碎屑岩储层成岩相研究现状及进展

现今在以岩性和地层等隐蔽油气藏为主要目标的油气勘探实践中发现储集体的质量主要受构造相、沉积相和成岩相的综合影响,在烃源岩和构造等成藏基本地质条件明确的情况下,寻找受成岩相控制的优质储集体是油气勘探工作的重点和难点.目前国内外关于碎屑岩储层成岩相的研究尚处于探索阶段,在成岩相的分类命名方案、定量表征参数等方面尚未完全达成共识,而且缺乏完善的成岩相的地球物理表征方法.在阅读国内外大量文献的基础上,概述了成岩相概念的提出以及发展历程;归纳了成岩相的控制因素、研究内容、划分依据、分类方法、命名方案和定量评价标准;总结了成岩相在油气勘探各个环节中的应用;最后探讨了现阶段成岩相研究中尚存的问题.在此基础上,就未来成岩相研究的发展方向做出展望,以期能有效推动成岩相研究相关的理论和技术的深入发展.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中西部长9储层差异化成岩与烃类充注过程研究

储层非均质性极大地影响储层内流体的流动和分布,在油气运移成藏和提高采收率研究中广受关注。储层内发生的差异化成岩作用是层内非均质性的重要成因,与烃类充注事件的相互关系也是致密砂岩油气成藏机理研究的核心内容。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地中西部上三叠统延长组长9储层为例,研究储层内砂岩所表现出的差异化成岩作用及其影响下的流体活动过程。系统的显微观察发现,长9储层主要由机械压实致密型砂岩、钙质胶结致密型砂岩、含水砂岩和含油砂岩等四类岩石组成。利用显微岩相学、紫外荧光光谱、包裹体均一温度测试、盆地模拟等技术综合分析表明,机械压实致密型砂岩在早成岩期即在压实作用影响下强烈塑性变形致密化;钙质胶结致密型砂岩在早成岩期就发生强烈的碳酸盐胶结作用而致密化。这两类砂岩在成岩中后期基本不能为流体活动提供孔隙空间。含水砂岩和含油砂岩均经历了复杂的差异化成岩过程,含油砂岩内可以辨识出至少三期沥青,含水砂岩则未见沥青残留。以含油砂岩中沥青质所对应的烃类充注为标志,重建了长9储层的成岩序列,划分出三期流体流动过程,烃类充注与成岩作用交替进行。含水砂岩大致可划分出相似的成岩过程,但未发生烃类充注。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘二叠系碎屑岩储层成岩相与成岩演化研究

西北缘克百地区二叠系砂砾岩储层是准噶尔盆地最重要的油藏储集岩之一。运用偏光显微镜在对碎屑岩储层的成岩作用、自生矿物及孔隙特征详细观察的基础上,结合扫描电镜、孔渗测试及测井、录井资料的分析,对该区二叠系砂砾岩储层的岩石类型和成岩作用进行了研究,指出压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用是影响该类储层物性的主要成岩作用。在此基础上,结合成岩作用和成岩阶段的研究,划分出了7个成岩相:1）高成熟强溶蚀相,2）高成熟强胶结相,3）高成熟中胶结中溶蚀相,4）高成熟弱压实相,5）高成熟强压实相,6）低成熟弱压实相,7）低成熟强压实相,并对各个成岩相的形成条件、成岩特征、成岩环境、成岩演化序列和成岩模式进行了归纳和总结,对不同成岩相的砂砾岩储集性能进行了分析,阐述了优良储层发育的主要成岩相带及沉积相带。     

辽河断陷西部凹陷古近系砂岩储层与油气

辽河断陷西部凹陷是一个典型的箕状凹陷。受节节下掉正断层的控制，区内在古近系发育了陡坡型和缓坡型两种沉积模式。经过初陷~裂陷、扩张和再陷三个构造~沉积演化期，区内沉积了以源近流短的扇三角洲、湖底扇等为主的粗碎屑砂岩储层。该储层经历压实、胶结和溶蚀等过程，目前主要处于早成岩阶段和晚成岩A期。在沉积和成岩双重控制之下，砂岩储层的孔隙类型以粒间扩大孔隙为主。压实作用损失的孔隙大于胶结作用损失的孔隙。储层在纵向上发育有多个次生孔隙发育带。古近系砂岩储层物性和含油性都以扇三角洲砂岩储层最好，是该凹陷最重要的油气储层。研究认为该区深层具有很大的油气勘探潜力。研究指出了断陷盆地油气的勘探方向。     

阜康凹陷东部斜坡带二叠系储层特征及控制因素

运用岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、物性测试、压汞分析等实验方法,以阜康凹陷东部斜坡带二叠系梧桐沟组储集层为研究对象,探讨其储层特征及控制因素,并对储层进行分类评价。研究表明：梧桐沟组储层以岩屑砂岩及长石岩屑砂岩为主,粒度较细,分选磨圆较差,成分与结构成熟度低;储层原生孔隙发育,具有一定量的次生溶孔及微裂缝,发育微米级孔喉,物性较好,属于中孔中低渗储层;通过研究区成岩作用类型及强度的定量分析,共识别出8种成岩相类型。研究区储层物性及孔喉结构主要受岩相及成岩相控制,共划分出29种岩相成岩相组合,结合油田实际产能,将研究区储层划分为四类,从一类到四类,储层物性、孔喉结构及产油情况逐渐变差。     

The Exploration Status and Research Advances of Deep and Ultra-Deep Clastic Reservoirs

In recent years, with increasing demand for oil and gas, and advances in exploration methods, deep and ultra-deep (5 000~8 000 m) clastic reservoirs have become a new domain for oil and gas exploration. Research on deep and ultra-deep clastic reservoirs began in the 1970s and has achieved a series of major findings. Under the typical tectonic setting and sedimentary environment of basins in China, deep and ultra-deep clastic reservoirs, having experienced long-term burial, compaction, and dissolution, generally possess good physical properties and have become effective reservoirs. Therefore, the main controlling factors on the formation of such reservoirs have become the focus of research on deep and ultra-deep clastic rocks. Previous studies in this field have made the following findings. ①Dissolution is a general mechanism for the formation of effective deep and ultra-deep clastic reservoirs. Specifically, the organic and inorganic acids generated by organic matter maturation act to dissolve soluble carbonate cement components such as feldspar and lithic fragments, forming secondary pores. ②The lower the geothermal gradient and weaker the intensity of diagenesis, the slower the decrease in sandstone porosity. Thus, the process of long-term early stage shallow burial and rapid late-stage deep burial is conducive to the preservation of primary porosity. ③Anomalous pressure can delay the compaction of rock, inhibiting the expulsion of organic acids that are favorable for the generation of secondary pores in deep and ultra-deep reservoirs. ④Gypsum layers can slow the process of diagenesis, forming dual sealing by physical properties and pressure. This is conducive to the preservation of porosity in sandstone located below the gypsum layer. ⑤Clay film (e.g., chlorite film) also plays an important role in preserving the porosity of deep and ultra-deep clastic reservoirs. ⑥The formation of effective reservoirs also can also be influenced by the factors of diagenetic compaction, early hydrocarbon filling and clastic particles composition. Geologic research on deep and ultra-deep reservoirs should focus on reservoirs on land as this will strengthen our understanding of offshore reservoirs, especially in deep waters. Moreover, further innovation in theory and technology of oil and gas exploration are required.     

滨里海盆地东缘石炭系碳酸盐岩储层主要成岩作用及控制因素分析

滨里海盆地是世界上特大型含油气盆地之一,盆地东缘石炭系碳酸盐岩储层是良好的油气储层。通过对肯基亚克油田和扎纳若尔中区块油田石炭系碳酸盐岩储层的主要成岩作用和储层控制因素的分析,指出混合白云岩化作用是研究区最主要的、也是最普遍的白云岩成因类型,其形成的白云岩是最有利的储层。白云岩化作用与沉积环境密切相关,白云岩的分布对沉积微相展布具有一定的指示意义。由于沉积环境和相带不同,孔隙水的流动性存在一定的差异,因而成岩作用在不同的相带对孔隙的发育与演化的影响也表现出一定的差异。沉积作用是控制储层的决定因素,平面上的成岩作用差异与沉积微相相关;距石炭系顶部不整合面愈近,则后期有利的成岩作用和构造作用对储层的改造更为彻底。滨里海盆地东缘石炭系顶部碳酸盐岩储层是最具潜力的油气储层,有望进一步发现更多的油气储量。     

饶阳凹陷古近系成岩作用特征

通过26口井岩石薄片和铸体薄片的镜下观察及14口井扫描电镜等资料的分析,对饶阳凹陷古近系碎屑岩储层的岩石学特征、成岩作用及成岩相进行了研究。研究区储层砂岩的成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低,岩石类型以长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主,磨圆中等,多呈次棱-次圆状,分选中等偏差。成岩作用主要有压实作用、胶结作用、交代蚀变作用、溶解作用等。中深部储层的成岩相组合可划分为胶结-溶解成岩相、胶结成岩相、压实-胶结成岩相、胶结-溶解-交代成岩相4种类型。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘及玛湖凹陷沉积储集层研究进展*

准噶尔盆地西北缘玛湖凹陷中心区10×10⁸ t级砾岩大油区的发现,带动了该区沉积储集层研究的不断深入。作者梳理了准噶尔盆地西北缘及玛湖凹陷的沉积储集层研究现状和进展,认为准噶尔盆地西北缘及玛湖凹陷的沉积储集层研究的进展主要表现为: (1)提出了新的砂砾岩储集层岩石相和岩石学分析方法;(2)探索形成了新的沉积储集层地球物理测井和地震描述技术;(3)针对不同层系,在沉积物源、沉积相、沉积环境、沉积体系和沉积模式等方面取得大量新认识,建立了大型退覆式浅水缓坡扇三角洲沉积模式,指导油气勘探不断获得新突破;(4)在成岩作用理论指导下,所发现的储集层埋藏深度不断增加。研究表明,玛湖凹陷的沉积体系具有继承性: 从二叠纪到新近纪,发育了火山—碎屑岩沉积体系、细粒—蒸发盐沉积体系以及粗粒冲积扇、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲等沉积体系,气候、构造和湖平面变化控制了沉积体系的形成和演化。沉积储集层研究为玛湖砾岩大油田的发现提供了有力的理论支持。未来应当加强针对古老层系和深部地层的沉积储集层研究工作,重视新理论新技术在西北缘和玛湖沉积储集层研究中的应用,已经形成的理论技术需要在勘探实践中接受进一步检验和完善。     

低渗透储层成岩作用定量表征与成岩储集相——以吉林新立油田泉头组三、四段为例

作者采用铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜等手段,统计了新立油田泉头组三、四段储层的视压实率和视胶结率,对成岩作用强度进行了定量表征。引入了成岩系数和成岩储集相的概念,并按照成岩系数大小,将储层划分为4种成岩储集相,即强溶蚀次生孔隙成岩储集相(A相),中等压实-弱、中胶结混合孔隙成岩储集相(B相),强压实-弱、中胶结混合孔隙成岩储集相(C相)和碳酸盐强胶结成岩储集相(D相)。其中以A相最有利于油气聚集,B相次之,C相较差,D相最差。分析了各类成岩储集相特征和演化,认为晚成岩A亚期的酸性水溶蚀作用形成次生孔隙是改善储层物性的关键因素。     

中国西部地区方沸石胶结相与碎屑岩次生优质储集层形成机制

含油气盆地碎屑岩次生优质储集层的发育,除了与广泛发育的方解石胶结相有关外,在中国西部还有一类与沸石族自生矿物胶结的成岩相有关,其中以溶蚀方沸石胶结相形成的次生优质储集层与油气聚集成藏又有十分密切的关联。经实例分析:与自生方沸石胶结有关的成岩相主要受控于扇(辫状河)三角洲前缘相带、火山岩物源和成岩早期的碱性环境;次生优质储集层的形成在时间上主要处于成岩中期A阶段,在空间上受控于邻近的烃源岩、圈闭和输导体的沟通。方沸石矿物在物理性质上具有抗压易溶(有机酸)作用,较其他常见的自生矿物(胶结物)相对优越,就方沸石易于溶蚀的特点而言是较为理想的自生矿物(胶结物)。其溶蚀对孔隙度的贡献率在50％～75％之间,发育几率占绝对优势。所以,在方沸石发育的相带中寻找以粒间溶蚀孔为主的优质储集层,具有可靠的操作性和现实性。     

珠江口盆地番禺气田沉积特征与成岩演化研究

番禺气田含气层为典型的海相三角洲沉积,而主要含气层段MFS18.5层以三角洲前缘沉积为主,而SB13.8层则为三角洲平原沉积。依据岩心、薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射等资料,详细研究该气田储集层特征及成岩作用,按照最新碎屑岩成岩阶段划分标准,SB13.8层处于开启型弱碱性水循环环境（pH>7.5）,胶结作用不强烈,成岩作用较弱,属于早成岩B期; MFS18.5层属于中成岩A期,处于相对封闭型弱酸性水循环环境（pH值<6.5）,温度的增加催化了有机酸水溶液对硅酸盐矿物的溶蚀进程,为次生孔隙带的发育提供了条件,并据此建立了海相石英砂岩类储集层的成岩模式。从储集层特征上来看,MFS18.5层的结构成熟度与矿物成熟度均高于SB13.8层,而且呈现出由下向上逐渐降低的趋势;同时MFS18.5层比SB13.8层受波浪改造的作用要强,其搬运距离要远。从阴极发光和扫描电镜观察的结果可以看出,MFS18.5层石英次生加大可以到3级,且自生高岭石也相当发育。这是MFS18.5层砂岩与珠江口盆地其它油田同类储层相比,孔隙度差别不大,但渗透率偏低的重要原因。另外,应用精细的单井盆地模拟,在埋藏史的基础上模拟孔、渗的垂向变化,可以直观而较为准确的分析垂向上多个储盖组合的相互差异与特征。     

辽河西部凹陷储层成岩作用及有利储层预测

通过成岩作用研究与储层综合评价技术,预测辽河西部凹陷南区沙河街组有利储层的平面展布。通过对薄片的鉴定,确定本区砂岩主要类型;利用普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光等手段研究不同地区、不同层位、不同沉积环境的成岩作用;同时确定主要孔隙类型;以及依据有机质成熟度有关指标等成岩序列和成岩阶段划分标志,进行成岩作用的研究结果表明,划分成岩阶段;通过217口井的薄片资料、沉积相分布和油气分布区图例的分析,确定本区成岩相主要类型;依据岩心测试、测井解释成果,以及孔隙度—深度关系图,发现纵向上储层发育3个主要次生孔隙发育带;通过对储层次生孔隙带形成的主控因素分析得知,通过建立储集物性与沉积相关系、建立成岩作用与储集特征的关系、构造活动与储层发育之间的关系,结合沉积相图、成岩相图、各井储层物性综合评价图,平面上圈定出有利储层、较有利储层发育区。     

深层—超深层碎屑岩储层非均质性特征与油气成藏模式

深层—超深层地质条件下,储层的孔渗物性特征和流体动力连通关系决定了油气在储层中的流动状态,这也就决定了油气运移的动力条件和聚集成藏的机理与过程。本文基于对深层—超深层碎屑岩储层结构非均质性的研究,认识深层—超深层油气运聚成藏机制和过程,总结油气多期复合成藏模式,探索深层—超深层油气分布规律。碎屑岩储层普遍存在强烈的非均质性,受到沉积结构构造及成岩作用控制,表现出空间结构性特征,在埋藏至深层—超深层的过程中经历了差异性的成岩演化和油气充注。结构非均质性储层中的油气总体向上倾方向运移,受储层中砂体分布、隔夹层结构以及连通方式的影响,油气运移路径的分布极不均匀,在储层中任何部位都可能聚集,并可能继续运移到有利圈闭中富集。在深埋过程中,多期多幕的构造变动促使深层—超深层储层中已聚集的油气向着上倾方向运移调整,或沿着断裂向上运移调整至中—深层与之相关的有效储层中运移、聚集。深层—超深层勘探具有更为广泛的目标选择,洼陷区和斜坡区都可能成为有利勘探区域。现实的深层—超深层油气勘探新领域包括：构造高点油气藏向供源方向的拓展,深层—超深层烃源由断裂调整至中深层—超深层的次生油气聚集,深层—超深层与油气源...     

河西走廊地区石炭系—二叠系油气地质条件与含油气前景

对河西走廊地区石炭系—二叠系沉积演化、生烃条件、储集条件、生储盖组合类型和保存条件进行了研究,认为区内石炭系—二叠系具有良好的油气地质条件,是值得重视的油气勘探新层系。研究区早石炭世—早二叠世早期,以浅海相—海陆交互相沉积为主,前黑山组—太原组发育多套暗色泥岩或炭质泥岩为主的烃源岩,有机质含量中等—较高,以Ⅱ~Ⅲ型干酪根为主,烃源岩演化进入成熟—高成熟阶段;储集层以碎屑岩为主,成岩作用强烈,原始粒间孔隙不发育,但不乏溶蚀孔隙较发育的中等—较好的碎屑岩储集层,而且碳酸盐岩也是区内重要的储集层类;中生界为区域盖层,石炭系—二叠系内部的砂泥岩组合构成纵向上的储盖组合;可形成内生连续式、上生下储式、潜山式等多种生储盖组合类型。石炭系—二叠系广泛分布的油气苗或钻井油气显示,为存在油气生成、运移与聚集的过程提供了依据。     

碎屑岩储集层成岩作用研究进展与热点问题讨论

近10年来, 碎屑岩储集层成岩作用研究发展迅速, 总结国内外成岩作用研究进展、前沿研究热点和关键问题, 具有重要的学术探索意义。在归纳前人研究成果与认识基础上, 结合国内外典型研究实例, 讨论了近年来碎屑岩储集层成岩作用研究进展以及未来研究热点或发展趋势。认为成岩作用研究在物源对砂岩类型及其成岩演化路径的制约, 流体-岩石相互作用及其产物、热动力学与超压背景对成岩作用与孔隙发育的影响, 油气充注成藏过程与储集层低渗-致密化时序等研究方面取得了长足进展, 正在向将微观尺度成岩作用研究与盆地流体、盆地动力学与热动力学过程等宏观大尺度背景相结合的由源到汇的沉积作用过程、埋藏、烃类成熟与油气充注成藏、构造演化与流体活动、流体-岩石相互作用的成岩作用系统及其时空动态及定量演变机制研究方向发展。本文旨在抛砖引玉, 与业内相关领域的专家学者和同行一起, 在成岩作用研究精细程度、研究深度与广度、最先进的分析测试技术与方法之应用、以及多学科交叉融合方面共同努力, 以期推动中国碎屑岩储集层成岩作用研究的进程。     

塔里木盆地天山南缘区带古近系苏维依组沉积储层研究

根据钻井、测井与分析测试等资料,研究了塔里木盆地天山南缘区块北带苏维依组的沉积相带和储层特征。苏维依组分为下部底砂岩段和上部的膏泥岩段,在研究区主要发育辫状河三角洲和湖泊沉积体系。本区储层多为粉砂岩、细砂岩、中砂岩和含砾砂岩,主要岩石类型为长石石英砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩。孔隙类型主要是原生粒间孔、溶蚀孔,还有裂缝和微孔隙等。底砂岩段储层物性较好,总体属于中孔-中、低渗储层,非均质性较强,其中以三角洲前缘的分流河道和席状砂微相砂体物性最好。影响研究区储层物性的主要因素有沉积相带、成岩作用等,压实作用、溶蚀作用和胶结作用是对储层物性影响最大的成岩作用。     

山东东营凹陷沙四段盐下层油气成藏条件分析

东营凹陷是渤海湾含油气区中最重要的含油气凹陷之一,历经40多年的勘探开发,沙河街组四段上亚段及其以上层系已达到较高勘探程度。为确保油田的可持续发展,寻找有利的勘探接替领域已成为该凹陷勘探中面临的重要问题。应用地化指标、包裹体均一温度测试等手段,分析了盐下层暗色泥岩埋藏生烃史,结合沉积相、成岩相和高压封存箱等对储层储集性能的控制作用进行研究,综合分析了盐下层成藏条件与主控因素,指出北部陡坡带盐膏层之间及盐膏层之下的暗色泥岩已进入有机质演化的成熟?高成熟期,可生产大量的油气;同时,盐膏层具有良好的封隔性,使盐下层形成了单独的含油气系统,以发育自生自储型的岩性油气藏为主。油气成藏主要受沉积相带、成岩作用及高压封存箱等因素所控制,尤其是盐下高压封存箱的存在,既可延缓烃类和成岩演化,同时又为原生孔隙和裂缝的保存创造了良好的条件,十分有利于油气的生成、运移和保存。     

Control of Facies and Potential on Jurassic Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Prediction of Favorable Targets in the Hinterland Region of the Junggar Basin

<正>Exploration practices show that the Jurassic System in the hinterland region of the Junggar Basin has a low degree of exploration but huge potential,however the oil/gas accumulation rule is very complicated,and it is difficult to predict hydrocarbon-bearing properties.The research indicates that the oil and gas is controlled by structure facies belt and sedimentary system distribution macroscopically,and hydrocarbon-bearing properties of sand bodies are controlled by lithofacies and petrophysical facies microscopically.Controlled by ancient and current tectonic frameworks,most of the discovered oil and gas are distributed in the delta front sedimentary system of a palaeo-tectonic belt and an ancient slope belt.Subaqueous branch channels and estuary dams mainly with medium and fine sandstone are the main reservoirs and oil production layers,and sand bodies of high porosity and high permeability have good hydrocarbon-bearing properties;the facies controlling effect shows a reservoir controlling geologic model of relatively high porosity and permeability.The hydrocarbon distribution is also controlled by relatively low potential energy at the high points of local structure macroscopically, while most of the successful wells are distributed at the high points of local structure,and the hydrocarbon-bearing property is good at the place of relatively low potential energy;the hydrocarbon distribution is in close connection with faults,and the reservoirs near the fault in the region of relatively low pressure have good oil and gas shows;the distribution of lithologic reservoirs at the depression slope is controlled by the distribution of sand bodies at positions of relatively high porosity and permeability.The formation of the reservoir of the Jurassic in the Junggar Basin shows characteristics of favorable facies and low-potential coupling control,and among the currently discovered reservoirs and industrial hydrocarbon production wells,more than 90%are developed within the scope of faciespotential index FPI0.5,while the FPI and oil saturation of the discovered reservoir and unascertained traps have relatively good linear correlation.By establishing the relation model between hydrocarbonbearing properties of traps and FPI,totally 43 favorable targets are predicted in four main target series of strata and mainly distributed in the Badaowan Formation and the Sangonghe Formation,and the most favorable targets include the north and east of the Shinan Sag,the middle and south of the Mobei Uplift,Cai-35 well area of the Cainan Oilfield,and North-74 well area of the Zhangbei fault-fold zone.     

Discussion on research advances and hot issues in diagenesis of clastic-rock reservoirs

The research on diagenesis of clastic-rock reservoir is developing rapidly in recent ten years. Thus, it is of great significance in academic and scientific exploration to summarize the domestic and international research progress and the key issues of frontier research on diagenesis. The research progress, main achievement and recognition in diagenesis of clastic-rock reservoirs in recent years is discussed, and the hot issues or developing trend of diagenesis in the future is probed in this paper, on the basis of summarizing the previous research results and understanding, combined with the typical research examples at home and abroad. It is believed that great progress was obtained in provenance and parent rock constraints on sandstone types and their diagenetic evolution pathways, impact of fluid-rock interaction and its product on diagenesis, influence of thermodynamics and overpressure background on diagenesis and pore development, the timing sequence between hydrocarbon accumulation and filling process and the sandstone reservoir becoming low permeability-densification. At present, diagenetic research is developing in direction of the spatial and temporal dynamics and quantitative evolution mechanistic and diagenetic system controlled by the basin fluid dynamics, thermal dynamic processes, combining the micro-scale diagenesis research with the basin macroscopic background such as sedimentation from the source to the basin, burial history, hydrocarbon maturity and charge into reservoirs, tectonic evolution and fluid activity, and fluid and rock interaction.The aim of this paper is to induce the academic peers and experts in diagenesis and the related research fields to come forward with their valuable contributions, to cooperate and work together and joint efforts on the research exquisite, profundity and breadth of diagenesis, and application of the most advanced analytical measurement techniques and methods, as well as integration and infiltration of multidisciplinary, in order to promote the course of the clastic-rock reservoir diagenetic research in China.