Evaluation of on-line DEMs for flood inundation modeling

Recent and highly accurate topographic data should be used for flood inundation modeling, but this is not always feasible given time and budget constraints so the utility of several on-line digital elevation models (DEMs) is examined with a set of steady and unsteady test problems. DEMs are used to parameterize a 2D hydrodynamic flood simulation algorithm and predictions are compared with published flood maps and observed flood conditions. DEMs based on airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) are preferred because of horizontal resolution, vertical accuracy (∼0.1 m) and the ability to separate bare-earth from built structures and vegetation. DEMs based on airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IfSAR) have good horizontal resolution but gridded elevations reflect built structures and vegetation and therefore further processing may be required to permit flood modeling. IfSAR and shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) DEMs suffer from radar speckle, or noise, so flood plains may appear with non-physical relief and predicted flood zones may include non-physical pools. DEMs based on national elevation data (NED) are remarkably smooth in comparison to IfSAR and SRTM but using NED, flood predictions overestimate flood extent in comparison to all other DEMs including LiDAR, the most accurate. This study highlights utility in SRTM as a global source of terrain data for flood modeling.     

Gravimetric survey terrain correction using linear analytical approximation

Various methods for computing the terrain correction in a high‐precision gravity survey are currently available. The present paper suggests a new method that uses linear analytical terrain approximations. In this method, digital terrain models for the near‐station topographic masses are obtained by vectorizing scan images of large‐scaled topographic maps, and the terrain correction computation is carried out using a Fourier series approximation of discrete height values. Distant topography data are represented with the help of digital GTOPO30 and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission cartographic information. We formulate linear analytical approximations of terrain corrections for the whole region using harmonic functions as the basis of our computational algorithm. Stochastic modelling allows effective assessment of the accuracy of terrain correction computation. The Perm Krai case study has shown that our method makes full use of all the terrain data available from topographic maps and digital terrain models and delivers a digital terrain correction computed to a priori precision. Our computer methodology can be successfully applied for the terrain correction computation in different survey areas.     

Guidelines on the use of structure-from-motion photogrammetry in geomorphic research

As a topographic modelling technique, structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry combines the utility of digital photogrammetry with a flexibility and ease of use derived from multi-view computer vision methods. In conjunction with the rapidly increasing availability of imagery, particularly from unmanned aerial vehicles, SfM photogrammetry represents a powerful tool for geomorphological research. However, to fully realize this potential, its application must be carefully underpinned by photogrammetric considerations, surveys should be reported in sufficient detail to be repeatable (if practical) and results appropriately assessed to understand fully the potential errors involved. To deliver these goals, robust survey and reporting must be supported through (i) using appropriate survey design, (ii) applying suitable statistics to identify systematic error (bias) and to estimate precision within results, and (iii) propagating uncertainty estimates into the final data products. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于D-InSAR技术的玉树Ms7.1地震同震形变场提取与分析

2010年4月14日青海玉树县发生了Ms7.1地震.本文利用差分干涉合成孔径雷达(D-InSAR)测量技术,通过对日本先进陆地观测卫星搭载的ALOS PALSAR获得的雷达数据进行处理,提取了此次地震的同震干涉形变场.结果表明,形变场分布特征与其发震断层甘孜-玉树断裂带的左旋走滑特征一致;最大视线向形变量为-61.4c...     

A data assimilation approach to discharge estimation from space

River discharge is currently monitored by a diminishing network of gauges, which provide a spatially incomplete picture of global discharges. This study assimilated water level information derived from a fused satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image and digital terrain model (DTM) with simulations from a coupled hydrological and hydrodynamic model to estimate discharge in an un‐gauged basin scenario. Assimilating water level measurements led to a 79% reduction in ensemble discharge uncertainty over the coupled hydrological hydrodynamic model alone. Measurement bias was evident, but the method still provided a means of improving estimates of discharge for high flows. The study demonstrates the potential of currently available synthetic aperture radar imagery to reduce discharge uncertainty in un‐gauged basins when combined with model simulations in a data assimilation framework, where sufficient topographic data are available. The work is timely because in the near future the launch of satellite radar missions will lead to a significant increase in the volume of data available for space‐borne discharge estimation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inferring three-dimensional surface displacement field by combining SAR interferometric phase and amplitude information of ascending and descending orbits

Conventional Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(InSAR) technology can only measure one-dimensional surface displacement(along the radar line-of-sight(LOS) direction).Here we presents a method to infer three-dimensional surface displacement field by combining SAR interferometric phase and amplitude information of ascending and descending orbits.The method is realized in three steps:(1) measuring surface displacements along the LOS directions of both ascending and descending orbits based on interferomet...     

Evaluation of remotely‐sensed DEMs and modification based on plausibility rules and initial sediment budgets of an artificially‐created catchment

To quantify landscape change resulting from processes of erosion and deposition and to establish spatially distributed sediment budgets, ‘models of change’ can be established from a time series of digital elevation models (DEMs). However, resolution effects and measurement errors in DEMs may propagate to these models. This study aimed to evaluate and to modify remotely‐sensed DEMs for an improved quantification of initial sediment mass changes in an artificially‐created catchment. DEMs were constructed from photogrammetry‐based, airborne (ALS) and ground‐based laser scanning (TLS) data. Regions of differing morphological characteristics and vegetation cover were delineated. Three‐dimensional (3D) models of volume change were established and mass change was derived from these models. DEMs were modified region‐by‐region for rill, interrill and alluvial areas, based on logical and hydro‐geomorphological principles. Additional DEMs were constructed by combining multi‐source, modified data. Models were evaluated by comparison with d‐GPS reference data and by considering sediment budget plausibility. Comprehensive evaluation showed that DEM usability depends on a relation between the technique used to obtain elevation data, surface morphology and vegetation cover characteristics. Photogrammetry‐based DEMs were suited to quantification of change in interrill areas but strongly underestimated surface lowering in erosion rills. TLS DEMs were best suited to rill areas, while ALS DEMs performed best in vegetation‐covered alluvial areas. Agreement with reference data and budget plausibility were improved by modifications to photogrammetry‐ and TLS‐based DEMs. Results suggest that artefacts in DEMs can be reduced and hydro‐geomorphic surface structures can be better represented by applying region‐specific modifications. Photogrammetry‐based DEMs can be improved by combining higher and lower resolution data in defined structural units and applying modifications based on principles given by characteristic hydro‐geomorphic evolution. Results of the critical comparative evaluation of remotely‐sensed elevation data can help to better interpret DEM‐based quantifications of earth‐surface processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On stress-forecasting strategy of earthquakes from stress buildup, stress shadow and stress transfer （SSS） based on numerical approach

Global Positioning System(GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(InSAR),used for monitoring crust deformation,are found to be very promising in earthquake prediction subject to stress-forecasting.However,it is recognized that unless we can give reasonable explanations of these curious precursory phenomena that continue to be seren-dipitously observed from time to time,such high technology of GPS or InSAR is difficult to be efficiently used.Therefore,a proper model revealing the relation between e...     

利用差分干涉雷达测量技术(D-InSAR)提取同震形变场h

简要介绍了合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术、差分干涉雷达测量技术，并对干涉测量精度进行了简单讨论．以西藏玛尼地区为例，通过三通差分干涉处理，获取了玛尼地震同震形变场.结果表明:形变场长200 km、宽115 km．干涉条纹以北东东向发震断层——玛尔盖茶卡断层为中心分布，且基本与发震断层平行；通过对干涉形变图进行分析，发震断层可分为3段，其中西段长约23 km，中段长约60 km，东段长约26 km，整个发震断层共长110 km；震中附近最大隆起斜距向位移量为162.4 cm，断层西侧最大沉降斜距向位移量为103.6 cm，震中最大地面水平位错为7.96 m．      

Extracting coseismic deformation of the 1997 Mani earthquake with differential interferometric SAR

Introduction The development and application of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) have a close relationship with the sensors development of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The conception of SAR is proposed comparatively to the real aperture radar antenna. It is well known that the longer the antenna is, the higher the observation resolution will be. Just limited by the length of the antenna, the resolution of real aperture radar is generally very low and cannot meet the r…     

Flow network derivation from a high resolution DEM in a low relief,agrarian landscape

Digital flow networks derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) sensitively react to errors due to measurement, data processing and data representation. Since high‐resolution DEMs are increasingly used in geomorphological and hydrological research, automated and semi‐automated procedures to reduce the impact of such errors on flow networks are required. One such technique is stream‐carving, a hydrological conditioning technique to ensure drainage connectivity in DEMs towards the DEM edges. Here we test and modify a state‐of‐the‐art carving algorithm for flow network derivation in a low‐relief, agricultural landscape characterized by a large number of spurious, topographic depressions. Our results show that the investigated algorithm reconstructs a benchmark network insufficiently in terms of carving energy, distance and a topological network measure. The modification to the algorithm that performed best, combines the least‐cost auxiliary topography (LCAT) carving with a constrained breaching algorithm that explicitly takes automatically identified channel locations into account. We applied our methods to a low relief landscape, but the results can be transferred to flow network derivation of DEMs in moderate to mountainous relief in situations where the valley bottom is broad and flat and precise derivations of the flow networks are needed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

InSAR相位分解及其在生成DEM和研究地震形变场中的应用

InSAR是极具发展潜力的微波遥感新技术,可应用于数字高程模型的产生、制图和大范围微小地表形变的测量。考虑参考面、地形和地表形变等因素,本文从几何角度分析和讨论了In-SAR的相位分解,并给出了各相位分量的函数表达式,阐述了地表高程和形变信息提取的基本原理。最后以JERS和ENVISAT卫星数据为例,展示了合成孔径雷达干涉测量在生成数字高程模型和提取地震形变场中的应用及其数据处理过程。     

Combined GPS and InSAR Models of Postseismic Deformation from the Northridge Earthquake

--Models of combined Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data collected in the region of the Northridge earthquake indicate that significant afterslip on the main fault occurred following the earthquake. Additional shallow deformation occurred to the west of the main rupture plane. Both data sets are consistent with logarithmic time-dependent behavior following the earthquake indicative of afterslip rather than postseismic relaxation. Aftershocks account for only about 10% of the postseismic motion. The two data sets are complimentary in determining the postseismic processes. Fault afterslip and shallow deformation dominate the deformation field in the two years following the earthquake. Lower crustal deformation may play an important role later in the earthquake cycle.     

2010年1月12日海地 Mw7.0地震InSAR同震形变观测及同震滑动分布反演

2010年1月12日GMT时间21时53分,在海地境内(72.57°W,18.44°N)发生了Mw7.0地震.文中利用干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)方法获得了覆盖整个震区的高精度形变观测资料,用以研究该地震的发震机理.采用ALOs PALSAR数据,分析了轨道、大气等误差源对干涉信号的影响,最终获得了雷达视线向(LOS...     

利用InSAR技术研究青藏高原冻土形变特征

由于自然环境的限制,青藏高原的大地测量网络十分稀疏,不能满足区域地壳运动监测的需求。干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)是非接触监测地壳运动的一种重要方式,但在高原上受到冻土的影响。本文基于2014～2018年的Sentinel-1卫星C波段雷达数据,采用InSAR时序技术分析了冻土形变的时空特征。针对InSAR位移时间序列,采用空间滤波去除了大气延迟、地形效应等局部公共误差,提高了时间序列的信噪比。结果显示,青藏高原的冻土运动可分为差异较大的两类:在大部分冻土区域,与周边高山(基岩)区域相比,冻土地区显示类似的季节波动或一定的长期沉降;在部分冻土地区存在异常快速下沉区域,例如在西藏中部布若错湖西南侧的沉积盆地内,存在一个直径约2 km的漏斗型沉降区, LOS向沉降速率可达约10±2.1 mm/a。构造运动造就了高原上大量沿断裂线分布的河流、湖泊,河床和沉积盆地等广泛分布着冻土,给准确分析构造形变带来很大挑战,本文所得的结果可作为区分冻土运动与构造变形的一种有效判据,也有益于研究高原冻土的物理特性及变形机理。     

USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNOLOGY TO OBTAIN QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF ACTIVE TECTONICS

With the development of photogrammetry technology and the popularity of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)technology in recent years, using UAV photogrammetry technology to rapidly acquire high precision and high resolution topographic and geomorphic data on the fault zone has gradually become an important technical means. This paper first summarizes the basic principle and workflow of a new digital photogrammetry technology, SfM (Structure from Motion), which is simple, efficient and low cost. Using this technology, we conducted aerial image acquisition and data processing for a typical fault landform on the northern of Caka Basin in Qinghai. The digital elevation model (DEM)with 6.1cm/pix resolution is generated and the density of point cloud is as high as 273 points/m². The coverage area is 0.463km². Further, the terrain and slope data parallel to the fault direction are extracted by topographic analysis method, and combined with the contour map and the slope diagram generated by the DEM, a fine interpretation and quantitative study of complex multilevel geomorphic surfaces is carried out. Finally, based on the results of sophisticated interpretation of geomorphology, we got the vertical displacements of the T₁ terrace to the T₃ terrace as (1.01±0.06)m, (1.37±0.13)m and (3.10±0.11)m, and the minimum vertical displacements of the T₄ terrace and the T₅ terrace as (3.77±0.14)m and (5.46±0.26)m, respectively, through the topographic profile data extracted by DEM. Such vertical displacement parameters are difficult to obtain directly by traditional remote sensing images, which shows the great application prospect of UAV photogrammetry technology in the quantitative study of active tectonics.     

An Efficient System for Creating Synthetic InSAR Images from Simulations

In this work we visualize tsunami and earthquake simulation results with graphics hardware acceleration. The rapid improvement in the computational power of graphics hardware and its programmability has made general computation on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) very compelling. We generate Synthetic InSAR images using GPUs. Interference phenomena have formed the underlying theory for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) in unveiling dynamical Earth movements. In our approach light path differences are defined by the surface values to be visualized. These path differences then modulate the lighting intensity to generate the interference patterns. We can interactively visualize surface deformation patterns by leveraging the computational power of GPUs. Our visualization method is applied to simulations of rupture fault displacements during the tsunamogenic earthquake events, which are vital to understanding the subsequent wave propagation. We also integrate the visualization results into Google Earth virtual globe to provide the geological context of the visualized regions.     

Plate boundary deformation and man-made subsidence around geothermal fields on the Reykjanes Peninsula,Iceland

We present Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data from 1992–1999 and 2003–2008 as well as GPS data from 2000–2009 for the active plate boundary on the Reykjanes Peninsula, southwest Iceland. The geodetic data reveal deformation mainly due to plate spreading, anthropogenic subsidence caused by geothermal fluid extraction and, possibly, increasing pressure in a geothermal system. Subsidence of around 10 cm is observed during the first 2 years of production at the Reykjanes geothermal power plant, which started operating in May 2006. We model the surface subsidence around the new power plant using point and ellipsoidal pressure sources in an elastic halfspace. Short-lived swarms of micro-earthquakes as well as aseismic fault movement are observed near the geothermal field following the start of production, possibly triggered by the stresses induced by geothermal fluid extraction.     

Assessment of the Accuracy of SRTM C- and X-Band High Mountain Elevation Data: a Case Study of the Polish Tatra Mountains

Global digital elevation models (DEMs) are an invaluable source of information in large area studies. Of particular interest are shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) data that are freely available for the scientific community worldwide. Prior to any application, global datasets should be evaluated using reference data of higher accuracy. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of the SRTM C-band (version 4) DEM and SRTM X-band DEM of mountainous areas located in Poland and to examine the quality of data in relation to topographic parameters, radar beam geometry, initial voids in data and the presence of forest cover. A DEM from the Central National Geodetic and Cartographic Inventory, Poland, served as a reference. The study consisted of three steps: (i) the computation of vertical errors of the SRTM C- and X-band DEMs, (ii) the examination of any systematic bias in the data, and (iii) the analysis of the relationships between the elevation errors and terrain slope, aspect, local incidence angle, occurrence of voids and land cover. We found that the SRTM C- and X-band DEMs have mean errors equal to 4.31 ± 14.09 and 9.03 ± 37.40 m and root mean square errors equal to 14.74 and 38.47 m, respectively. Only 82 % of the C-band DEM and 74 % of the X-band DEM vertical errors had absolute values below 16 m. We found that the most important factors determining the occurrence of high errors were the distribution of initial voids and high slope angles for the C-band DEM, and local incidence angle, slope, aspect and radar beam geometry for the X-band DEM. In both cases, the presence of forest cover increased the mean error by approximately 10 m.     

Simulating pumping-induced regional land subsidence with the use of InSAR and field data in the Toluca Valley, Mexico

A multidisciplinary approach is presented here for quantifying land subsidence in a heavily pumped aquifer system with complex stratigraphy. The methodology consists in incorporating Terzaghi’s 1D instantaneous compaction principle into a 3D groundwater flow model that is then applied and calibrated to reproduce observed hydraulic heads and compaction for the Toluca Valley, Mexico. Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR), a generated 3D-geological model, extensometers, monitoring wells, and available literature are used to constrain the model. The D-InSAR measured subsidence, extensometers, and numerical simulations of subsidence agree relatively well. Simulations show that since regional subsidence began in the mid 1960s there has been up to 2 m of subsidence in the industrial corridor, where heavy pumping and thick clay layers are found. This study shows that an approach using various sources of data is useful in estimating and constraining the vertical component of the inelastic skeletal specific storage.