琥珀的激光拉曼光谱特征研究

采用激光拉曼光谱仪对波罗的海、多米尼加、缅甸三个地区的琥珀样品进行了拉曼光谱测试分析,描述了拉曼光谱的位置、形态、相对强度,分析了振动模式,同时对某些分子基团如ν（C-H）,ν（C-O）做了谱带归属。结果表明,琥珀结构中碳链骨架振动是导致其拉曼光谱形成的主要原因,同一产地不同品种琥珀的拉曼谱峰特征基本一致,不同产地琥珀的拉曼谱峰仅在个别拉曼位移处存在较小差异。另外,对前人提出的用拉曼光谱中ν（C=C）和δ（CH2）的强度比值N（I1645cm-1／I 1450cm-1）来确定天然树脂成熟度的初步设想进行了验证分析。拉曼光谱对于琥珀真伪及其产地的鉴定有一定的辅助作用,但不能作为鉴别产地的唯一指示性依据。     

一种琥珀塑料混合体的鉴别

目前,在检测琥珀样品的过程中,我们发现了一种琥珀与塑料混合在一起的样品,与波罗的海琥珀尤其是蜜蜡非常相像.送检的琥珀塑料混合体样品主要为抛光或者亚光的圆珠散珠或圆珠手串,颜色为黄色或黄白交加,透明至不透明,树脂光泽.本文采用常规宝石学测试手段、红外光谱、拉曼光谱等方法对其进行了研究.结果表明,该样品为琥珀与塑料的熔合体,其中黄色部分为波罗的海琥珀,白色部分为醇酸树脂.该琥珀塑料混合体的鉴别特征如下:黄色、白色部分有些界限截然,有些界限不明;黄色部分常见特征的回旋纹,高倍镜下观察常见密集的微小气泡群,折射率为1.54,紫外灯下具有黄绿色的荧光,红外光谱具有2 927、1 737、1 451、1 380、1 257、1 159、983 cm^-1吸收峰,拉曼光谱具有1 655、1 453 cm^-1拉曼峰;白色塑料部分生硬呆板,放大观察常见大个气泡散布,折射率为1.60,紫外灯下具有蓝色的荧光,红外光谱具有3 061、1 728、1 600、1 580、1 493、1 453、1 282、1 123、1 067、745、701 cm^-1吸收峰,拉曼光谱具有1 735、1 607、1 460、1 048、1 011 cm^-1拉曼峰.     

大兴安岭北部上古生界极低级变质温度——来自碳质物拉曼光谱的证据

使用Renishaw System-1000型激光拉曼光谱仪, 研究了大兴安岭北部上古生界泥质岩石碳质物的拉曼光谱特征及其对形成温度的表征, 探讨了拉曼光谱参数与镜质体反射率(R_o)的关系。研究表明:研究区上古生界泥质岩石碳质物不具有石墨的拉曼光谱谱带吸收峰, 揭示了地层的变质程度未达到低绿片岩相。利用此次经过完善建立的拉曼光谱地质温度计, 对大兴安岭北部上古生界泥质岩石变质温度的估算结果主要为270~320℃, 表明研究区上古生界遭受了极低级变质作用, 变质程度属近变质带。依据碳质物拉曼光谱参数与镜质体反射率的相互关系, 估算研究区有机质成熟度的R_o值主要分布为3.03%~4.23%, 与实测R_o值吻合, 表明有机质演化处于过成熟阶段, 泥质岩石具有生烃的能力, 部分层位可能具有形成油气资源的潜力。     

激光拉曼、阴极荧光研究对蜕晶化锆石及其 U-Pb 年龄解释的指示意义

通过对3个不同程度蜕晶化锆石样品的激光拉曼光谱,阴极荧光图像(CL)和U-Pb年龄特征进行对比分析,笔者发现锆石CL图像和激光拉曼光谱测试对蜕晶化锆石及其U-Pb年龄解释有很好的指示作用,因此强调加强矿物内部结构的研究,建议锆石激光拉曼测试、阴极荧光观察及锆石U-Pb同位素测试相结合分析锆石U-Pb年龄数据.     

激光拉曼、阴极荧光研究对蜕晶化锆石及其U-Pb年龄解释的指示意义

通过对3个不同程度蜕晶化锆石样品的激光拉曼光谱,阴极荧光图像（CL）和U-Pb年龄特征进行对比分析,笔者发现锆石CL图像和激光拉曼光谱测试对蜕晶化锆石及其U—Pb年龄解释有很好的指示作用,因此强调加强矿物内部结构的研究,建议锆石激光拉曼测试、阴极荧光观察及锆石U—Pb同位素测试相结合分析锆石U—Pb年龄数据。     

鉴定热处理琥珀的关键证据

在琥珀热处理实验研究的基础上,采用常规宝石学方法和红外光谱仪,测试并跟踪收集和对比分析了实验样品热处理前、后的宝石学参数和红外光谱的变化规律及琥珀内含物的演化、改造与破坏标识,并对获得的琥珀热处理效果进行了成因分析,从而总结出鉴定琥珀热处理的关键证据。研究结果表明：（1）折射率的增加、荧光的弱化或湮灭是热处理琥珀的重要佐证;（2）盘状裂隙、红色流纹、汽化纹、龟裂纹和氧化裂纹是热处理琥珀的重要标识;（3）FTIR光谱中I=2930cm-1/I=1735cm-1比值若≤1,可视为热处理琥珀的红外光谱指纹检测依据;（4）1735,1700cm-1处的羰基（C？O）伸缩振动与1260～1156cm-1处的C—O伸缩振动吸收强度的明显增强及多峰合并的趋势反映出热处理琥珀表面的热氧化反应;C？O浓度的增加可能是热处理琥珀红色的生色团,同时又是热处理琥珀荧光的淬灭剂。     

湖南雪峰山地区干酪根的拉曼光谱研究

干酪根是沉积有机质的主体,是石油地质工作研究的重要对象,目前利用激光拉曼光谱进行干酪根的研究较少.雪峰山地区干酪根的拉曼光谱测试结果表明:干酪根的一级拉曼光谱峰位差与镜质体反射率之间有着系统的规律性变化,在Ro＜ 2.4％时,峰位差随Ro的增大迅速增大,其相关系数为0.82;Ro在2.4％～2.9％之间时,二者关系不明显,离散度较大;Ro＞2.9％时,峰位差随Ro的增大逐渐减小,相关系数为0.88.镜质体反射率是衡量有机质成熟度和热演化程度的重要指标,干酪根的拉曼光谱特征与镜质体反射率之间的关系表明激光拉曼光谱法可以成为有机质成熟度和热演化程度研究的新方法.     

芳烃分析在油气化探中的作用和意义

三维荧光光谱具有指纹特征,分析钻井岩屑的荧光光谱,可以判别是否含油气或煤;分析油气样品的固定波长同步荧光光谱,可以推断油气是海相或陆相成因;根据荧光光谱的非油气特征,可以辩识污染或干扰.恒定能量同步荧光光谱技术能够消除拉曼光干扰,用于芳烃及石油分析,优于固定波长同步荧光光谱,是油气化探中有应用前途的方法.     

天然及优化处理翡翠的拉曼光谱鉴定法

拉曼光谱是一种鉴定宝玉石的无损检测新技术,具有方便、快捷、准确的特点.本文通过测定和分析一系列翡翠样品的拉曼光谱,给出一种仅用拉曼光谱即可鉴定翡翠品质的方法:根据翡翠的拉曼特征峰,同时辅助拉曼光谱中反映的荧光信息来鉴别翡翠是否是天然翡翠、漂白-填充处理翡翠、有机染料染色处理翡翠、漂白-填充 有机染料处理翡翠(即商业上俗称的A货、B货、C货、B C货).     

含金黄铁矿的拉曼光谱特征及其找矿意义初探

黄铁矿的拉曼光谱特征长期被人们所忽视，经研究发现含金性不同的黄铁矿，其拉曼光谱特征存在诸多显著差异，其中尤以拉曼散射强度和相干度反应最敏感，反之，利用这些差异就可以对金矿床的含金性作出评价，此外，还对含金黄铁矿拉曼光谱产生的差异进行了理论剖析。     

Fake it till you make it—the uncanny art of forging amber

Amber has fascinated people since the Stone Age and as one of the best means of preservation of fossil organisms, it tickles our senses. The animals that are sometimes trapped in amber, like frozen moments of long‐lost ecosystems, can be so incredibly well preserved that they look modern—which, in some cases, has proven to be just the case. Because fossil‐bearing amber not only has a significant scientific value but is also a desired commodity on the open market, fake amber has unfortunately been around for centuries.     

压制琥珀的新认识

随着琥珀市场需求的增加及琥珀优化处理技术的改进与创新,压制琥珀呈现外观逼真、结构复杂、方法多样的新态势。利用宝石显微镜、偏光显微镜、红外光谱仪对压制金珀、压制血珀、＂爆花＂压制琥珀、烤色压制琥珀、压固蓝珀、压固胶结蓝珀、压制蜜蜡等样品的宝石学参数、显微结构、红外吸收光谱进行了研究与分析,结果显示,碎粒-碎粉结构、红色斑点结构、不含＂血丝＂状构造的粒状＂镶嵌＂结构、碎块胶结结构等是压制琥珀的结构鉴定特征;颗粒间分布的＂太阳光芒＂、紊乱流纹、叶脉状流纹、丝瓜瓤状流纹等是压制琥珀的内含物鉴定特征;若蓝珀中的红外光谱I=2 932cm-1/I=1 723cm-1处的吸收强度比值接近1∶1,暗示着该蓝珀可能经过了优化处理。     

New Stigmaphronidae and Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea) from Canadian Cretaceous amber

Three new species within the stigmaphronid genus Tagsmiphron Engel and Grimaldi, 2009, and one new species within the megaspilid genus Conostigmus Dahlbom, 1858 are described from Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) amber originating at the Grassy Lake locality in Alberta, Canada. New taxa include Tagsmiphron spiculum sp. nov., Tagsmiphron leucki sp. nov., Tagsmiphron exitorum sp. nov., and Conostigmus cavannus sp. nov. The new Conostigmus species is a rare discovery. It is the third megaspilid species to be found in Cretaceous amber, with the two specimens described herein effectively doubling the number of known Mesozoic exemplars for the family. We provide the first comprehensive report of known Ceraphronoidea within Canadian amber, and contrast this against other Cretaceous amber assemblages, discussing the potential palaeobiogeographic and palaeoenvironmental implications of the Canadian amber assemblage.     

多米尼加与墨西哥蓝珀光致发光-拉曼光谱及微量元素赋存特征研究

蓝珀主要产于多米尼加共和国、墨西哥与缅甸,其形成机制、组成成分及光谱特征与之特定的产出地理环境有密切的关联.因此,蓝珀的产地研究成为当前珠宝玉石、考古及生物矿物学研究领域的热点课题.前人主要应用红外光谱、X射线荧光光谱、质谱、同位素示踪等技术开展了较系统的蓝珀产地的溯源研究,但限于蓝珀材质的类同,不同产地蓝珀的光谱学等...     

New Stigmaphronidae and Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea) from Canadian Cretaceous amber

Three new species within the stigmaphronid genus TagsmiphronEngel and Grimaldi, 2009, and one new species within the megaspilid genus ConostigmusDahlbom, 1858 are described from Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) amber originating at the Grassy Lake locality in Alberta, Canada. New taxa include Tagsmiphron spiculum sp. nov., Tagsmiphron leucki sp. nov., Tagsmiphron exitorum sp. nov., and Conostigmus cavannus sp. nov. The new Conostigmus species is a rare discovery. It is the third megaspilid species to be found in Cretaceous amber, with the two specimens described herein effectively doubling the number of known Mesozoic exemplars for the family. We provide the first comprehensive report of known Ceraphronoidea within Canadian amber, and contrast this against other Cretaceous amber assemblages, discussing the potential palaeobiogeographic and palaeoenvironmental implications of the Canadian amber assemblage.     

A new compsocid booklouse from the Cretaceous amber of Myanmar (Psocodea: Troctomorpha: Amphientometae: Compsocidae)

Paraelectrentomopsis chenyangcaii gen. et sp. nov. from the Cretaceous Burmese amber is characterized, described, illustrated and its position is discussed. This fossil taxon is the second compsocid barklouce to be described from the Burmese amber and constitute one of the earliest records of the family. A checklist of known Compsocidae is given. Identification keys of all known Compsocidae are provided. A palaeobiogeography scenario is proposed.     

First definitive fossil agyrtodine beetles: An extant southern hemisphere group recorded from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea: Leiodidae)

Mesozoic leiodids are poorly known, and only one definitive leiodid is formally described from Burmese amber. Here we describe and illustrate the second definitive Mesozoic leiodid, Cretagyrtodes glabratus gen. et sp. nov., based on a single specimen from the Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber. The fossil is placed in Agyrtodini (subfamily Camiarinae) after maxillary palpomere 4 as wide as palpomere 3, and procoxal cavities closed behind. Cretagyrtodes is tentatively attributed to the extant “Eupelates group”. The discovery of Cretagyrtodes in Burmese amber suggests that the south hemisphere endemic tribe Agyrtodini is probably an ancient group, which has showed its first appearance before the breakup of Pangaea.     

Jurassic Amber in Lebanon

<正>Reports of amber predating the Lower Cretaceous are unusual and scarce;they mostly refer to amber pieces of millimetric dimension.In the present study,we report the discovery of 10 new outcrops of Jurassic amber in Lebanon.Some of these had large centimetric-sized pieces of amber.The new localities are described,amber is characterized,and its infrared spectra given.Although the new Jurassic amber yielded to date no more than fungal inclusions,this material is significant and promising.The discovery of several Jurassic outcrops provides crucial information on the prevailing paleoenvironment of that time.     

Review of the El Soplao Amber Outcrop,Early Cretaceous of Cantabria,Spain

<正>El Soplao outcrop,an Early Cretaceous amber deposit recently discovered in northern Spain (Cantabria),has been shown to be the largest site of amber with arthropod inclusions that has been found in Spain so far.Relevant data provided herein for biogeochemistry of the amber,palynology,taphonomy and arthropod bioinclusions complement those previously published.This set of data suggests at least two botanical sources for the amber of El Soplao deposit.The first(type A amber)strongly supports a source related to Cheirolepidiaceae,and the second(type B amber)shows non-specific conifer biomarkers.Comparison of molecular composition of type A amber with Frenelopsis leaves(Cheirolepidiaceae)strongly suggests a biochemical affinity and a common botanical origin.A preliminary palynological study indicates a regional high taxonomical diversity,mainly of pteridophyte spores and gymnosperm pollen grains.According to the preliminary palynological data,the region was inhabited by conifer forests adapted to a dry season under a subtropical climate.The abundant charcoalified wood associated with the amber in the same beds is evidence of paleofires that most likely promoted both the resin production and an intensive erosion of the litter,and subsequent great accumulation of amber plus plant cuticles.In addition,for the first time in the fossil record, charcoalified plant fibers as bioinclusions in amber are reported.Other relevant taphonomic data are the exceptional presence of serpulids and bryozoans on the surfaces of some amber pieces indicating both a long exposure on marine or brackish-water and a mixed assemblage of amber.Lastly,new findings of insect bioinclusions,some of them uncommon in the fossil record or showing remarkable adaptations,are reported.In conclusion,a documented scenario for the origin of the El Soplao amber outcrop is provided.     

The first record of Cretaceous ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Oodini) from Burmese amber

The first fossil Carabidae from Burmese amber is described as new to science, Oodes kachinensis Liu n. sp., based on a single individual preserved in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. This species is placed in the extant tribe Oodini as supported by several characters: one supraorbital seta at each side of vertex, interval 9 very narrow, stria 8 very deep, epipleuron plica presented, antennomeres 1–3 glabrous and 4–11 densely pubescent. This new species has surprising long legs, indicating most probably it was living on the bank of puddle.