基于随机雨型的山洪灾害预警模式

针对雨型随机性所导致山洪灾害预警预报空报、漏报率过高问题,为提升山洪灾害预警精度,依据概率分布传递扩散原理,以雨型特征参数为控制条件,提出了基于参数控制的随机雨型生成法,建立了基于随机雨型的山洪灾害临界雨量计算模型及考虑决策者风险偏好的预警模式。以裴河流域为例,对不同雨型集下的临界雨量进行对比分析,并确定研究区6h临界雨量阈值空间。结果表明:雨峰位置、峰值倍比、前期土壤含水量对临界雨量的影响范围分别为32%~34%、33%~34%、15%~22%;雨型较前期影响雨量对临界雨量影响幅度更大;由雨峰位置系数和峰值倍比(r,bmax)双因子雨型集所确定的6h临界雨量阈值空间为98~185mm;考虑决策者不同风险偏好的临界雨量预警模式合理可靠,对更合理地开展山洪灾害预警工作具有指导意义。     

基于 SVR 的无实测资料小流域山洪灾害 临界雨量预估模型及应用 -以河南新县为例

山洪灾害是我国防灾减灾工作中亟待解决的突出问题,临界雨量是山洪灾害预警预报的重要指标,传统的临界雨量计算方法各有所长,对资料的要求各不相同,但对于无实测资料小流域防灾对象临界雨量计算的研究却寥寥无几(这里无实测资料指的是既没有雨量、洪峰资料也无野外断面调查资料)。鉴于此,基于支持向量机回归拟合算法(SVR),应用比拟法建立模型,对无资料小流域山洪灾害临界雨量进行推求。结果表明:(1)SVR模型具有很好的泛化性,预测精度高、误差小,结果较优;(2)利用SVR模型预估的临界雨量值与真实值偏差小,可以作为山洪灾害预警预报指标,为当地决策部门提供参考。     

基于Fisher判别算法的山洪灾害临界雨量指标计算

根据临界雨量指标的概念,将模式识别算法引入临界雨量计算中,提出了基于Fisher判别算法的临界雨量计算方法.首先确定特征时段,基于长系列山洪灾情记录将降雨数据分成成灾和非成灾两类,并分别统计特征时段雨量、计算其前期有效降雨,构建山洪灾害各特征时段雨量与前期有效降雨状态空间;建立基于Fisher判别算法的不同特征时段雨量...     

山洪危害区雨量预警指标计算方法探讨

降雨量分为预警雨量和转移雨量,在山洪灾害重点区域对雨量预警指标的计算尤为重要,正确计算不同降雨预警指标,掌握好预警信号的发布时机是预测山洪灾害的关键所在。本文针对山洪预警的不同时段,对预警指标计算的基本理论和难点进行分析,认为在计算过程中要以设计暴雨与设计洪水同频作为假设,根据不同区域实际情况采用洪峰模比系数地区综合频率曲线法和地区综合经验公式法进行计算,根据研究可以发现,洪峰流量面积指数法与地区综合经验公式法推求出的预警指标比较接近,计算结果可为保护山洪危害区人民群众生命财产安全提供基础依据。     

山洪灾害雨量预警指标影响因素敏感性分析

选取山洪灾害雨量预警指标计算过程中涉及的前期影响雨量、糙率、水面比降、汇流参数、降雨损失参数等5个主要参数,分别采用趋势法和灰色关联法分析各参数的敏感性。以河南省栾川县北沟河小流域为实例进行应用分析,结果表明影响雨量预警指标的各参数敏感性大小依次为糙率、水面比降、前期影响雨量、降雨损失参数、汇流参数。提出在山洪灾害雨量预警指标计算中,应重点分析糙率的取值,对提高山洪灾害预警指标精准度有重要意义。     

基于不同雨型的裴河小流域山洪灾害临界雨量分析

临界雨量是山洪灾害预警的重要指标,为分析小流域雨型对临界雨量的影响,首先对流域降雨过程按照雨峰出现位置的不同进行归类和划分,定性分析流域常出现的各种典型雨型;在此基础上,采用PilgrimCordery法定量确定流域各种典型雨型的时程分配,并通过试算法计算其相应的临界雨量;利用流域近期发生的成灾洪水,采用临界雨量偏离度指标进一步分析论证雨型对临界雨量的影响。以河南省新县裴河典型小流域为实例进行应用研究,结果表明:设计雨型不能完全代表该流域的降雨类型,其属于雨峰偏后式雨型,由此确定的临界雨量与该流域常出现的雨峰偏前式雨型临界雨量相差33%,与多峰雨型临界雨量差异较大,相差43%。实时预警时,根据实时雨型类型,采用相应的临界雨量,可以提高山洪灾害预警预报水平。     

乡宁县山洪灾害防治非工程措施雨量预警指标的确定

山洪灾害来势凶猛、预见期短、破坏性大,如何获得较长的预见期,最大程度减小洪灾损失十分重要。雨量预警指标也可叫临界雨量(强)就是解决山洪灾害预报、增加洪灾预见期的基础指标。通过对乡宁县地质、地貌、历史洪灾、暴雨等资料的分析整理,采用水利部规定的计算方法,结合乡宁县现状实际,确定了全县21处小流域山洪灾害防治雨量预警指标,为今后山洪灾害防治群策群防提供科学决策依据。     

基于半分布式水文模型的小流域山洪临界雨量指标计算

基于半分布式水文模型的山丘区小流域防灾对象的雨量预警指标计算方法,首先采用NAM建立小流域半分布式水文模型,结合场次暴雨洪水数据分别对模型进行率定;根据沿河居民户与河道的空间分布信息,建立洪水水面线-沿线居民户高程判定模型,定位防洪能力最薄弱的居民户,确定成灾水位,以水位流量反推法推算防灾对象的成灾流量;采用模型试算法计算临界雨量。以南高而、柳埠东两个小流域为应用实例计算其临界雨量,并采用1995～2014年的75场降雨为验证数据系列,将计算的雨量预警指标与实际灾情对应的雨量记录进行对比验证。结果表明:该方法计算的临界雨量准确率在80%以上,能较好地应用于山洪灾害预警。     

北京市门头沟区泥石流灾害分布及临界雨量研究

泥石流的发生受各种因素共同影响,确定泥石流临界雨量是突发地质灾害预警预报工作的一项重要内容,探索新方法用于泥石流临界雨量计算也是目前突发地质灾害预警预报工作的需求。本文分析了门头沟区泥石流灾害分布特征和影响因素,在前期研究基础上,以灾害频率与降雨频率分析方法计算了不同时间段泥石流临界雨量阈值,结果显示:门头沟区特殊的地质条件构成了泥石流形成的物源与地形基础,降雨是泥石流的激发因素,根据泥石流发生时的历史雨量监测数据,计算得出的临界雨量值均小于历史雨量监测数据。本研究推荐的门头沟区泥石流不同时间段临界雨量阈值可用于北京市泥石流灾害预警预报工作,研究结果可为北京市泥石流灾害预警预报工作提供科技支撑。     

浙江省小流域山洪灾害临界雨量确定方法分析

小流域山洪灾害具有突发性,预测预警难度较大.本文结合浙江省小流域山洪灾害防御的实践经验,研究提出了以水位反推法计算临界雨量,简单实用,具有较好的实践价值和推广意义.     

Rainfall threshold determination for flash flood warning in mountainous catchments with consideration of antecedent soil moisture and rainfall pattern

Flash flood disaster is a prominent issue threatening public safety and social development throughout the world, especially in mountainous regions. Rainfall threshold is a widely accepted alternative to hydrological forecasting for flash flood warning due to the short response time and limited observations of flash flood events. However, determination of rainfall threshold is still very complicated due to multiple impact factors, particular for antecedent soil moisture and rainfall patterns. In this study, hydrological simulation approach (i.e., China Flash Flood-Hydrological Modeling System: CNFF-HMS) was adopted to capture the flash flood processes. Multiple scenarios were further designed with consideration of antecedent soil moisture and rainfall temporal patterns to determine the possible assemble of rainfall thresholds by driving the CNFF-HMS. Moreover, their effects on rainfall thresholds were investigated. Three mountainous catchments (Zhong, Balisi and Yu villages) in southern China were selected for case study. Results showed that the model performance of CNFF-HMS was very satisfactory for flash flood simulations in all these catchments, especially for multimodal flood events. Specifically, the relative errors of runoff and peak flow were within?±?20%, the error of time to peak flow was within?±?2 h and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency was greater than 0.90 for over 90% of the flash flood events. The rainfall thresholds varied between 93 and 334 mm at Zhong village, between 77 and 246 mm at Balisi village and between 111 and 420 mm at Yu village. Both antecedent soil moistures and rainfall temporal pattern significantly affected the variations of rainfall threshold. Rainfall threshold decreased by 8–38 and 0–42% as soil saturation increased from 0.20 to 0.50 and from 0.20 to 0.80, respectively. The effect of rainfall threshold was the minimum for the decreasing hyetograph (advanced pattern) and the maximum for the increasing hyetograph (delayed pattern), while it was similar for the design hyetograph and triangular hyetograph (intermediate patterns). Moreover, rainfall thresholds with short time spans were more suitable for early flood warning, especially in small rural catchments with humid climatic characteristics. This study was expected to provide insights into flash flood disaster forecasting and early warning in mountainous regions, and scientific references for the implementation of flash flood disaster prevention in China.     

A review of advances in China’s flash flood early-warning system

This paper summarizes the main flash flood early-warning systems of America, Europe, Japan, and Taiwan China and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The latest development in flash flood prevention is also presented. China’s flash flood prevention system involves three stages. Herein, the warning methods and achievements in the first two stages are introduced in detail. Based on the worldwide experience of flash flood early-warning systems, the general research idea of the third stage is proposed from the viewpoint of requirements for flash flood prevention and construction progress of the next stage in China. Real-time dynamic warning systems can be applied to the early-warning platform at four levels (central level, provincial level, municipal level, and county level) . Through this, soil moisture, peak flow, and water level can be calculated in real-time using distributed hydrological models, and then flash flood warning indexes can be computed based on defined thresholds of runoff and water level. A compound warning index (CWI) can be applied to regions where rainfall and water level are measured by simple equipment. In this manner, flash-flood-related factors such as rainfall intensity and antecedent and cumulative rainfall depths can be determined using the CWI method. The proposed methodology for the third stage could support flash flood prevention measures in the 13th 5-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (2016–2020). The research achievements will serve as a guidance for flash flood monitoring and warning as well as flood warning in medium and small rivers.     

汶川震区暴雨泥石流发生的降雨阈值

搜集了汶川震区暴雨泥石流发生的降雨数据,采用詹氏法和修正法两种雨场分割法对其进行处理,研究了降雨参数（降雨强度、累积雨量和降雨历时）与泥石流发生之间的关系,建立了汶川震区暴雨泥石流发生的降雨阈值模型。结果表明:采用詹氏法和修正法这两种雨场分割方法所获得的降雨参数之间存在差异。两者的累积雨量差异不大,但后者的平均雨强要小于前者,其原因在于修正法改善了詹氏法估计降雨时间过短的缺点,延长了降雨历时。通过分析平均雨强~历时、累积雨量~历时、标准化平均雨强~历时和标准化累积雨量~历时之间的关系,采用单线法建立了汶川震区暴雨泥石流发生的降雨阈值。研究成果在四川省绵竹市清平乡的泥石流灾害事件中进行了应用与验证,结果表明该方法具有合理性和可行性。     

Rainfall thresholds for flood triggering. The case of Marathonas in Greece

Basins across Mediterranean coast are often subject to rapid inundation phenomena caused by intense rainfall events. In this flash flooding regime, common practices for risk mitigation involve hydraulic modeling, geomorphic, and hydrologic analysis. However, apart from examining the intrinsic characteristics of a basin, realistic flood hazard assessment requires good understanding of the role of climatic forcing. In this work, peak rainfall intensities, total storm accumulation, average intensity, and antecedent moisture conditions of the 52 most important storms in record, during the period from 1993 to 2008, in northeast Attica, in Greece, are examined to investigate whether there is a correlation between specific rainfall conditions and flood triggering in the area. For this purpose, precipitation data from a network of five rain gauges installed across the study area were collected and analyzed. Storms totals, average intensity, antecedent moisture conditions, and peak intensities variations were calculated and compared with local flooding history. Results showed that among these rainfall measures, only peak storm intensity presents a significant correlation with flood triggering, and a rainfall threshold above which flooding becomes highly probable can be defined.     

Karst flash flooding in a Mediterranean karst, the example of Fontaine de Nîmes

Karst flash flooding, identified as one of the hazards in karst terrains, is directly linked to the structure and hydraulic properties of karst aquifers. Due to the characteristics of flow within karst aquifers, characterized by a dual flow – diffuse flow within fissured limestone and conduit flow within karst conduits networks – flash flooding may be important in volume and dynamics. Such phenomenon may cause serious damages including loss of lives, as it occurred on 3rd October 1988 in Nîmes (Gard, South France). Flash floods there have been considered to be the result of very intensive rainfall events conjugated to runoff due to the geomorphologic context of the city located down hill. However, preliminary results of recent studies of the hydrologic behaviour of groundwater and surface water for a specific event (September 2005) show that the karst plays an important role in the flood genesis. The main characteristics of the Nîmes karst system leading to karst flash flooding are presented in this paper. A methodology comprising modelling of the karst system allowed proposing simple warning thresholds for various part of the karst (water level threshold for the karst conduits and cumulative rainfall threshold for the overflowing fissured karst). These thresholds can be included in the flash flood warning system of the Nîmes city.     

考虑前期降雨的边坡稳定降雨阈值曲面

在经验性降雨阈值和边坡稳定性数值分析两大类研究的基础上,考虑了降雨入渗和非饱和土性质,使用岩土有限元软件Plaxis高级模式对滑坡预警降雨阈值进行研究分析。算例表明,将降雨量在降雨时间范围内分成2段后,得到的边坡稳定性变化与实际情况更接近,重新定义前期降雨为在给定初始条件下引起边坡最危险滑裂面到坡面之间土体吸力分布发生变化的降雨。前期降雨时长与潜在滑裂面最大深度成正比,与饱和渗透系数成反比。将前期降雨量引入到降雨强度—持时曲线中作为第三个空间坐标轴,将该曲线拓展为前期降雨量-降雨强度-持时曲面。通过一基岩型边坡算例展示了阈值曲面的建立方法,并通过与模型试验数据的对比验证了其可靠性。     

Application and Verification of Joint Probability Method in Potential Forecast for Severe Convective Weather in Anhui Province

In consideration of large uncertainties in severe convective weather forecast, ensemble forecasting is a dynamic method developed to quantitatively estimate forecast uncertainty. Based on ensemble output, joint probability is a post-processing method to delineate key areas where weather event may actually occur by taking account of the uncertainty of several important physical parameters. An investigation of the environments of little rainfall convection and strong rainfall convection from April to September (warm season) during 2009-2015 was presented using daily disastrous weather data, precipitation data of 80 stations in Anhui province and NCEP Final Analysis (FNL) data. Through ingredients-based forecasting methodology and statistical analysis,four convective parameters characterizing two types of convection were obtained, respectively, which were used to establish joint probability forecasting together with their corresponding thresholds. Using the ECMWF ensemble forecast and observations from April to September during 2016-2017, systematic verification mainly based on ROC and case study of different weather processes were conducted. The results demonstrate that joint probability method is capable of discriminating little rainfall convection and non-convection with comparable performance for different lead times, which is more favorable to identifying the occurrence of strong rainfall convection. The joint probability of little rainfall convection is a good indication for the occurrence of regional or local convection, but may produce some false alarms. The joint probability of strong rainfall convection is good at indicating regional concentrated short-term heavy precipitation as well as local heavy rainfall. There are also individual missing reports in this method, and in practice, 10% can be roughly used as joint probability threshold to achieve relative high TS score. Overall, ensemble-based joint probability method can provide practical short-term probabilistic guidance for severe convective weather.     

北京山区泥石流预警阈值初步研究

泥石流预警阈值,是突发地质灾害防灾减灾的重要参考指标。本文结合北京山区泥石流灾害特点和已有降雨阈值研究成果,一方面在泥石流沟易发性、物源和危害人数进行分级的基础上,提出不同级别沟谷在不同前期降雨条件下,不同发灾概率的激发雨量,极大地方便了中短期预警实际工作;另一方面将泥石流流域降雨量、土壤含水率、次声、泥位4个参数,作为泥石流短临灾害预警关键物理参数,开展了泥石流专业监测设备预警阈值研究。最终,从技术层面上构建不同时间维度的泥石流监测预警阈值体系,为北京山区泥石流监测预警提供技术支持。     

北京市泥石流易发区降雨预警阈值研究

泥石流灾害合理的雨量预警阈值不仅与历史泥石流灾害发生时的降雨量有关,且与研究区域的气候、地形地貌、地质、植被等密切相关。论文采用雨场分割法和GIS技术研究了影响泥石流启动的降雨和地质背景两大因素,在对北京市泥石流灾害易发分区的基础上,结合北京地区已发生的82起泥石流的易发性分区和雨量值,提出了不同泥石流易发等级条件下的雨量预警阈值。研究成果已经在2015年7月17日北京房山区西区沟泥石流预警中成功应用,为泥石流区域预警预报提供了一种新的思路。