岩体工程特性研究中弹性波速参数取值方法探讨

工程岩体的各向异性特征导致了弹性波速的各向异性。因此，在岩体工程特性研究、岩体质量评价等方面，应注意合理地应用岩体弹性波速资料。笔者分析了岩体波速的各向异性特征，并指出：由于波速各向异性的存在，在岩体完整性系数计算中，岩体波速应取不同方向波速的几何平均值。当利用文中所给公式进行岩体孔隙率计算时，建议波速取最小值；在进行节理、裂隙发育的优势方向判断时，则取不同方向的波速值分别进行计算；当计算弹性模量时，必须取与岩体受力方向相一致的波速值。并给出了利用波速进行有关参数计算的实例。     

黄河上游某坝基岩体弹性波速的各向异性与归一化研究

本文以黄河上游某坝基岩体弹性波测试，研究了层状结构岩体波速的各向异性规律，并对其进行了归一化校正。     

岩体力学参数的损伤反分析优化性研究

岩体力学参数一直是困扰岩石力学和数值计算深入研究的难题,它在很大程度上决定了数值计算结果的准确性、客观性和实用性.本文在岩体损伤力学描述的基础上,提出了弹性波波速、损伤力学和反分析相结合的优化方法.     

节理岩体各向异性等效弹性参数研究

采用复合材料力学分析方法,针对规则节理岩体考虑坐标转换及刚度系数,建立各向异性等效弹性参数的解析公式。通过算例证明了解析公式的可行性,同时对规则节理岩体等效参数规律性进行了研究,分析在不同的节理刚度比值下等效弹性参数的变化规律。结合白鹤滩坝址区柱状节理岩体特征,探讨了其等效弹性参数取值和各向异性特征。研究表明：所采用方法在刚度取值相等时岩体可退化为各向同性介质,且该方法计算结果与实测结果较为吻合;同时发现柱体偏转对等效弹性参数的影响较大,偏转后水平向和铅直向弹性模量分别降低约54%和17%,根据曲线规律性,偏转角度越大,降低程度越高,等效弹性参数的曲线变化反映了其具有明显的各向异性特征。     

裂隙岩体的多孔介质水力等效性研究

工程岩体中数量众多的裂隙面限制了离散裂隙网络模型在岩体渗流中的应用,迫使人们寻找能够用理论上成熟的等效连续介质模型替代,这就要求进行岩体多孔介质的水力等效性研究。在野外大量实测裂隙的基础上,进行裂隙密度、方位、大小、延续性、开度等几何参数的统计分析,以Enhanced Baecher模型建立离散裂隙网络随机模型,采用Monte-Carlo随机模拟方法进行三维裂隙网络随机模拟。在所生成的一定尺度的三维裂隙网络图基础上,给出计算研究域REV的方法,通过判断REV是否存在,确定能否用等效连续介质模型分析岩体渗流。     

横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道反分析的惟一性

惟一性研究是位移反分析的基础工作之一。推导了横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道的位移解析解,利用参数可辨识条件对横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道位移反分析的惟一性进行了探讨。结果表明,无论量测多少个点的位移也不能惟一地反演出所有6个参数;必须至少已知3个参数时,才有可能惟一地反演其他参数;2个地应力分量是否相等对反分析结果有明显的影响;2个地应力分量的可辨识性最好,各向同性面上的弹性模量和泊松比次之,垂直各向同性面方向的弹性模量和泊松比最差。     

裂隙岩体等效力学参数结构效应的计算机模拟试验研究

为研究裂隙岩体结构效应对其等效力学参数的影响,引入基于离散元的合成岩体技术,通过可控的改变三维岩体结构网络中的结构参数,制作相应的合成岩体试件,开展计算机模拟试验研究。结果表明：随岩体中裂隙体积密度增大,裂隙的变形参数和强度参数随裂隙密度增加而减少,其中等效弹性模量对结构面密度变化最为敏感;随岩体中裂隙倾角增加,岩体等效弹性模量随之单调增加,且等效弹性模量的离散程度（标准差）随倾角增加而减小,而各强度参数指标则先减少而后增加,形成一个U形变化规律;岩体等效力学参数均随结构面尺寸增加而减小,同时等效力学参数的离散程度（标准差）随结构面直径增加而增加,其中单轴抗压强度指标变化最为敏感;岩体等效力学参数对裂隙尺寸和产状的离散程度不敏感。该研究结论可为其他结构效应研究提供一种新思路。     

一种基于弹性应变能的裂隙岩体等效弹性模量评价方法

基于线弹性断裂力学裂隙面张开位移及剪切位移理论公式,考虑裂隙存在常法向和常切向刚度情况,研究了含单个裂隙岩体加载过程中由于裂隙存在而附加的弹性应变能。基于应变能等效方法并假设两种裂隙变形模型--非均匀变形模型和均匀变形模型,研究了二维非贯通裂隙岩体的等效杨氏模量和等效剪切模量解析表达式。研究结果表明,对于贯通裂隙规则分布情况,均匀变形模型得到的解析解与Amadei等的结果一致;对于非贯通裂隙正态分布情况,考虑裂隙相互作用的非均匀变形模型解明显低估裂隙岩体的等效杨氏模量和等效剪切模量,而考虑裂隙相互作用的均匀变形模型解与有限元数值解的偏差在10%以内。得到的解析表达式在一定条件下可以作为裂隙岩体等效弹性模量评价方法之一。     

样本单元法及块状裂隙岩体力学参数的确定

在分析块状岩体的结构特征及影响其力学性能因素的基础上,根据大量野外调查及室内试验资料,对块状岩体进行分类,并建立相应的样本单元.采用数值分析方法模拟各类样本单元的大型三轴试验,实现了根据岩块参数获取块状裂隙岩体力学参数的目的.     

考虑裂隙变形参数的岩体单轴压缩损伤模型

为了更准确地预测裂隙对岩体压缩力学特性(如强度和刚度)的影响,需要建立更为合理的裂隙岩体压缩损伤模型。为此,基于相关试验数据和裂隙岩体单轴压缩力学行为,采用损伤及断裂理论对目前断续裂隙岩体压缩损伤模型中存在的不足进行了深入分析,并对其进行了3方面的改进,即：不再将裂隙变形参数视为定值、考虑了裂隙面上法向正应力产生的负第一应力强度因子(K_I)、考虑了裂隙面上有效剪应力产生的K_I,由此最终提出了考虑裂隙变形参数的岩体单轴压缩损伤本构模型。最后采用试验数据对该模型的合理性进行了验证,发现与现有模型相比,该模型明显提高了岩体单轴压缩弹性模量和损伤值的预测精度,尤其是当裂隙倾角为0°时,该模型计算得到的弹性模量为4.306 MPa,与实测弹性模量4.310 MPa几乎相同。因此,该模型能够很好地刻画岩体单轴压缩力学行为,这也说明考虑裂隙变形参数对岩体单轴压缩力学特性的影响是十分必要的。该研究可为准确预测裂隙岩体的单轴压缩力学行为提供参考。     

Microstructural control on the elastic properties of thermally cracked granite

Compressional waves velocity V_P was measured during long-term experiments in a high-pressure vessel (in the range [10–75] MPa for confining and pore pressures). Experiments were carried out on a granite specimen prepared by a controlled heating treatment at 510 °C, which generated thermal cracks.

Data analysis is proposed by using an effective medium approach based on Kachanov's [Appl. Mech. Rev. 45 (1992)304] model. The elastic behaviour of the cracked rock is controlled by the crack density parameter which varies with confining and pore pressures due to crack closure. In order to model the progressive closure of cracks, we assume elliptical cracks with major axis 2c and aspect ratio . By using a conformal mapping technique, we derive the variation of the crack aspect ratio as a function of effective pressure, the effective pressure coefficient η depending on and Poisson's ratio ν₀. As a result, we compute the crack density parameter and the elastic moduli of the cracked rock as a function of confining and pore pressures. To take into account the heterogeneity of the rock sample, a peak-like distribution of crack aspect ratios is introduced, which allows us to calculate the acoustic velocity V_P for various effective pressures.

Comparison is made between theoretical and experimental values and shows that this simple model captures the essential features of the acoustic velocity variation: an increase of V_P when pore pressure is decreased followed by a plateau for a threshold pore pressure. Best consistency between theoretical and experimental velocity values is obtained by introducing a second crack population with a higher mean aspect ratio and an irreversible closure mechanism as effective pressure is cycled.     

地震作用下裂隙对岩质边坡稳定性影响分析

在地震作用下岩质边坡内部裂隙可能开裂扩展,对边坡稳定造成不利影响。利用扩展有限元法模拟岩质边坡内部裂隙在地震作用下的开裂扩展,根据扩展后的裂隙分析边坡潜在滑面,采用矢量和法计算边坡在震前、地震过程及震后的安全系数。结果表明：在汶川地震波作用下LLT1与LLT2裂隙均开裂扩展,开裂方向与水平方向夹角近45°,其中LLT1裂隙顶部开裂至边坡面。震前安全系数为1.75,地震过程中最小安全系数为1.01,震后安全系数为1.05。说明了即便是边坡在震前稳定性较好,但由于地震作用使得裂隙扩展贯通至边坡表面,导致滑体抗滑力降低,边坡震后稳定性显著降低。虽然地震过程中边坡并未失稳破坏,若在震后受到其他外部作用则可能失稳破坏,引发次生灾害。     

煤岩体采动裂隙网络的逾渗与分形特征关系研究

以平煤八矿己15-22060工作面为背景,引入逾渗和分形理论,分析了煤岩体裂隙网络的演化特征,得到了逾渗概率和分形维数随工作面推进度的变化规律及二者的变化关系。结果表明：逾渗概率的大小受横向离层裂隙和竖向破断裂隙的发育、贯通等因素影响,随工作面推进分阶段线性增大,且增幅有增大的趋势;随工作面推进煤岩体的裂隙网络逐步向工作面前方煤体和上覆岩层扩展,分形维数大小受裂隙的长度、宽度、数量、分布等因素控制,升维过程大致可分为3个阶段;煤岩体裂隙网络的逾渗概率与分形维数的关系可分段拟合为1个幂函数和2个线性函数,且具有很好的相关性,数学模型的建立可为研究煤岩体裂隙网络的等效渗透率奠定一定的基础。     

Evaluation of equivalent medium methods for stress wave propagation in jointed rock mass

This paper evaluates the existing equivalent medium methods for jointed rock mass and further develops the equivalent viscoelastic medium method proposed by the authors. The advantages and limitations of different equivalences to the discontinuous rock mass are discussed. Theoretical derivation of stress wave propagation through the equivalent viscoelastic medium is carried out by adopting the Fourier transformation method, and the parameters of the equivalent viscoelastic medium method are determined analytically. The frequency dependence and the wave attenuation phenomenon can be properly described when the imaginary terms of the complex moduli of the rock mass are included. The results show that the equivalent viscoelastic medium method is able to predict the effective velocity and the stress wave transmission coefficient in a rock mass more accurately than the conventional effective elastic moduli methods. An example of the stress wave propagation through rock mass with parallel joints shows that the equivalent viscoelastic medium method is promising and worthy to be further explored for application in practical rock engineering problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effective elastic properties of the double‐periodically cracked plates

In this paper, the interaction of double‐periodical cracks is accurately solved based on the isolating analysis procedure, superposition principle, pseudo‐traction method, Chebyshev polynomial expansion and crack‐surface collocation technique. The jump displacement crossing crack faces, the average additional strain and therefore the effective compliance of the double‐periodically cracked plate are directly determined. The numerical results for axial‐symmetrically distributed double‐periodical cracks, general double‐periodical cracks with one collinear direction as well as two sets of double‐periodical cracks with same size and square distribution are given in this paper. And the partial typical numerical results are compared with the previous works. The analysis shows that the anisotropy induced by the general double‐periodical cracks is generally not orthogonal anisotropy. Only when the double‐periodical cracks are axial‐symmetrically distributed, is the anisotropy orthogonal. In this special cases, the effective engineering constants (consist of effective elastic modulus, the effective Poisson's ratio, the effective shear modulus) of cracked plate versus crack spacing, in the plane stress and plane strain conditions, respectively, are analysed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of the numerical manifold method for stress wave propagation across rock masses

In this paper, the numerical manifold method (NMM) is extended to study wave propagation across rock masses. First, improvements to the system equations, contact treatment, and boundary conditions of the NMM are performed, where new system equations are derived based on the Newmark assumption of the space–time relationship, the edge‐to‐edge contact treatment is further developed for the NMM to handle stress wave propagation across discontinuities, and the viscous non‐reflection boundary condition is derived based on the energy minimisation principle. After the modification, numerical comparisons between the original and improved NMM are presented. The results show that the original system equations result in artificial numerical damping, which can be overcome by the Newmark system equations. Meanwhile, the original contact scheme suffers some calculation problems when modelling stress wave propagation across a discontinuity, which can be solved by the proposed edge‐to‐edge contact scheme. Subsequently, the influence of the mesh size and time step on the improved NMM for stress wave propagation is studied. Finally, 2D wave propagation is modelled, and the model's results are in good agreement with the analytical solution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

混凝土内部裂缝对电磁波传输特性参数的影响

混凝土的使用越来越广泛,其健康状况越来越被重视.混凝土裂缝的发生发展特征是混凝土健康状况的重要表征参数.钢筋是混凝土固有结构,针对混凝土内部的裂缝,提出一种应用钢筋天线的裂缝监测方法,设置内嵌于混凝土中的发射、接收钢筋天线对,通过天线对S21参数的幅值来检测混凝土内裂缝.构建CST Studio Suite软件仿真模型...     

节理对爆炸波传播影响的数值研究

采用加入无反射边界条件的DDA程序,研究了节理面对应力波传播的影响。结果表明,节理面能阻碍波的传播,有利于波的衰减,节理面越多,波的反射越强,而波的透射越弱。模拟了一个现场爆炸试验,研究爆炸产生的应力波在节理岩体中传播、衰减的规律,模拟结果与现场试验结果比较吻合。研究表明,DDA方法可以模拟节理面对应力波传播的阻碍作用,用它来模拟爆炸波在节理岩体中的传播是适用的。     

非贯通单节理岩体裂纹扩展方向研究

裂纹扩展方向的确定对分析岩桥破坏机制和岩体抗剪强度参数具有重要意义。首先以断裂力学观点推导了复杂应力条件下裂纹尖端应力分布函数的表达式,以节理岩体尖端的扩展裂纹可分为张拉裂纹和剪切裂纹为前提,基于Griffith破坏判据,提出了张拉裂纹扩展方向(张裂角)的计算公式;基于Mohr-Coulomb判据,提出了剪裂纹扩展方向(剪裂角)的计算公式。通过新判据与试验和其他判据的结果对比表明,该判据能准确判断张拉裂纹扩展方向,而剪裂角的扩展方向有待进一步试验验证。分析表明：在单向拉应力作用下,张裂纹扩展方向均有偏向于最大主应力方向的趋势,张裂纹与最大主应力夹角小于15°;双向拉应力作用下,随着微裂纹倾角变大,张裂纹有远离最大主应力方向的趋势;单轴压缩作用下,张裂角随裂纹倾角的增加而减小,而两者的和为先减小后增加。