侧的悬壁羊肠小道是通往天池水面的必经之路,其东侧的悬崖峭壁和崎曲山脊与天文峰相连,其下方的温泉群常年热气缭绕引人入胜……。这些奇观险境如今都处于强烈风化剥蚀和重力作用之下。特别是节理和层理发育的岩层及风化壳,在冰冻、雪蚀、风雨的寒暑酷凿下,易发生垮塌、滑坡、泥石流等灾害。研究这些地质灾害与自然景观的保护颇具现实意义。     

对江西晚白垩世赣州群茅店组的重新厘定

根据1：5万区调最新成果资料，对《江西省岩石地层》中的赣州群茅店组进行了重新厘定，在原茅店组正层型剖面上，识别出了5种不同性质的沉积界面，即沉积不整合界面、超覆不整合界面、平行不整合界面、相转变面、同相叠复面，从而将原茅店组划分为两个不同的组级岩石地层单位。按照岩石地层单位的命名原则，超覆不整合面之下的原茅店组中下部层位划归赣州群茅店组，其中发育的一套玄武岩－火山碎屑沉积岩组合单独划出，新建为陈坑火山岩段；超覆不整合面之上的原茅店组上部层位的粗碎屑沉积岩，则划归晚白垩世灌溪群宏冈组。重新厘定的茅店组仅相当于原正层型茅店组的中、下部层位，且可细分为下段、陈坑火山岩段和上段。     

黔西北上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩风化壳中铌富集机制初探

近年越来越多的研究显示,贵州西北一带的峨眉山玄武岩风化壳上存在一套富铌、锆、钛、镓、稀土的多金属矿层,主要与风化壳中的黏土岩有关,不过,其中有关铌的赋存状态和富集机制仍有待研究.文章对黏土岩物质来源做出厘定,认为风化壳黏土岩层主要来源于高钛的峨眉山玄武岩,铌、锆、稀土等元素也继承自玄武岩.铌主要赋存于铁铝质黏土岩中(w...     

中国东部二叠纪沉积盆地演化

本文所指中国东部包括浙江、福建、江西以及郯庐断裂以南的江苏、安徽地区。区内二叠系发育较好,分布较广,同时赋存有丰富的矿产资源,是一重要含矿地层。数十年来,一直为地质学家所注目。本文就中国东部二叠纪沉积盆地演化作一探讨。一、沉积盆地类型中国东部晚古生代沉积盆地系板块内部的盆地,形成于陆壳之上。盆地规模大小不一,基底各不相同,大多为继承性盆地,发育于二叠纪前,至中晚三叠世,受印支运动影响,导致区域性整体上升,海水退出,结束充填。在整个晚古生代,盆地的沉积作用、构造变动、火山活动都表现相对的稳定性,具有克拉通盆地性质。     

古鄱阳湖陆相盆地沉积与物源相关性特征的研究

本文以古鄱阳湖东北缘陆相盆地与基底母岩物质来源为例,阐述陆相盆地源区的输送和盆地沉积过程存在的紧密相关性。这种相关性最直接的特征是基底母岩区的岩性往往直接控制了盆内沉积物的类型,可以说,有什么样的母岩成份和风化剥蚀的方式,就会在盆内形成什么样类型的沉积物。母岩的风化剥蚀作用始终是盆内沉积源源不断的物质来源,因而根据盆地陆源碎屑岩来自母岩的陆源碎屑组合可以推断源区的母岩类型。研究这种风化与沉积、剥蚀与堆积的相关性特征是陆相盆地供给和充填作用的一大特色。这种相关性研究的深入,不但大大提高地层划分的精度,而且也     

河南省荥巩煤田大峪沟矿段深部铝土矿床地质特征及找矿方向

荥巩煤田大峪沟矿段深部铝土矿床是最近找矿突破发现的一个大型铝土矿床。该铝土矿床成矿时代为早二叠世,成矿物源主要为古陆铝硅酸岩风化物,少量为中奥陶统马家沟组碳酸盐岩风化产物,成矿环境为潮坪-沼泽环境,由长期的沉积间断、特定的岩相古地理环境、构造变形和表生风化作用共同控制着矿床的形成;上石炭统本溪组是铝土矿形成的含矿岩系;海湾泻湖相沉积环境是铝土矿床形成的有利条件;下古生界奥陶系、寒武系古岩溶侵蚀面是铝土矿形成的有利场所,古岩溶侵蚀面洼地及漏斗是铝土矿的定位空间。大峪沟矿段铝土矿床成因模式属于"古陆风化+碎屑和化学沉积";成矿机制为机械和化学分异。含矿岩系底部铁质风化壳/铁质黏土岩为碳酸盐岩风化形成,铝(黏)土矿来源于铝硅酸盐岩。大峪沟深部铝土矿床的发现为河南省寻找深部铝土矿床指明了方向。     

Differences of Hydrocarbon Enrichment between the Upper and the Lower Structural Layers in the Tazhong Paleouplift

<正>The Tazhong paleouplift is divided into the upper and the lower structural layers,bounded by the unconformity surface at the top of the Ordovician carbonate rock.The reservoirs in the two layers from different parts vary in number,type and reserves,but the mechanism was rarely researched before.Therefore,an explanation of the mechanism will promote petroleum exploration in Tazhong paleouplift.After studying the evolution and reservoir distribution of the Tazhong paleouplift,it is concluded that the evolution hi late Caledonian,late Hercynian and Himalayan periods resulted in the upper and the lower structural layers.It is also defined that in the upper structural layer,structural and stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are developed at the top and the upper part of the paleouplift,which are dominated by oil reservoirs,while for the lower structural layer,lithological reservoirs are developed in the lower part of the paleouplift,which are dominated by gas reservoirs,and more reserves are discovered in the lower structural layer than the upper. Through a comparative analysis of accumulation conditions of the upper and the lower structural layers,the mechanism of enrichment differences is clearly explained.The reservoir and seal conditions of the lower structural layer are better than those of the upper layer,which is the reason why more reservoirs have been found in the former.The differences in the carrier system types,trap types and charging periods between the upper and the lower structural layers lead to differences in the reservoir types and distribution.An accumulation model is established for the Tazhong paleouplift.For the upper structural layer,the structural reservoirs and the stratigraphic overlap reservoirs are formed at the upper part of the paleouplift,while for the lower structural layer,the weathering crust reservoirs are formed at the top,the reef-flat reservoirs are formed on the lateral margin,the karst and inside reservoirs are formed in the lower part of the paleouplift.