面向Sentinel-2影像的亚像元级水体提取方法

结合Sentinel-2影像及其他高分辨率卫星数据进行长序列、高频次、大范围的水面率、蓄水量、生态流量等水资源要素监测具有重要意义。为了提高水体提取精度,解决利用多源中高分辨率卫星数据提取水体时的空间尺度效应问题,本文提出了一种面向Sentinel-2影像的亚像元级水体提取方法(简称SWES)。首先利用RWI提取纯水体像元,然后利用膨胀算法提取水陆边界混合像元,最后为解决地物的类内光谱变化问题,采用考虑空间信息的多端元光谱混合分析算法(MESMA)求解水陆混合像元中的水体丰度。3个试验区的结果均表明,SWES取得了较好效果,平均RMSE为0.147,水体提取效果均优于自动亚像元水体提取方法(简称ASWM),尤其在水陆混合像元较多的坑塘养殖区。SWES在试验区获取的水体面积也有较高精度,平均相对误差为8.03%,低于ASWM的20.23%,结果表明SWES能够有效提升水域面积提取精度。     

像元二分模型在MODIS水陆混合像元分解中的适用性研究

遥感数据是地表水监测的重要数据源,用较低空间分辨率的遥感影像探测地表水范围时,混合像元问题常使水陆边界的提取不够准确。有必要对水陆混合像元进行分解,估算混合像元中水体所占百分比,从而为亚像元级别的水域边界制图奠定基础。借助像元二分模型的概念对水陆混合像元进行分解,验证该类模型的适用性。首先,以中分辨率成像光谱仪影像为数据源,分别基于归一化水体指数(normalized difference water index, NDWI)和改进的归一化水体指数(modified normalized difference water index, MNDWI)建立像元二分模型,对云南省高原湖泊进行水域提取及边界混合像元分解;然后,用同期更高空间分辨率的Landsat数据对提取结果进行验证。结果表明,像元二分模型在对水陆混合像元的分解中具有较好的适用性,其中,基于NDWI的像元二分模型精度略高于基于MNDWI的模型。     

低空间分辨率遥感数据亚像元级水华面积提取方法

在对太湖、巢湖等大型湖泊进行业务化蓝藻水华遥感监测工作中,常以250 m空间分辨率的MODIS数据为主,但其像元多为水体和水华的混合像元,若用常规方法进行水华面积提取,势必会严重影响水华监测的精度和实际应用效果。针对上述问题,基于混合像元分解原理,通过混合像元分解得到水华组分在混合像元中的丰度(百分比),实现亚像元级的水华面积提取。该方法可直接根据图像的DN值进行水华面积提取,无需对数据进行辐射校正和大气校正等预处理。与常规水华提取法相比,该方法的水华面积提取精度提高了近30%。     

像元交换在村镇地表超分辨率制图中的应用

村镇区域进行遥感制图受到数据条件的明显制约,主要表现为不易获取适宜的高分辨率影像,而可获取性强的低分辨率影像由于混合像元现象严重难以直接应用于较精细的制图解析中。对此,本文尝试将一种改进的软信息规整方法结合基于像元交换的超分辨率制图方法用于低分辨率影像制图中,以弥补高分辨率遥感数据的不足。从研究区真实遥感影像开展方法的可行性验证,并分析该方法在村镇地表制图中的适宜性,探讨混合像元分解技术对村镇地表超分辨率制图结果的影响。结果显示：制图结果的优劣依赖于混合像元分解技术,混合像元分解结果的误差直接传递至制图结果中,但是村镇地表超分辨率制图结果明显优于传统的硬分类结果,说明本文方法能有效将低分辨率数据用于村镇制图中。     

高光谱遥感图像亚像元信息提取方法综述

高光谱遥感图像光谱分辨率高、波谱连续、图谱合一,这为精细地物分类、探测和识别提供了数据基础。然而,由于高光谱遥感图像空间分辨率的局限性及地物场景的复杂分布,混合像元普遍存在于高光谱遥感图像。混合像元是高光谱遥感图像精细信息提取与分析中的难点。解决混合像元问题,实现亚像元级信息的提取与分析是近年来高光谱遥感图像解译的热点和前沿。本文系统梳理了高光谱遥感图像亚像元信息提取的主要研究内容,具体从混合像元分解、亚像元制图及亚像元目标探测3个研究方向综述了经典方法,并对国内外相关方向的研究进展、发展前沿及主要挑战进行了分析与评价,最后分析讨论了高光谱遥感图像亚像元信息提取研究在模型构建、优化求解及与应用结合等方面的研究趋势及方向。     

基于GF-6的植被覆盖度遥感估测研究

GF-6号卫星是近年来投入运行的国产卫星,其遥感影像的空间分辨率、时空分辨率较高,但基于该卫星数据的应用研究并不多见.本次研究以GF-6号卫星WFV数据为数据源,基于归一化植被指数和像元二分模型对甘肃民勤典型干旱地区的植被覆盖度进行遥感估测,利用置信度法获取像元二分模型的关键参数对植被覆盖度遥感提取结果的影响进行分析....     

基于混合像元分解的天山典型地区冰雪变化监测

针对中低分辨率遥感图像中存在大量混合像元,而传统的图像分类方法存在只能将某个像元归到某一类中,不能正确反映混合像元实际情况的问题.以新疆天山典型冰川覆盖区为例,根据TM/ETM+遥感图像的光谱特征,结合天山地区地表覆盖特点,在线性混合像元分解方法基础上,设计一种符合冰川地区特点的“冰雪-植被-裸露山体-阴影”端元组分模型.通过选择合适的端元并将其反射率值代入改进后的且满足约束条件的线性混合像元分解模型,得到各端元组分丰度图,进而精确提取出冰雪信息并计算其面积.1989年TM和2000年ETM+遥感图像冰雪信息提取结果表明,运用线性混合像元分解模型能很好地监测实验区的冰雪覆盖变化情况.     

基于混合像元分解与EM算法的中低分辨率遥感影像变化检测

中低分辨率遥感影像中广泛存在的混合像元极大地限制了变化检测结果的精度。基于混合像元分解技术,能够深入到像元内部,比较不同端元的组成分差异影像,然后获取亚像元级别的变化信息。如何从差异影像中确定合适的变化阈值,从而准确地判断变化是否发生,是一个难点问题。在高斯模型分布假设的情况下,采用最大期望法（expectation maximization,EM）自动提取最佳阈值,完成自适应的变化检测过程。选择了两种典型的阈值选择方法与该方法进行比较,结果证明基于EM的自适应变化检测方法可以更准确地提取变化信息,具有较好的稳健性。     

面向线性光谱混合分解的邻域像元集螺线型构建方法

高时间分辨率遥感影像在地表景观破碎区域易形成混合像元,难以发挥其高时间维度优势。现有方式多是基于线性光谱混合模型,借助邻域像元所构成的像元集合组成线性方程组,求出组分光谱值的最小二乘解,提高其空间分辨率。然而,现有方法依赖窗口形式来构建邻域像元集合,在某些区域易造成方程组无解的欠定问题。本文在分析其问题原因的基础上,引入阿基米德螺线代替传统的矩形窗口,对邻域各像元依次遍历,构建空间邻近、组分相近的邻域像元集合来解决该问题。在GlobeLand 30数据上的试验表明,螺线型构建方法对5种混合尺度上多种类型地物均具有稳定的精度,与传统窗口构建方法相比,可从构建邻域像元集合方面将总体理论精度提高2%,分解结果精度提高近1个数量级。     

子像元NDVI时间序列曲线生成研究

获取具有时态特性的NDVI曲线是进行土地利用与植被覆盖变化分析的必要步骤,为有效地利用多源遥感影像数据,本文基于尺度下降理论,利用具有不同时间分辨率的高、低空间分辨率遥感影像,采用线性光谱混合模型反向分解低空间分辨率混合像元,计算其子像元级地物反射率,生成具有高时态特性的子像元级NDVI时间序列曲线,使利用有限的遥感数据资源进行较精细的动态植被生物量变化分析成为可能。通过真实影像数据实验分析,其结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Spatial analysis of high-resolution urban thermal patterns in Vojvodina,Serbia

Main objective of this study was to establish a relationship between land cover and land surface temperature (LST) in urban and rural areas. The research was conducted using Landsat, WorldView-2 (WV-2) and Digital Mapping Camera. Normalised difference vegetation index and normalised difference built-up index were used for establishing the relation between built-up area, vegetation cover and LST for spatial resolution of 30 m. Impervious surface and vegetation area generated from Digital Mapping Camera from Intergraph and WV-2 were used to establish the relation between built-up area, vegetation cover and LST for spatial resolutions of 0.1, 0.5 and 30 m. Linear regression models were used to determine the relationship between LST and indicators. Main contribution of this research is to establish the use of combining remote sensing sensors with different spectral and spatial resolution for two typical settlements in Vojvodina. Correlation coefficients between LST and LST indicators ranged from 0.602 to 0.768.     

光谱指数趋势面的城市地表温度降尺度转换

针对城市及周边区域建造区和自然地表交织分布的特点,探讨了利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化建造指数(NDBI)构造趋势面的地表温度(LST)降尺度方法,以北京市市区及周边较平坦区域为例实现了LST自960 m向120 m的降尺度转换。分析了LST空间分布特征及NDVI、NDBI对地物的指示性特征;以北京市四至六环为界分析NDVI、NDBI趋势面对地表温度的拟合程度及各自的适用区域;在120 m、240 m、480 m和960 m 4个尺度上评价了NDVI、NDBI和NDVI+NDBI趋势面对LST的拟合程度和趋势面转换函数的尺度效应;对NDVI、NDBI和NDVI NDBI等3种方法的降尺度结果分覆盖类型、分区域对比评价。实验结果表明结合两种光谱指数的NDVI NDBI方法降尺度转换精度有所改善,改善程度取决于地表覆盖类型组合。     

A data mining approach for evaluation of optimal time-series of MODIS data for land cover mapping at a regional level

Optical Earth Observation data with moderate spatial resolutions, typically MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), are of particular value to environmental applications due to their high temporal and spectral resolutions. Time-series of MODIS data capture dynamic phenomena of vegetation and its environment, and are considered as one of the most effective data sources for land cover mapping at a regional and national level. However, the time-series, multiple bands and their derivations such as NDVI constitute a large volume of data that poses a significant challenge for automated mapping of land cover while optimally utilizing the information it contains. In this study, time-series of 10-day cloud-free MODIS composites and its derivatives – NDVI and vegetation phenology information, are fully assessed to determine the optimal data sets for deriving land cover. Three groups of variable combinations of MODIS spectral information and its derived metrics are thoroughly explored to identify the optimal combinations for land cover identification using a data mining tool.The results, based on the assessment using time-series of MODIS data, show that in general using a longer time period of the time-series data and more spectral bands could lead to more accurate land cover identification than that of a shorter period of the time-series and fewer bands. However, we reveal that, with some optimal variable combinations of few bands and a shorter period of time-series data, the highest possible accuracy of land cover classification can be achieved.     

Woody vegetation cover,height and biomass at 25-m resolution across Australia derived from multiple site,airborne and satellite observations

Detailed spatial information on the presence and properties of woody vegetation serves many purposes, including carbon accounting, environmental reporting and land management. Here, we investigated whether machine learning can be used to combine multiple spatial observations and training data to estimate woody vegetation canopy cover fraction (‘cover’), vegetation height (‘height’) and woody above-ground biomass dry matter (‘biomass’) at 25-m resolution across the Australian continent, where possible on an annual basis. We trained a Random Forest algorithm on cover and height estimates derived from airborne LiDAR over 11 regions and inventory-based biomass estimates for many thousands of plots across Australia. As predictors, we used annual geomedian Landsat surface reflectance, ALOS/PALSAR L-band radar backscatter mosaics, spatial vegetation structure data derived primarily from ICESat/GLAS satellite altimetry, and spatial climate data. Cross-validation experiments were undertaken to optimize the selection of predictors and the configuration of the algorithm. The resulting estimation errors were 0.07 for cover, 3.4 m for height, and 80 t dry matter ha^-1 for biomass. A large fraction (89–94 %) of the observed variance was explained in each case. Priorities for future research include validation of the LiDAR-derived cover training data and the use of new satellite vegetation height data from the GEDI mission. Annual cover mapping for 2000–2018 provided detailed insight in woody vegetation dynamics. Continentally, woody vegetation change was primarily driven by water availability and its effect on bushfire and mortality, particularly in the drier interior. Changes in woody vegetation made a substantial contribution to Australia’s total carbon emissions since 2000. Whether these ecosystems will recover biomass in future remains to be seen, given the persistent pressures of climate change and land use.     

Resolution vs. image quality in pre-tsunami imagery used for tsunami impact models in Aceh,Indonesia

Land cover roughness coefficients (LCRs) have been used in multivariate spatial models to test the mitigation potential of coastal vegetation to reduce impacts of the 2004 tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia. Previously, a Landsat 2002 satellite imagery was employed to derive land cover maps, which were then combined with vegetation characteristics, i.e., stand height, stem diameter and planting density to obtain LCRs. The present study tested LCRs extracted from 2003 and 2004 Landsat (30 m) images as well as a combination of 2003 and 2004 higher spatial resolution SPOT (10 m) imagery, while keeping the previous vegetation characteristics. Transects along the coast were used to extract land cover, whenever availability and visibility allowed. These new LCRs applied in previously developed tsunami impact models on wave outreach, casualties and damages confirmed previous findings regarding distance to the shoreline as a main factor reducing tsunami impacts. Nevertheless, the models using the new LCRs did not perform better than the original one. Particularly casualties models using 2002 LCRs performed better (δAIC > 2) than the more recent Landsat and SPOT counterparts. Cloud cover at image acquisition for Landsat and low area coverage for SPOT images decreased statistical predictive power (fewer observations). Due to the large spatial heterogeneity of tsunami characteristics as well as topographic and land-use features, it was more important to cover a larger area. Nevertheless, if more land cover classes would be referenced and high resolution imagery with low cloud cover would be available, the full benefits of higher spatial resolution imagery used to extract more precise land use roughness coefficients could be exploited.     

Classifying historical remotely sensed imagery using a tempo-spatial feature evolution (T-SFE) model

Large and growing archives of orbital imagery of the earth’s surface collected over the past 40 years provide an important resource for documenting past and current land cover and environmental changes. However uses of these data are limited by the lack of coincident ground information with which either to establish discrete land cover classes or to assess the accuracy of their identification. Herein is proposed an easy-to-use model, the Tempo-Spatial Feature Evolution (T-SFE) model, designed to improve land cover classification using historical remotely sensed data and ground cover maps obtained at later times. This model intersects (1) a map of spectral classes (S-classes) of an initial time derived from the standard unsupervised ISODATA classifier with (2) a reference map of ground cover types (G-types) of a subsequent time to generate (3) a target map of overlaid patches of S-classes and G-types. This model employs the rules of Count Majority Evaluation, and Subtotal Area Evaluation that are formulated on the basis of spatial feature evolution over time to quantify spatial evolutions between the S-classes and G-types on the target map. This model then applies these quantities to assign G-types to S-classes to classify the historical images. The model is illustrated with the classification of grassland vegetation types for a basin in Inner Mongolia using 1985 Landsat TM data and 2004 vegetation map. The classification accuracy was assessed through two tests: a small set of ground sampling data in 1985, and an extracted vegetation map from the national vegetation cover data (NVCD) over the study area in 1988. Our results show that a 1985 image classification was achieved using this method with an overall accuracy of 80.6%. However, the classification accuracy depends on a proper calibration of several parameters used in the model.     

An approach to estimate the evapotranspiration using NOAA/AVHRR DATA

Evapotranspiration (ET) is continued process wherein moisture from soil and vegetated surface is transferred to the atmosphere. Changes in evapotranspiration are likely to have large impacts on terrestrial vegetation. Evapotranspiration is a seasonally varying property at a given place; changes in it reflect the status of soil moisture and terrestrial vegetation. Through water balance, ET can include major shifts in vegetative patterns and or its condition leading to climate change. Therefore, in this paper, it is attempted to estimate the evapotranspiration over various land cover using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/ Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data at coarse spatial resolution of 1.1 km. For this purpose, a semi-empirical model has been proposed to estimate the ET. Regression analysis has been carried out to develop an empirical relation between individual land cover surface temperature and ET, which will be helpful to know the effect of each land cover surface temperature on ET. In which, it is observed that surface temperature over grassland is more effective on ET in comparison to other land cover in March 1999 on the Mupfure, Zimbabwe catchment area. This type of estimation will be helpful for climate modeler, climatologists, ecosystem modeler and regional planner.     

All Equal-Area Map Projections Are Created Equal,But Some Are More Equal Than Others

High-resolution regional and global raster databases are currently being generated for a variety of environmental and scientific modeling applications. The projection of these data from geographic coordinates to a plane coordinate system is subject to significant areal error. Sources of error include users selecting an inappropriate projection or incorrect parameters for a given projection, algorithmic errors in commercial geographic information system (GIS) software, and errors resulting from the projection of data in the raster format. To assess the latter type of errors, the accuracy of raster projection was analyzed by two methods. First, a set of 12 one-degree by one-degree quadrilaterals placed at various latitudes was projected at several raster resolutions and compared to the projection of a vector representation of the same quadrilaterals. Second, several different raster resolutions of land cover data for Asia were projected and the total areas of 21 land cover categories were tabulated and compared. While equal-area projections are designed to specifically preserve area, the comparison of the results of the one-degree by one-degree quadrilaterals with the common equal area projections (e.g., the Mollweide) indicates a considerable variance in the one-degree area after projection. Similarly, the empirical comparison of land cover areas for Asia among various projections shows that total areas of land cover vary with projection type, raster resolution, and latitude. No single projection is best for all resolutions and all latitudes. While any of the equal-area projections tested are reasonably accurate for most applications with resolutions of eight-kilometer pixels or smaller, significant variances in accuracies appear at larger pixel sizes.     

Exploring improvement of impervious surface estimation at national scale through integration of nighttime light and Proba-V data

Directly mapping impervious surface area (ISA) at national and global scales using nighttime light data is a challenge due to the complexity of land surface components and the impacts of unbalanced economic conditions. Previous research mainly used the coarse spatial resolution Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP OLS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data for ISA mapping; the improved spatial resolution and data quality in the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite’s Day/Night Band (VIIRS DNB) and in Proba-V data provide a new opportunity to accurately map ISA distribution at the national scale, which has not been explored yet. This research aimed to develop a new index – modified impervious surface index (MISI) – based on VIIRS DNB and Proba-V data to improve ISA estimation and to compare the results with those from the combination of VIIRS DNB and MODIS NDVI data. Landsat data were used to develop ISA data for the typical sites for use as reference data. Regression analysis was used to establish the ISA estimation model in which the dependent variable was from the Landsat data and the independent variable was from the MISI, as well as the previously used Large-scale Impervious Surface Index (LISI). The results indicate that the major error is from the very small or very large proportion of ISA in a unit; improvement of spatial resolution through use of higher spatial resolution nighttime light data (e.g., VIIRS DNB) or NDVI (e.g., Proba-V NDVI) data is an effective approach to improve ISA estimation. Although different indices for the combination of nighttime light and NDVI data have been used, the MISI is especially valuable for reducing the estimation errors for the regions with a small or large ISA proportion.     

Regional assessment of pan-Pacific urban environments over 25 years using annual gap free Landsat data

Urbanization and the associated change in land cover has been intensifying across the globe in recent decades. Regional studies on the rate and amount of urban expansion are critical for understanding how patterns of change differ within and among cities with varying structure and development characteristics. Yet spatially consistent and timely information on urban development is difficult to access particularly across international jurisdictions. Remote sensing based technologies offer a unique perspective on urban land cover with the data offering significant potential to urban studies due to its consistent and ubiquitous nature. In this research we applied a pixel-based image composite technique to generate annual gap-free surface reflectance Landsat composites from 1984 to 2012 for 25 urban environments across 12 countries in the Pacific Rim. Using time series composites, spectral indices were calculated and compared using a hexagonal grid ring model to assess changes in vegetative and urban patterns. Trajectories were then clustered to further investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics and relationships among the 25 cities. Performance of the clustering analyses varied depended on the temporal and spatial metrics however overall clustering results indicated relatively strong spatio-temporal similarities among a number of key cities. Three pairs of cities—Melbourne and Sydney; Tianjin and Manila; and Singapore City and Kuala Lumpur were found to be highly similar in their urban and vegetation dynamics temporally and spatially. In contrast Vancouver and Las Vegas had no similar analogous. This work demonstrates the value of utilising annual Landsat time series composites for assessing urban vegetation and urban dynamics at regional scales and potential use in sustainable urban planning, resources allocation, and policy making.