毛乌素沙地沙柳灌丛降雨截留与树干茎流特征

通过对毛乌素沙地沙柳灌丛降雨截留量及树干茎流的实验观测,分析了降雨量和降雨强度对沙柳灌丛的降雨截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量的影响,并确定了截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量在降雨分配中的百分数。实验期间降雨总量为136.5 mm,沙柳灌丛的截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量分别为34.0、98.5和4.0 mm,占降雨量的百分比分别为24.9%、72.2%和2.9%。沙柳灌丛的降雨截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量与降雨量和10 min最大雨强之间均呈显著正相关,而截留量、穿透雨量占降雨量的百分比与降雨量之间呈显著的双曲线函数关系。     

降雨特征及小气候对秦岭油松林降雨再分配的影响

为了研究降雨特征及小气候对秦岭天然次生油松林冠层降雨再分配的影响,连续3年观测降雨事件发生时油松林林外降雨、穿透降雨、树干茎流以及降雨特征和小气候因子,进行各因子间的相关性和多元回归分析。结果表明:降雨量级是影响林冠降雨再分配的最主要因素,穿透降雨量与降雨量、降雨量和降雨历时交互项、相对湿度呈正相关,与降雨历时和温度呈负相关。树干茎流量与降雨量、降雨量和温度交互项呈正相关,与温度呈负相关。林冠截留量与降雨量、降雨历时和温度呈正相关,与降雨量和降雨历时、温度的交互项呈负相关。雨前干燥期、风向、风速、蒸发速率、光合有效辐射和净辐射与穿透降雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量均无相关性。     

基于不同郁闭度的青海云杉冠层截留特征研究

祁连山区为石羊河、黑河和疏勒河等内陆河流域的主要水源涵养区域,青海云杉作为祁连山区水源涵养林的主要建群种,对流域尺度的水文过程起到了重要的作用。很多学者对该地区的青海云杉冠层截留特征进行了研究,但是在进行集雨器布设的时候多采用随机或者规则采样方法,两种方法由于没有考虑到冠层结构的影响,所以不易具有很好的代表性。试图采用一种新的布设雨量筒的方法:即根据雨量筒上方冠层的郁闭度来确定雨量筒的布设位置,使其大致能够在郁闭度区间内均匀分布。同时在实验样地内还采用了规则采样方法布设了集雨槽,用来做对比分析。为了得到冠层郁闭度,实验采用遥感图像处理软件ENVI来对普通数码相机采集的冠层图像进行处理。利用数理统计原理和数学模型,对观测期间的34组降雨数据进行了综合分析,并且和规则格网采样的结果进行了对比。结果表明:林内的穿透降雨和郁闭度之间呈现非线性关系;平均林内穿透降雨量随降雨量的增加而增加,二者之间呈现良好的线性关系;在一定的降雨量范围内林冠截留量随降雨量的增加而增加,反之,林冠截留量减少;青海云杉林冠层的总截留降水率为22.2%;根据郁闭度来确定雨量筒的布设位置是可行的。     

森林冠层影响降雪截留过程的研究进展

森林冠层对降雪的截留和冠层截留雪的蒸发/升华、散落释放、融化滴落等过程显著影响了北方森林区域的水文循环,开展森林冠层对降雪截留过程影响的研究对于季节性积雪森林区域的气候变化、森林经营、森林火灾以及植被演替具有重要的科学意义。对当前的森林冠层影响降雪截留过程的观测方法和理论机制进行了深入探讨和总结,并针对现有研究中缺乏林分尺度和水平过程的研究等问题,提出了引入遥感技术等先进的研究方法以及开展多尺度、多过程和多因素的交叉研究是今后研究中的重点方向。     

干旱区融雪径流模拟的研究进展与展望

融雪径流模拟是干旱区水文水资源研究的热点问题,对干旱区春季融雪洪水风险评估和流域水资源管理至关重要。结合文献查询及资料分析,重点讨论了不同类型融雪径流模型的特征和发展情况,比较了不同融雪径流模型在干旱区一些典型河流的应用情况,并对其功能及优缺点进行了评估。结合对目前流域融雪径流模拟研究中存在的问题的分析,提出未来融雪径流模拟要注重提高数据分辨率的观点。借助多源遥感数据驱动获取更为精确的输入数据,在数据获取难度减小、精度提高的基础上山区融雪径流模拟将更多地以基于能量平衡的物理性模拟为主。模型的构建要充分考虑由气候变暖所带来的其它参数的变化,精确描述山区融雪过程,以提高对融雪径流的模拟精度。     

全球维宪阶与谢尔普霍夫阶界线层的生物地层研究进展及展望

牙形刺、有孔虫和菊石是全球维宪阶与谢尔普霍夫阶界线层生物地层研究的重要化石门类。该界线定义及其候选层型剖面目前均未正式确立。详细介绍并讨论以牙形刺或有孔虫作为界线定义的可能方案 ,指出潜在的候选层型剖面存在于南乌拉尔的 Verkhnyaya Kardailovka、北美犹太州中西部的 Chainm an组等 ,我国具有潜在研究价值的剖面有广西忻城里苗剖面、贵州水城滥坝老街水库剖面和罗甸纳水剖面     

前寒武纪地质学研究进展与前景

前寒武纪地质学是地质科学重要分支学科之一,以地球早期演化历史为主要研究对象。近几年我国前寒武纪地层学、前寒武纪构造演化、前寒武纪古生物学和前寒武纪成矿作用等方面的研究取得重要进展。在高精度微区测年技术的支持下,相继建立了鞍山、泰山和五台山等早前寒武纪经典地区的年代格架,推动了华北克拉通早前寒武纪构造格架的研究;中国晚前寒武纪Rodinia超大陆的研究引起了国内外地学界的广泛参与和关注。震旦系陡山沱组古生物研究取得重要突破,明确的年龄和丰富的早期动物化石记录使华南的震旦系成为研究埃迪卡拉时期古环境和生物演化的理想地区。从下马岭组、铁岭组和高于庄组中新获得的锆石U-Pb年龄为华北中元古代地层格架的重新建立提供了重要的年代学制约。尽管我国前寒武纪地质研究取得了重要进展,但目前依然面临着严峻的挑战,人才流失和创新能力不足成为制约学科发展的瓶颈。但是,对我国社会经济发展有重要影响的大宗矿产多与前寒武纪相关,经济快速发展对资源的强烈需求为前寒武纪地质学学科发展提供了新的机遇。     

块状硫化物矿床研究进展评述

最近十余年来,海底块状硫化物矿床的研究在如下方面有新的进展：矿床类型,矿化和蚀变特征,矿石结构－构造和变形－变质,矿床模式和成矿机制,金属和硫的来源,成矿流体的性质和来源,以及现代海盆地中的成矿作用等。     

钾盐矿床中Br的地球化学特征及研究进展

本文概述了Br的地球化学行为及其在钾盐矿床中的应用,重点论述了Br的分配系数和热力学模型的新发展。指出近年来用海相蒸发岩盐中的溴来评价显生宙海水组分变化行为,对于重新认识贫硫酸盐型的钾盐矿床有十分重要的意义。由于大洋中脊热液流体组分改变和海底扩张作用,使古海水组分发生变化,这种作用比碳酸盐白云石化或硫酸镁缺损使古海水组分发生变化更为重要。指出研究老挝贫硫酸盐型钾盐矿床对在我国兰坪一思茅盆地寻找钾盐矿床有重要的指导意义。     

20 Years Advances in Preparation of Potassium Salts from Potassic Rocks: A Review

Long-term research on key techniques of clean utilization of potassic rocks from over twenty localities has been performed to settle the shortage of soluble potassium resources in China. The results show that K-feldspar as the principal mineral enriched in potassium could be decomposed in the media of Ca(OH)2, NaOH, KOH-H2O solution via hydrothermal treatment, into tobermorite, hydroxyl- cancrinite, and kalsilite respectively. By further processing, these compounds are feasible for being as slow-release carrier of potassium nitrate, extracting alumina, and preparing farm-oriented fertilizers of potassium sulphate and nitrate. Correspondingly, the filtrate is KOH, (Na, K)2SiO3, and K2SiO3 solution, from which potassium carbonate, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate could be easily fabricated. As NaOH and KOH are recycled in the processing chains by causticizing sodium and/or potassium metasilicate solutions, the hydrothermal alkaline techniques as developed in this research have several advantages as lower consumption of disposable mineral resources and energy, maximized utilization of potassic mineral resources, as well as clean productions etc. Based on the approaches presented in this paper, the technical system of efficiently utilizing insoluble potassium resources has been established. The hydrothermal alkaline methods are feasible to be industrialized on a large scale, thus resulting in decreasing imports of potash fertilizers, improving the pattern of potassium fertilizer consumption, and enhancing the supplying guarantee of potassium resource in China.     

微生物诱导白云石沉淀研究进展及面临的挑战

白云岩成因机理一直是地质学家们关注的焦点,微生物诱导沉淀白云石模式是对"白云岩问题"的重要补充.一方面,微生物作用能显著改善邻近水体化学条件,形成利于白云石沉淀的微环境;另一方面,微生物及代谢产物为白云石沉淀提供成核位点.两者共同克服低温白云石沉淀的动力学障碍.但对于古老地层而言,判识白云石是否为微生物成因具有难度,目...     

A Review of Studies Dealing with Tree Rings and Rockfall Activity: The Role of Dendrogeomorphology in Natural Hazard Research

Over the last few years, rockfall research has increasingly focused on hazard assessment and risk analysis. Input data on past rockfall activity were gathered from historical archives and lichenometric studies or were obtained through frequency–volume statistics. However, historical records are generally scarce, and lichenometry may only yield data with relatively low resolutions. On forested slopes, in contrast, tree-ring analyses may help, generally providing annual data on past rockfall activity over long periods. It is the purpose of the present literature review to survey the current state of investigations dealing with tree-ring sequences and rockfall activity, with emphasis on the extent to which dendrogeomorphology may contribute to rockfall research. Firstly, a brief introduction describes how dendrogeomorphological methods can contribute to natural hazard research. Secondly, an account is provided of the output of dendrogeomorphological studies investigating frequencies, volumes or spatial distributions of past rockfall activity. The current and potential strengths of dendrogeomorphology are then presented before, finally, the weaknesses of tree rings as natural archives of past rockfall activity are discussed and promising directions for further studies outlined.     

中国沉积学发展战略:沉积地球化学研究现状与展望

沉积地球化学是沉积学的重要研究内容和手段,在认识地球表层系统圈层相互作用和资源环境效应方面发挥着不可替代作用。随着国家科研经费投入的增加,以及地球化学分析测试的平台建设和技术进步,中国沉积地球化学进入快速发展期,在国际上的学术影响力逐渐增强,但是在技术方法与理论的创新、及高质量成果产出等方面,仍有待改进。因此,中国沉积地球化学应加强统筹规划和布局,在战术上重视理论、方法和技术的发展与创新,提升沉积-成岩过程年代的约束能力,重视对地球化学数据的精细提取和模型定量分析;在战略上加强沉积地球化学在大时空尺度的应用与探索,深化对关键地质时期地球环境-生物协同演化,以及沉积矿产和化石能源的形成与演化等重大科学问题的研究。在此基础上,中国沉积地球化学将进一步提升研究水平和国际地位,并有望实现跨越式发展。     

中国泥沙研究述评

我国的泥沙研究取得了巨大成就,是少数几个保持国际领先水平的学科之一。对泥沙学科的特点进行简要说明;介绍了我国泥沙研究取得的代表性重要成果;讨论了泥沙学科未来的发展趋势。     

Advances in Structural Geology and Tectonics in the Late 20th Century： A Review

Based on analyses of the share of documents of structural geology and tectonics in the GeoRef system over 100 years in the last century, and the historical change of international （31 years） and domestic （16 years） document counts of various topics in structural geology and tectonics, the position of structural geology and tectonics in the geosciences is evaluated and the major advaces in fields of plate tectonics, continental dynamics and global dynamics are reviewed. Our attention mainly focuses on the advances in studies of structural analysis, deformation mechanisms and rheology of rocks, contractional tectonics and late- and post-orogenic extensional collapse in orogens, large-scale strikeslip faults and indentation-extrusion tectonics, active tectonics and natural hazards. The relationships of structural geology and tectonics with petrology and geochronology are also discussed in terms of intersection of scientific disciplines. Finally, some suggestions are proposed for the further development of structural geology and tectonics in China.     

Advances and Overview of the Study on Paleo-earthquake Events: A Review of Seismites

The distribution and formation mechanisms of typical identified seismites are analyzed based on various factors from plate tectonic positions, types of sedimentary basins and properties of seismogenic faults to focal mechanisms. Especially, structural styles, reserved positions, activity times, formation mechanisms and dynamics of soft-sediment deformation structures triggered by seismic activity are systematically analyzed. According to the genetic types of seismites, we propose 5 categories, including liquefied deformation, thixotropic deformation, hydroplastic deformation, superimposed gravity driving deformation and brittle deformation. Further, based on the main genetic types, composition of sediments and deformation styles, we draw up 35 secondary classifications. To determine paleo-seismic sequences in different times, activities of seismogenic faults, high-resolution tectonic events in one main tectonic movement and paleo-tectonic settings, and to understand the inducing mechanisms of paleo-earthquakes and ecologic environment evolution, researching on seismites are of great significance. Combing multiple approaches to identify the paleoearthquake records, simulating experiments on various soft-sediment deformation structures triggered by different magnitudes of shocking, dating precisely on paleo-seismic events, impacting on paleogeography and biological environment and on energy and resources domain are the frontiers of paleoseismic research.