衬砌背后空洞对隧道抗震性能影响分析

目前关于隧道震害问题的研究主要集中于隧道洞门和洞口段,实际上仍有不少洞身衬砌在地震中产生严重震害,其中一个重要原因便是衬砌背后存在空洞或者回填不密实。通过大型有限元软件ABAQUS,采用无限元边界解决地震波的反射震荡问题,研究衬砌背后空洞对隧道的地震动力响应的影响。通过分析得到:密实状态下,即使在较大地震动力作用下,衬砌结构仍处于良好的受压状态;一旦衬砌背后存在空洞,地震作用下脱空区衬砌产生很大拉应力,可能导致衬砌开裂坍塌;同时,空洞处周边围岩产生塑性区,易引起岩体松弛掉落冲击衬砌。     

双向地震耦合作用下浅埋偏压黄土隧道共振特性研究

历次震害表明隧道等地下结构受地震影响较大,当地震动的卓越频率与结构的固有频率一致时,引发的共振会对结构产生更严重的破坏。针对共振这一地震中的特殊现象,通过ANSYS分析研究浅埋偏压黄土隧道在双向地震耦合作用下隧道衬砌各处的共振响应和围岩至衬砌段共振响应峰值的变化规律,同时考虑偏压角度和断面最大跨径对共振响应峰值的影响。研究结果表明：浅埋偏压黄土隧道具有多阶固有频率,衬砌的位移和应力均出现了共振现象且共振不表现出结构的自振频率特征;从围岩至衬砌段的共振响应具有放大效应;水平位移峰值随偏压角度的增大而减小;适当增大断面最大跨径对于抵抗共振是有利的;拱腰和拱脚处的主应力受共振影响较大,在隧道的抗震设计中应予以加强。     

A model study on the effects of input motion on the seismic behaviour of tunnels

Tunnel behaviour under earthquake loading is affected by many factors such as shape, depth and stiffness of the tunnel lining and the nature of the input motion. However, current knowledge on the effects of these parameters on the seismic behaviour of tunnels is limited to lack of experimental or field data. Existing analytical methods are based on assumptions, the validity of which needs to be established using carefully conducted experimental studies and numerical analyses. This paper focuses on the effects of input motion characteristics on seismic behaviour of circular and square tunnels. Dynamic centrifuge tests were carried out on model tunnels using input motions of different amplitude and frequency. Accelerations and earth pressures around the tunnels were measured. Complementary Finite Element analyses were conducted with different types of input motions. Results show that magnitude of the maximum input acceleration plays a crucial role on the maximum and residual lining forces, which the tunnel experiences.     

Seismic response of shallow circular tunnels in two-layered ground

The effect of ground stratification on the seismic response of circular tunnels is investigated, as most practice-oriented studies consider homogeneous ground. A finite element plain-strain model of a circular tunnel cross-section embedded in a two-layered ground is used to highlight the influence of stratification on the tunnel׳s seismic response. The layers interface was placed at the crown, centre and invert level.It is proved that ground stratification has an important role in the lining seismic forces. When the tunnel is fully embedded in one of the layers, the seismic lining forces may vary significantly in comparison with the single-layer case. If the tunnel intercepts both layers, maximum lining forces aggravation occurs when the lower layer is very stiff.     

走滑断层和逆断层位错作用下地铁隧道损伤特征对比分析

隧道作为重要的轨道交通工程,近年来在地震中受到了不同程度的破坏,特别是跨断层的隧道,其抗震性能越来越受到人们的关注。为了能够更好地评价隧道的整体损伤情况及把握其损伤特征,以北京地铁7号线为研究对象,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立模型,采用拟静力法,以隧道直径变化率作为损伤指标分析了隧道在走滑断层以及逆断层位错作用下的损伤特征,对比了两种断层位错作用下损伤状态与地震强度之间的关系、损伤范围和位置以及损伤程度。结果表明:跨断层隧道在断层错动作用下损伤只发生在断层带附近;当震级处于6.0～8.0级时,隧道衬砌损伤程度随震级的增大而增大;在覆土厚度相同的条件下,同震级时逆断层位错作用下隧道损伤程度要比走滑断层作用下大得多;走滑断层位错作用下隧道结构损伤主要发生在拱腰处,逆断层位错作用下主要发生在拱肩－拱脚以及拱顶－拱底处。     

SV波入射下饱和地层浅埋平行隧道动力响应机制

目前城市核心区交叠紧邻的隧道群大量涌现,其抗震安全性问题日益突出,但近邻隧道之间以及与地层的动力相互作用机制尚不清晰.本文针对饱和地层浅埋平行隧道,基于Biot两相介质理论,采用边界积分方程法分别建立了饱和地层水平和竖向双线隧道动力作用分析模型,并与典型算例精确解对比验证了本模型的有效性;在此基础上,研究了SV波入射频...     

考虑地震波激振方向的浅埋偏压双联拱黄土隧道动力响应规律研究

以实际工程为背景,在模型试验结果和数值模拟结果验证合理的基础上,通过建立三维数值模型,研究兰州人工波在不同激振方向下坡-隧体系动力响应规律,通过小波包变换从能量和频域角度对衬砌结构动力响应规律进行分析。研究结果表明：水平、竖直面内垂直隧道轴向(X、Z)的地震波在隧道最大埋深处引起较大响应,水平面平行于隧道轴向的地震波(Y)对埋深较浅的洞口处的结构最为不利。频率在0～12.5 Hz范围内的低频波是引起隧道结构响应的主要波段,该频段中竖直向地震波(Z)能量相较于其他方向地震波能量占比最高。地震作用中衬砌结构的存在对坡体内的围岩变形有一定的抑制效应。X、Y向地震波容易引起坡脚附近的围岩发生剪切破坏,Y向地震波对隧道洞口段仰坡的稳定性影响最大;Z向地震波容易造成坡顶附近区域围岩的拉伸破坏,且对隧道拱顶附近产生最不利响应。研究成果对浅埋偏压双联拱隧道的抗震优化设计具有借鉴意义。     

Simulation of tunnel response under spatially varying ground motion

Various components including wave scattering, wave passage, and site amplification effects cause the ground motion to vary spatially. The spatially varying ground motion can significantly influence the dynamic response of longitudinal structures such as bridges and tunnels. While its effect on bridges has been extensively studied, there is a lack of study on its effect on underground tunnels. This paper develops a new procedure for simulating the tunnel response under spatially varying ground motion. The procedure utilizes the longitudinal displacement profile, which is developed from spatially variable ground motion time histories. The longitudinal displacement profile is used to perform a series of pseudo-static three-dimensional finite-element analyses. Results of the analyses show that the spatially variable ground motion causes longitudinal bending of the tunnel and can induce substantial axial stress on the tunnel lining. The effect can be significant at boundaries at which the properties of the ground change in the longitudinal direction.     

Simplified longitudinal seismic response of tunnels linings subjected to surface waves

This paper presents an engineering approach for analysing the longitudinal behaviour of tunnels subjected to earthquakes. The tunnel is modelled as a Timoshenko beam connected to the far soil by means of continuous elastic support (Winkler model). Seismic free-field inputs, such as those caused by surface waves travelling parallel to the tunnel axis, were imposed at the base of the springs of the Winkler model, generating bending moments and shear forces on the cross-sections of the tunnel. Closed-form expressions of the tunnel displacements, shear forces, and bending moments were determined at any tunnel section in terms of the seismic excitation, tunnel geometry and material properties, and subgrade reaction modulus of the soil. A dimensional analysis was carried out to ascertain directly the maximum tunnel displacement, bending moment, and shear force.     

Ground motion duration effect on responses of hydraulic shallow-buried tunnel under SV-waves excitations

Although intensive research of the influence of ground motion duration on structural cumulative damage has been carried out, the influence of dynamic responses in underground tunnels remains a heated debate. This study attempts to highlight the importance of the ground motion duration effect on hydraulic tunnels subjected to deep-focus earthquakes. In the study, a set of 18 recorded accelerograms with a wide-range of durations were employed. A spectrally equivalent method serves to distinguish the effect of duration from other ground motion features, and then the seismic input model was simulated using SV-wave excitation based on a viscous-spring boundary, which was verified by the time-domain waves analysis method. The nonlinear analysis results demonstrate that the risk of collapse of the hydraulic tunnel is higher under long-duration ground motion than that of short-duration ground motion of the same seismic intensity. In a low intensity earthquake, the ground motion duration has little effect on the damage energy consumption of a hydraulic tunnel lining, but in a high intensity earthquake, dissipation of the damage energy and damage index of concrete shows a nonlinear growth trend accompanied by the increase of ground motion duration, which has a great influence on the deformation and stress of hydraulic tunnels, and correlation analysis shows that the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.8. Therefore, the duration of ground motion should be taken into consideration except for its intensity and frequency content in the design of hydraulic tunnel, and evaluation of seismic risk.

     

高烈度艰险山区跨断层隧道减震层减震技术研究

为进一步提高高烈度艰险山区跨断层隧道的减震性能,依托丽香铁路蒙古哨隧道工程,利用有限差分数值软件FLAC~(3D)对跨断层隧道施设减震层不同模式的减震效果进行研究。研究结果表明:减震层施设于初支与围岩间,其横向位移减小4.17%、竖向位移减小14.32%、最大主应力减小47.89%、最小主应力减小25.93%、最大剪切应力减小27.74%、最小安全系数提高34.62%～59.40%;减震层施设于初支与二衬间,其横向位移减小3.72%、竖向位移减小7.73%、最大主应力减小16.11%、最小主应力减小20.21%、最大剪切应力减小20.73%、最小安全系数提高0.04%～28.38%;减震层施设于初支与围岩间的减震效果优于施设于初支与二衬间。研究成果对于跨断层隧道的减震设计及减震技术有着重要的意义。     

液化场地区间隧道地震响应分析

为研究液化场地区间隧道的动力响应,利用FLAC3D软件分析一致激励、局部液化和行波激励对隧道结构动力响应的影响.计算结果表明:地基土液化改变了隧道衬砌的受力状态,衬砌的破坏位置由非液化场地的拱肩和拱脚处转成了液化场地的仰拱和拱腰位置;与液化场地相比,隧道穿越局部可液化土层时,破坏位置扩展到衬砌整个断面;与一致激励相比,...     

Earthquake induced ground strains in the presence of strong lateral soil heterogeneities

Transient ground strains are recognized to govern the response of buried elongated structures, such as pipelines and tunnels, under seismic wave propagation. Since a direct measure of ground strains is not generally available, simplified formulas relating peak ground strain to peak ground velocity, and based on 1D wave propagation theory in homogeneous media, are typically used for seismic design. Although they are adopted by most of the available technical guidelines, the use of these formulas may be questionable in complex realistic situations as either in the presence of strong lateral discontinuities, or in the epicentral area of large earthquakes, or in sites where relevant site amplification effects and spatial incoherency of ground motion are expected. To provide a contribution to overcome the previous limitations, a simplified formula relating peak ground longitudinal strain to peak ground velocity is proposed in this paper, as a function of the geometrical and dynamic parameters which have the major influence on strain evaluation. The formula has been obtained under small-strain assumptions, so that it can reasonably be applied under linear or moderately non-linear soil behaviour. The adequacy of this formula in the most common case of vertically propagating S-waves has been checked against 2D numerical solutions by Spectral Elements (SE) for representative geological cross-sections in Parkway Valley (New Zealand) and in the cities of Catania (Italy) and Thessaloniki (Greece). The shear strain and the longitudinal strain variability with depth is also investigated, through some qualitative examples and comparisons with analytical formulas.     

2D numerical investigation of segmental tunnel lining under seismic loading

Segmental tunnel linings are now often used for seismic areas. However, the influence of segment joints on the segmental lining behavior under seismic loading has not been thoroughly considered in the literature. This paper presents a numerical study, which has been performed under seismic circumstance, to investigate the factors that affect segmental tunnel lining behavior. Analyses have been carried out using a two-dimensional finite difference element model. The proposed model allows studying the effect of the rotational joint stiffness, radial stiffness and the axial stiffness of the longitudinal joints. The numerical results show that a segmental lining can perform better than a continuous lining during earthquake. It has been seen that the influence of the joint distribution, the joint rotational stiffness, the joint axial stiffness, Young׳s modulus of the ground surrounding the tunnel, the lateral earth pressure factor and the maximum shear strain should not be neglected. Some important differences of the segmental tunnel lining behavior under static and seismic conditions have been highlighted.     

跨黏滑断层隧道纤维混凝土衬砌抗错断技术研究

为提高跨黏滑断层隧道的结构安全性和稳定性,以都汶高速友谊隧道F 1黏滑断层段为研究背景,通过采用纤维混凝土衬砌对跨黏滑断层隧道抗错断技术进行研究。结果表明:同体积纤维掺量条件下,混杂纤维混凝土(SBFRC)立方体抗压强度比纤维混凝土(SFRC)略低,SBFRC抗折强度比SFRC略高;断层黏滑错动对隧道上盘的影响大于下盘;纤维混凝土衬砌对下盘隧道结构的抗错效果优于上盘隧道,SFRC二衬平均抗错效果为12.22%,SBFRC二衬平均抗错效果为15.81%。研究成果可为黏滑断层隧道的结构设计及施工提供参考。     

Key parameters governing the performance of soft tunnel coating for seismic isolation

A method to cover a tunnel lining with a soft and thin coating is discussed herein as a possible measure for mitigating seismic damage to tunnels. Long‐term earthquake observations at different tunnel sites within a variety of alluvial soil deposits have demonstrated that a circular tunnel is liable to deform in such a way that its two diagonal diameters crossing each other expand and contract alternately. Narrowing down vibration modes, in order to discuss this particular and the most important mode, any of the essential items of the soil–tunnel system, namely the soil, the coating and the tunnel lining, has only one degree of freedom, allowing the coating effect to be simply evaluated in terms of a limited number of key parameters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

穿越活断层铰链式衬砌隧道减震措施动力响应研究

鉴于穿越地震活动带逆断层的铁路山岭隧道易受逆断层滑动的影响,且目前铁路隧道穿越多条活动性断层可供借鉴经验较少的现状。文章采用数值分析方法,对活动逆断层错动下的铰链式衬砌隧道在地震荷载作用下围岩加固方式、超挖设计结构的动力响应进行对比分析。结果表明逆断层错动时,对浅部地层变形的影响范围大于深部,但最大附加变形出现在深部断层面附近,且错距越大其最大附加变形值越大,断层活动对隧道结构安全影响较为显著。注浆加固并不改变衬砌在地震中的震动频谱特性,宜采用施作单层衬砌预留修复空间的设计方案。对于是否超挖设计的两种工况下,衬砌位移变化规律一致,衬砌的震动频谱特性一致。经过监控量测发现支护压应力在埋设2个月左右后趋于稳定。所得结论可为今后类似工程结构设计与施工提供参考。     

Dynamic interaction of twin vertically overlapping lined tunnels in an elastic half space subjected to incident plane waves

The scattering of plane harmonic P and SV waves by a pair of vertically overlapping lined tunnels buried in an elastic half space is solved using a semi-analytic indirect boundary integration equation method. Then the effect of the distance between the two tunnels, the stiffness and density of the lining material, and the incident frequency on the seismic response of the tunnels is investigated. Numerical results demonstrate that the dynamic interaction between the twin tunnels cannot be ignored and the lower tunnel has a significant shielding effect on the upper tunnel for high-frequency incident waves, resulting in great decrease of the dynamic hoop stress in the upper tunnel; for the low-frequency incident waves, in contrast, the lower tunnel can lead to amplification effect on the upper tunnel. It also reveals that the frequency-spectrum characteristics of dynamic stress of the lower tunnel are significantly different from those of the upper tunnel. In addition, for incident P waves in low-frequency region, the soft lining tunnels have significant amplification effect on the surface displacement amplitude, which is slightly larger than that of the corresponding single tunnel.     

沉管隧道穿越纵向非均匀场地振动台试验研究

为了研究穿越纵向非均匀场地的沉管隧道地震反应规律,进行了沉管隧道穿越砂土-黏土场地和均匀砂土场地两种工况的振动台试验。沉管隧道模型材料主要为微粒混凝土和镀锌钢丝,接头材料为橡胶,模型缩尺比为1/30,采用层叠剪切箱装填黏土和砂土构成纵向非均匀场地,输入荷载为不同峰值的El Centro波和Kobe波。采集土层和隧道不同观测点处的加速度和应变等数据并进行分析,研究在不同性质土层中的沉管隧道地震反应的特点,分析纵向非均匀场地对于沉管隧道地震反应的影响。试验结果表明砂土和黏土不同的动力特性会导致沉管隧道地震反应各异:穿越非均匀场地沉管隧道加速度反应、应变反应和管节间相对位移反应明显异于均匀场地沉管隧道,且在输入不同峰值的地震波下呈现不同规律。试验结果可供沉管隧道抗震设计参考。     

高烈度区公路隧道横通道地震响应分析

双洞隧道主隧道与横通道交接部位是隧道抗震中的薄弱位置,以穿越高烈度区隧道为背景,采用MIDAS GTS-NX有限元分析软件,对在汶川地震动作用下的公路隧道横通道进行地震响应分析。在X方向和Y方向地震动荷载的共同作用下,通过对围岩和衬砌的计算结果研究,得出以下结论:隧道整体的最大相对位移主要发生在主隧道与横通道拱顶和连接处;衬砌相对位移随埋深增加而减小;隧道产生的横向变形更大;横通道边墙位置更容易受到剪切破坏,主隧道与横通道连接处拱脚的弯矩、剪力、最大主应力和最大剪应力最大,应重点采取设防措施。