FRC框架结构的损伤程度控制及性能评估

为研究纤维增强混凝土（FRC）框架结构体系预期损伤部位的损伤程度控制和性能评估方法,采用ABAQUS有限元软件对该框架结构模型进行动力时程分析。针对该结构体系,研究其各种性能水准极限状态的定性描述和量化方法,并进行结构抗震性能评估。研究结果显示,预期损伤部位采用FRC材料,可以减小RC框架结构的层间残余侧移角、柱端截面最大转角和柱截面最大残余转角,可以控制整体结构和构件的损伤程度。给出FRC框架结构在不同性能水准下分别以柱截面转角、层间侧移角和层间残余侧移角为性能指标的限值。综合考虑FRC材料的特性和仿真结果的分析,建议选用层间残余侧移角进行性能评估更为合理。考虑8倍板厚翼缘宽度,柱梁抗弯承载力比达到1.2,FRC框架结构在8度设防烈度对应的地震作用下可达到性能等级D。     

Damage evolution in reinforced concrete columns subjected to biaxial loading

An analysis of the damage observed in 24 reinforced concrete (RC) columns tested under uniaxial and biaxial horizontal loading is presented. The test results show that for biaxial loading conditions specific damage occurs for lower drift demands when compared with the corresponding uniaxial demand (a reduction of 50–75 % was found). The damage distribution observed in each column is also analysed. No significant differences are found in the plastic hinge length for uniaxial and biaxial loading. The drift demands associated with each damage state are compared with reference values proposed in international guidelines. Finally, and based on the philosophy of the Park and Ang uniaxial damage index, two new expressions are proposed for the evaluation of damage in RC elements under biaxial loading. The results of the application of these expressions to the experimental results are discussed.     

Fragility curves for reinforced concrete structures in Skopje (Macedonia) region

A method for the development of earthquake intensity–damage relations, given as fragility curves and damage probability matrices is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is applied on reinforced-concrete frame-wall structures. Two sets of fragility curves and damage probability matrices are developed. The first one is for reinforced-concrete frame structures lower than 10 stories. For this purpose, a six-story frame structure is used. The other set is defined for reinforced-concrete frame-wall structures higher than 10 stories. A 16-story frame-wall structure was chosen as a sample. The sample structures were designed according to Macedonian design code. The conditions of the local seismic hazard were the subject of special concern for the development of earthquake intensity–damage relations. Because of the limited number of real time histories from the Skopje region, a set of 240 synthetic time histories were generated. Geological dates from the Skopje region were used. Response of the sample structures under earthquake excitation was defined performing nonlinear dynamic analysis. Modeling of the nonlinear behavior of the structural elements was completed according to state-of-the-art methods in this field. A modified Park and Ang damage model was chosen as a measure of the structure's response to earthquake excitation. Five damage states were defined to express the condition of damage. As a result of the analytical research, the values of the global damage index corresponding to each damage state were determined. Using the dates from the nonlinear dynamic analysis of the sample structures under all 240 synthetic time histories, the two sets of fragility curves and damage probability matrices were defined.     

核电结构PCS水箱液动压力分析等效模型

中国核电厂抗震设计规范推荐采用的Housner模型不适用于复杂形状核电储液结构的流固耦合分析。对于AP1000和CAP1400核电站屏蔽厂房顶部非能动安全壳冷却系统重力水箱(简称PCS水箱),基于圆柱形水箱的Housner等效质量-弹簧模型,通过引入水箱体积修正参数,提出PCS水箱的三维等效质量-弹簧模型。采用有限元软件ADINA建立水箱结构流固耦合整体有限元模型以进行模态分析,计算分析PCS水箱和对应环形水箱在不同尺寸和液体深度条件下的液体晃动自振特性。对比整体有限元模型与三维等效质量-弹簧模型计算结果发现,提出的PCS水箱三维等效质量-弹簧模型能给出其内液体晃动各阶振型的液动压力合理估计值,适用于具有复杂形状的PCS水箱液动压力分析。本文的等效模型方法可推广应用于其他复杂形状水箱的液动压力分析。     

Ductility damage indices based on seismic performance of RC frames

This paper presents an analytical procedure for determining ductility damage indices using static collapse mechanism analysis for ductile reinforced concrete (RC) frames subjected to prescribed drift limits corresponding to different seismic performance levels. This assessment benefits from performance-based seismic design (PBSD) concept that employs rotation ductility factors, pre-defined target damage indices and beam sidesway mechanism as key performance objectives to estimate curvature ductility demands at pre-designated plastic hinges of beam sidesway mechanism. The proposed ductility-based damage indices (DBDI) assessment procedure considers regular frames with secondary effects such as P-Delta and soil–structure interaction (SSI) within a simple non-iterative process suitable for practical applications. A 12-story RC moment frame was chosen to implement the proposed procedure considering P-Delta effect. Pushover analysis using SAP 2000 was carried out for the frame to verify the results of the DBDI method. The results show that the DBDI seismic assessment procedure can be used to quantify the damage potential at different performance levels and relate that to local flexural ductility of critical frame members. The research presented in this paper provides a simple yet conservative damage assessment tool for use by practicing engineers.     

既有钢筋混凝土框架结构的多指标云模型地震损伤评估

目前的既有钢混结构地震损伤研究没有同时考虑不同抗震设计规范差异和耐久性两个因素对结构抗震性能的影响,且损伤指标较简单,在动力损伤分析中也存在局限。基于云模型的特点,提出了包括弹塑性耗能差率、刚度损伤指数、层间位移角和顶点位移角的多元结构损伤状态综合评估方法,能够同时考虑结构各损伤指数的随机性和模糊性。考虑不同版本抗震设计规范造成的结构性能差异和耐久性下降对结构性能的影响,设计3个典型五层钢混框架结构,进行增量动力分析,验证损伤评估方法的准确性。结果表明：随着抗震规范版本的更新,结构的损伤程度有适当减轻;同一结构的损伤程度因混凝土碳化作用先减轻后加重;采用弹塑性耗能差率表征既有结构的地震损伤效果优于刚度损伤指数;基于多指标云模型损伤评估方法获得的云模型综合隶属度和综合损伤值能够更加细化和精确地描述结构损伤状态。     

Seismic assessment and retrofit of two heritage-listed R/C elevated water storage tanks

A seismic assessment and advanced retrofit study on two heritage-listed reinforced concrete (R/C) elevated water storage tanks is presented in this paper. The two structures were built between the late 1920s and the early 1930s as water suppliers for a coal power plant in Santa Maria Novella Station in Florence, and are still in service. The first, taller tank has a R/C frame supporting structure and is currently used as water supplier for trains and platform services. The second, shorter tank, with a shaft-shell supporting structure, is used as water tower for the Station. The dynamic behaviour of the fluid is simulated by means of a classical convective and impulsive mass model, for which a discrete three-dimensional schematization is originally implemented in the finite element analysis. The time–history assessment enquiry highlights numerical collapse of the frame structure in the taller tank, and unsafe tensile stress states in a large portion of the shaft structure of the shorter one, under seismic action scaled at the maximum considered earthquake level. Based on these results, two retrofit hypotheses are proposed, and namely a dissipative bracing system incorporating pressurized fluid viscous spring-dampers, for the taller tank, and a base isolation system including double curved surface sliders, for the shorter one. The mechanical parameters, design criteria and technical implementation details of the two rehabilitation strategies are illustrated. The verification time–history analyses in protected conditions show that a substantial enhancement of the seismic response capacities of both structures is attained as compared to their original configurations, with little architectural intrusion, quick installation works and competitive costs.     

The use of damage functionals in earthquake engineering: A comparison between different methods

The behaviour of the EPP-SDOF model under seismic actions is analysed herein by different ‘damage functionals’ to define collapse under cyclic loading. In particular, the damage functionals based on the concept of maximum ductility and dissipated plastic energy are first compared. Afterwards the methods of Banon and Veneziano, Park and Ang and the linear cumulative law of plastic fatigue are reviewed and extensively analysed. Comparisons in the case of simple cyclic histories and in terms of acceleration collapse spectra are carried out with reference to significant earthquake records. In particular, it is shown in which cases the damage functionals of Banon and Veneziano, Park and Ang and the linear cumulative law of plastic fatigue, completely defined by the value of a single parameter, degenerate in the limit methods of ductility or dissipated energy and in which cases they provide similar results.     

钢框架内填竖缝RC墙结构的性态指标

为研究钢框架内填竖缝RC墙结构（Steel frame with slit RC wall,简称"SRCW"）在不同地震水平下的性态指标,结合我国现行抗震规范,对已完成的8榀SRCW试验数据进行了统计分析,基于修正的Park-Ang模型及损伤指数与性态指标的对应关系,提出了以层间位移角表征的SRCW结构的性态指标矩阵。分析结果表明:SRCW结构在显著屈服和倒塌时的层间位移角均值分别为0.63%和2.36%。SRCW结构在正常使用、基本完好、轻微破坏、中等破坏、严重破坏和倒塌状态下的层间位移角限值分别为1/170、1/130、1/100、1/70、1/50和1/40,研究成果可为SRCW结构开展基于性态的抗震设计及地震易损性分析提供参考。     

A damage model for structures with degrading response

The paper presents a hysteretic damage model for the response simulation of structural components with strength and stiffness deterioration under cyclic loading. The model is based on 1D continuum damage mechanics and relates any 2 work‐conjugate response variables such as force‐displacement, moment‐rotation, or stress‐strain. The strength and stiffness deterioration is described by a continuous damage variable. The formulation uses a criterion based on the hysteretic energy and the maximum or minimum deformation for damage initiation with a cumulative probability distribution function for the damage evolution. A series of structural component response simulations showcase the ability of the model to describe different types of hysteretic behavior. The relation of the model's damage variable to the Park‐Ang damage index is also discussed. Because of its consistent and numerically robust formulation, the model is suitable for the large‐scale seismic response simulation of structural systems with strength and stiffness deterioration.     

基于损伤部位向量法的钢框架损伤识别研究

对损伤部位向量(DLV)法作了简单介绍,并用该方法对钢框架进行了损伤识别和损伤定位。该方法假定结构损伤前后为线性,对结构损伤前后柔度矩阵差进行奇异值分解,将奇异值为零所对应的向量,作为静荷载施加在无损结构的测点位置,则应力为零的单元为可能损伤的单元。对3种不同工况的钢框架进行了振动模态试验,用前3阶模态参数构造框架的柔度矩阵,按照DLV法对其进行了损伤识别,识别结果与已知损伤情况相一致。从测试自由度不完备、噪声和振型质量归一化系数这3个方面对识别效果进行了分析,结果表明:当损伤使结构动力特性有微小改变时,使用该方法不易定位损伤,应结合局部损伤识别方法进行判定;当损伤使结构动力特性有较大改变时,该方法能有效识别损伤的单元。DLV方法概念简单,理论明确,不受结构类型的限制,不需要结构的数学模型和模型缩聚或扩展技术,只需获得结构损伤前后的前几个低阶模态参数,即可识别结构一处或多处损伤,实际应用时可操作性强。     

Tank damage during the may 1983 coalinga earthquake

The magnitude M = 6-5 Coalinga earthquake of 2 May 1983 caused intense ground shaking throughout the epicentral region. Unanchored cylindrical ground supported tanks located at six sites within this oil producing area were damaged; damages included elephant's foot buckling at the base of three moderate sized tanks, joint rupture and top shell buckling in one large old rivetted tank, bottom plate rupture of a relatively new welded tank and damage to the floating roofs of 11 tanks. Also oil spilled over the top of many tanks and secondary damages occurred in pipe connections, ladders, etc. In this paper an estimate is made of the intensity of ground motion at each of the tank sites, based on strong motion records made during the main shock and the strongest aftershock. Then response parameters specified by current codes are correlated with the damages observed at each tank site. Based on this comparison, it is concluded that current U.S. practice under-estimates the sloshing response of tanks with floating roofs and does not adequately address the uplifting mechanism of unanchored ground supported tanks.     

考虑非结构构件损伤的钢筋混凝土框架建筑多维地震易损性分析

基于单一指标的传统地震易损性分析忽略了非结构构件损伤对建筑抗震性能的影响。首先基于多维性能极限状态理论建立了三维性能极限状态方程,并对几种特殊情况下的三维阈值曲面进行了讨论。进而以最大层间位移角作为整体结构与位移敏感型非结构构件的性能指标,以峰值楼面加速度作为加速度敏感型非结构构件的性能指标,对建筑的结构损伤和非结构损伤进行描述。考虑各性能指标之间的相关性和各性能指标所对应的极限状态阈值的不确定性,建立了建筑在地震作用下的三维性能极限状态的超越概率函数。最后,采用Open Sees有限元软件对一7层钢筋混凝土框架填充墙建筑进行增量动力分析,得到其各性能水平下的地震易损性曲线。分析结果表明,当忽略非结构构件损伤时,各性能极限状态的超越概率均降低,从而高估了建筑剩余功能水平,进而导致低估建筑的损失。在考虑各性能指标的极限状态阈值的不确定性时,对任一性能极限状态,不同变异系数取值下的易损性曲线会出现交点,在交点之前超越概率随着变异系数的增大而增大,交点之后则随着变异系数的增大而减小。在考虑性能指标间的相关性时,对任一性能极限状态,超越概率随着相关系数的减小而增大。另外,性能指标阈值的不确定性与性能指标间的相关性对地震易损性的影响随着性能水平的提高而逐渐降低,且对低性能水平下建筑地震易损性有明显影响。     

Drift-sensitive non-structural damage to masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames designed to Eurocode 8

Post-earthquake surveys indicate that losses come from non-structural damage more than from structural damage. Current performance-based design would prevent excessive non-structural damage as well, but the effectiveness of relevant code provisions has not been assessed in depth. This study investigates the drift-sensitive non-structural damage to reinforced concrete frame buildings complying with the European seismic code. Damage to non-structural unreinforced masonry infill walls in contact with the frame is quantified in terms of numerical fragility curves with the same quantities considered in the design: the peak ground acceleration measures the seismic intensity; the peak value of the interstorey drift ratio is the damage index. The methodology for the fragility computation is described in detail. Peculiar is the use of probabilistic parameters of the drift capacity coupled to the fuzziness in the damage state. The drift demand is estimated by member-by-member modelling of typical frame structures and non-linear time–history analyses under spectrum-compatible artificial accelerograms. The kind of the infills and their modelling, the number of storeys, the ground type, and the ductility class are covered. Modelling the infills results to be essential. Any code-compliant verification is on the safe side, but the margin appears to be inconsistent among the frames under consideration. Furthermore, there is one case where occupancy appears to be not ensured despite the code verification is satisfied. The effect of the number of storeys may be misrepresented. The ductility class may be unimportant, however the damage seems to be correlated with the likely strength.     

Numerical investigation of stochastic response of an elevated water tank to random underground blast loading

This paper presents a stochastic finite element seismic response study of a water tank subjected to random underground blast-induced ground motion. Such tanks contain water and hazardous chemical substances, which implies significant risk to human life, serious environmental pollution, and considerable economic loss. The random blast-induced ground motion is represented by power spectral density function and applied to each support point of the three dimensional finite element model of the elevated water tank–fluid interaction system. A parametric study is conducted to estimate the effects of the blast-induced ground motion on the stochastic response of the elevated water tank system. Therefore, the analyses are carried out for different values of the charge weight and the distance from the charge centre. Additionally, in order to investigate the effect of the fluid on the stochastic response of the elevated water tank, three cases with different water levels are considered in the analyses. Finally, it is observed that underground blast loading considerably changes the stochastic behavior of the elevated water tank system.     

Seismic vulnerability mitigation of liquefied gas tanks using concave sliding bearings

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of a concave sliding bearing system for the seismic protection of liquefied gas storage tanks through a seismic fragility analysis. An emblematic case study of elevated steel storage tanks, which collapsed during the 1999 ?zmit earthquake at Habas Pharmaceutics plant in Turkey, is studied. Firstly, a fragility analysis is conducted for the examined tank based on a lumped-mass stick model, where the nonlinear shear behaviour of support columns is taken into account by using a phenomenological model. Fragility curves in terms of an efficient intensity measure for different failure modes of structural components demonstrate the inevitable collapse of the tank mainly due to insufficient shear strength of the support columns. A seismic isolation system based on concave sliding bearings, which has been demonstrated a superior solution to seismically protect elevated tanks, is then designed and introduced into the numerical model, accounting for its non-linear behaviour. Finally, a vulnerability analysis for the isolated tank is performed, which proves a high effectiveness of the isolation system in reducing the probability of failure within an expected range of earthquake intensity levels.     

Development of fragility curves by incorporating new spectral shape indicators and a weighted damage index: case study of steel braced frames in the city of Mashhad,Iran

In this study, strong ground motion record(SGMR) selection based on Eta(η) as a spectral shape indicator has been investigated as applied to steel braced frame structures. A probabilistic seismic hazard disaggregation analysis for the definition of the target Epsilon(ε) and the target Eta(η) values at different hazard levels is presented, taking into account appropriately selected SGMR's. Fragility curves are developed for different limit states corresponding to three representative models of typical steel braced frames having significant irregularities in plan, by means of a weighted damage index. The results show that spectral shape indicators have an important effect on the predicted median structural capacities, and also that the parameter η is a more robust predictor of damage than searching for records with appropriate ε values.     

Procedures for calibration of linear models for damage limitation in design of masonry‐infilled RC frames

Recent earthquakes have confirmed the role played by infills in the seismic response of reinforced concrete buildings. The control and limitation of damage to such nonstructural elements is a key issue in performance‐based earthquake engineering. The present work is focused on modeling and analysis of damage to infill panels, and, in particular, it is aimed towards linear analysis procedures for assessing the damage limitation limit state of infilled reinforced concrete frames. First, code provisions on infill modeling and acceptance criteria at the damage limitation limit state are reviewed. Literature contributions on damage to unreinforced masonry infill panels and corresponding displacement capacity are reported and discussed. Two procedures are then proposed aiming at a twofold goal: (i) the determination of ‘equivalent’ interstory drift ratio limits for a bare frame model and (ii) the estimation of the stiffness of equivalent struts representing infill walls in a linear model. These two quantities are determined such that a linear model ensures a reliable estimation of seismic capacity at the damage limitation limit state, providing the same intensity level as that obtained from nonlinear analyses carried out on structural models with infills. Finally, the proposed procedures are applied to four‐story and eight‐story case study‐infilled frames, designed for seismic loads according to current technical codes. The results of these application examples are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地下储液罐抗爆炸地冲击作用的流固耦合有限元分析

储液罐的抗震性能虽然得到了较为深入的研究,但对其抗爆炸产生的地冲击作用的研究还十分罕见。本文通过建立流固耦合的数值分析模型,研究爆炸地冲击作用下地下立式储液罐的动力特性,包括储液晃动波高、罐壁的应力和应变、底板的提离和浮放储液罐的“象足”变形产生原因及破坏机理等。研究结果表明,储液罐在爆炸地冲击荷载和地震荷载作用下的动力响应有明显区别,地震荷载作用下的储液罐抗震验算方法不适用于爆炸地冲击荷载。