中国对虾雄地虾交配能力和精荚再生的研究

于１９８７年中国对虾雄对虾交配能力进行了实验观察,干１９９４,１９９５两年进行补充实验。结果证明,在实验室条件下,保持雄对虾的相对数量而且有充足雌对虾供交尾选择的情况下,中国对虾雄对虾在一个交配季节中的自然交配能力可达到３－４次;交配后生成新的精荚并再次发生交配的平均时间约为３ｄ,但部分雄对虾交配次日即可生成新的精荚并再次发生交配行为;雌雄性比５：１和２：１对雄对虾在整个交配季节中的累计平均交配率     

中国对虾异常交配现象的观察

于1989年11月9日—12月10日,在山东莱州市东方红盐场养殖分场亲虾越冬室内,对35尾异常交配雌对虾进行了观察研究。结果表明,异常交配行为能引起对虾各种疾病,导致亲虾群体质量下降、数量减少。提出在人工越冬亲虾交配季节,应及时将已交配的雌虾选出单独培养,同时在越冬的早期水温较高时,不宜在已交配雌虾池内搭配雄虾。     

池养长毛对虾体长与体重的关系

本文报道池养长毛对虾体长在６．８－１２３．９ｍｍ范围内的体长与体重的关系。池养长毛对虾雌、雄群体的生长特点是雌虾快于雄虾。由雌雄混合、雌虾、雄虾群体的体重对体长的相关曲线都很接近。     

凡纳滨对虾人工授精的初步研究

以未交配的成熟雌性亲虾和脱落精荚为实验材料，采用不同精荚破裂处理、不同基础液释出精子、不同保存时间的脱落精荚和不同授精密度进行凡纳滨对虾的人工授精实验。实验结果表明，凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）脱落精荚的精子在生理功能上是成熟的，可以使卵子受精，受精卵发育正常并孵出无节幼体。网搓法进行精荚破裂处理对精子损伤较少，人工授精的效果比研磨法好；用生理盐水作为基础液释出精子进行人工授精的效果比海水略好；精荚冷冻保存时间越长，其人工受精的效果越差；凡纳滨对虾的精子不具鞭毛，没有运动能力，人工授精的卵子受精率很大程度上取决于精子在水中的密度，增加精子密度可获得较高的无节幼体产量。     

中国对虾交尾雌虾蜕皮及人工再交尾研究

为更好地利用交尾雌虾,采用温差刺激、药物刺激对养殖交尾雌虾和海捕交尾雌虾进行蜕皮实验,使交尾雌虾的精荚随蜕皮而脱落,然后对蜕皮对虾再次进行精荚移植,来建立特定杂交组合的中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)家系。实验结果表明,养殖交尾雌虾蜕皮实验中,在只有温差刺激的条件下,对虾蜕皮率为30%,且对虾成活率为100%,说明温差刺激在保持对虾较高存活率的情况下,可以促使中国对虾蜕皮;在温差刺激的基础上进行药物刺激,不同茶籽饼质量浓度梯度下对虾的蜕皮率存在显著差异,且随着药物浓度的增加,对虾蜕皮率也随之增加,3个茶籽饼质量浓度(30,60,90 g/m3)下的对虾蜕皮率分别为40%,60%,70%,茶籽饼质量浓度为0的对虾蜕皮率与60,90 g/m3质量浓度下的对虾蜕皮率存在显著差异(P0.05);从对虾的死亡情况看,当药物质量浓度达到90 g/m3时,对虾出现死亡,经x2检验表明,90 g/m3质量浓度与0～60 g/m3质量浓度下的对虾死亡率存在显著差异(P0.05)。在海捕交尾雌虾蜕皮实验中,对虾蜕皮率不高,只有在药物质量浓度为30,90 g/m3条件下才有对虾蜕皮,蜕皮率仅为20%,10%;每个药物浓度下均有对虾死亡,死亡率随着茶籽饼质量浓度升高而升高,不同药物浓度下的对虾死亡率存在显著差异。对蜕皮后雌虾进行精荚移植,共获得18个中国对虾家系,平均受精率和平均孵化率分别为51.2%,88.6%。本研究通过对交尾雌虾进行蜕皮后再交尾,获得了不同杂交组合的中国对虾家系,为进一步的中国对虾家系选育工作打下了基础。     

中国对虾家系建立及不同家系生长发育的初步研究

在中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)家系建立过程中,我们采用定向交配对子代进行选育的方法.采用4种中国对虾人工授精方法,即整个精荚移植、精荚切块移植、输精管移植和精液移植,共进行了155例雌虾的人工授精实验,有108尾雌虾成功产卵并孵化出仔虾,成功率为69.7%,建立了101个全同胞家系和29个半同胞家系.在受精卵孵化、育苗的基础上,同时进行了不同家系幼体生长情况的研究,结果表明受精率、孵化率、存活率以及初期生长在4个实验组间都没有显著性差异.另外对其他家系之间的比较也得出同样的结果,说明不同家系在早期的生长中,没有表现出显著性差异.而在养成阶段,方差分析结果表明家系间在生长上表现出差异极其显著.     

斑节对虾人工交配试验

虾类人工授精的研究国外始于70年代。我国台湾省林森津(1979年)人工移植精荚实现了淡水虾的人工授精;台湾林明男等(1986年)使斑节对虾、长毛对虾人工授精获得成功;杨丛海等(1989年)报道了东方对虾的人工交配方法。大陆有关斑节对虾人工交配的研究至今还很少,尚未见到有关的详细报道,本文重点讨论这一课题。     

凡纳滨对虾“黑精荚”病防治方法的研究

研究了凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)"黑精荚"产生的病因及防治方法。结果表明:"黑精荚"是由于雄虾长时间生活在污物较多的池底中引发细菌感染而造成的。保持池底清洁、挤出黑精荚、投喂优质饵料和保持水温30℃以下,可使精荚重新形成并发育成熟;用二氧化氯和诺氟沙星联合用药使黑精荚恢复功能等措施可有效防治"黑精荚"病。     

中国对虾精子和卵子受精能力的初步研究

１９７３年，Ｃｌａｒｋ等以褐对虾（Ｐｕｎａｅｕｕｓ　ａｚｔｅｃｕｓ）为实验材料，将解剖的卵子和精子混合，首次在非鞭毛型不动精子的人工授精研究中获得受精卵，受精率为１０％［２］。１９８６年，Ｍｉｎ－ＮａｎＬｉｎ等在雌虾产卵时，将精子滴入产卵池中使卵子受精，孵化率高达６３．１１［４］。关于中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）精子和卵子受精能力的研究还未见报道。精卵的受精能力直接决定受精率，而受精率的高低影响苗种生产。因此．进行对虾精子和卵子受精能力的研究有利于对受精过程的进一步了解，以使更好…     

池养中国对虾交配规律的研究取得重大突破

中国对虾(Penaeus Orientalis)越冬培育研究,在70年代已初步研究成功,但大规模培育对虾亲体的生产是近几年才开始的。我国北方沿海各省市,由于在对虾交配季节中,冷空气活动频繁,降温剧烈,池养对虾移入越冬池以前,很多地区的交配率都在10％以下,已构成亲虾越冬生产中的严重障碍。 因此,如何提高亲虾交配率,成为亲虾越冬生产中需要迫切解决的关     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.