单粒组密砂剪切带的直剪试验离散元数值分析

为分析砂土的剪切力学特性,采用离散元商业软件PFC2D对单粒组密砂在直剪试验中出现的剪切带进行了数值分析。改进传统的分条带观察方式,采用矩形格分割法观察试样内部不同区域的变形特性。对离散元商业软件进行了二次开发,实现了大小主应力及其应力主方向角的可视化,分析了试样内部的应力偏转情况。同时,以纯转动率和颗粒速度等微观变量为中心,观察了试样内部颗粒的运动状态,解析了直剪试验中砂土剪切带形成的微观机制。研究表明,直剪试验中应变局部化区域集中在剪切面附近的一个条带内。通过转动场和速度场的分析可知,剪切带宽度约为10～15倍的砂土平均粒径,带内颗粒转动明显,带边缘出现大的速度和转动变化梯度。对组构和接触力分布的分析可知,剪切过程中粒间接触点和接触力的主轴方向发生了相一致的偏转,偏转后的主轴方向为60°左右。     

基于图像相关分析的土体剪切带识别方法

提出了一种基于数字照相量测和图像相关性分析技术的土体剪切带识别方法。首先,在模型试验中,用数码相机采集土体全程变形图像序列;接着,在图像全局观测范围内粗略搜索到剪切带发生的大致区域;然后,布置跨越剪切区域的多对测点线,进行局部范围精密搜索,识别出剪切带的准确位置与形状, 并确定剪切带的边界点。与在模型上描画网格线等传统方法相比,该法操作简单,量测准确,适用于模型试验中岩土材料的剪切带识别及其厚度、倾角、带内变形和演变过程等特性的试验研究;最后,给出了一个大型砂土剪切试验中的应用实例。结果表明,基于图像相关分析的识别土体剪切带的方法是可行而有效的。     

Non‐coaxial elasto‐plasticity model and bifurcation prediction of shear banding in sands

Numerous constitutive models built on coaxial theory and validated under axi‐symmetric condition often describe the stress–stain relationships and predict the inceptions of shear banding in sands inaccurately under true triaxial condition. By adopting an elaborated Mohr–Coulomb yield function and using non‐coaxial non‐associated flow rule, a 3D non‐coaxial elasto‐plasticity model is proposed and validated by a series of true triaxial tests on loose sands. The bifurcation analysis of true triaxial tests on dense sands predicts the influence of the intermediate principal stress ratio on the onset of shear band accurately. The failure of soils is shown to be related to the formation of shear band under most intermediate principal stress ratio conditions except for those which are close to the axi‐symmetric compression condition. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粘性土局部化剪切带变形的机理研究

根据上海典型粘性土的平面应变不排水压缩试验,观察了剪切带的形成和发展过程,并结合有限元数值模拟再现剪切带的形成过程,对剪切带形成机理作了探讨。     

A simulation study of microstructure evolution inside the shear band in biaxial compression test

We study the development of microstructure inside the shear band in granular media consisting of elliptical‐shaped particles. Plane strain biaxial compression test was simulated using two‐dimensional distinct element method. The generation of large voids and concentration of excessive particle rotation inside a shear band are found in a quite similar manner to those observed in natural soils. Evolution of the microstructure inside and outside the shear band is studied. The magnitude and direction of particle rotation inside the shear band is influenced by orientation of long axes of elliptical particles. Because of such particle rotations inside the shear band, the preferred alignment of particles becomes horizontal in the residual state, which results in a more anisotropic contact normal distribution oriented along the major principal stress axis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Micromechanical analysis of failure propagation in frictional granular materials

The extent to which the evolution of instabilities and failure across multiple length scales can be reproduced with the aid of a bifurcation analysis is examined. We adopt an elastoplastic micropolar constitutive model, recently developed for dense cohesionless granular materials within the framework of thermomicromechanics. The internal variables and their evolution laws are conceived from a direct consideration of the dissipative mechanism of force chain buckling. The resulting constitutive law is cast entirely in terms of the particle scale properties. It thus presents a unique opportunity to test the potential of micromechanical continuum formulations to reproduce key stages in the deformation history: the development of material instabilities and failure following an initially homogeneous deformation. Progression of failure, initiating from frictional sliding and rolling at contacts, followed by the buckling of force chains, through to macroscopic strain softening and shear banding, is reproduced. Bifurcation point, marking the onset of shear banding, occurred shortly after the peak stress ratio. A wide range of material parameters was examined to show the effect of particle scale properties on the progression of failure. Model predictions on the thickness and angle of inclination of the shear band and the structural evolution inside the band, namely the latitudinal distribution of particle rotations and the angular distributions of contacts and the normal contact forces, are consistent with observations from numerical simulations and experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

循环单剪下珊瑚钙质砂和普通硅质砂剪切特性对比研究

对普通硅质砂和西沙群岛珊瑚钙质砂开展多级正应力下循环单剪试验,对比多循环周期下两种砂土剪切性质和颗粒破碎的差异。研究发现,两种砂样在循环剪切下体积变化都比较微弱,剪切过程中存在阶段性剪胀,使得试样的轴向位移呈波动变化;循环单剪下剪应力峰值包络线可以用联合型指数函数表达;剪应力随循环周期变化分为同步阶段和差异阶段,两个阶段转变节点对应的循环周期数随着正应力的增大而迅速减小;同步增长阶段珊瑚钙质砂和普通硅质砂的剪应力变化一致,在差异阶段普通硅质砂的剪应力要高出珊瑚钙质砂。两种砂剪应力差异程度随试验正应力不同而变化,普通硅质砂剪应力最大可高出珊瑚钙质砂14.7%;珊瑚钙质砂和普通硅质砂的颗粒破碎存在明显差异,珊瑚钙质砂全粒径范围内颗粒破碎分布更均衡,普通硅质砂在特定粒径区间内出现了剧烈的颗粒破碎,颗粒级配曲线存在明显拐点。普通硅质砂和珊瑚钙质砂滞回曲线的形状及随循环次数的变化规律有显著差异,是两种砂样剪切性质不同的重要体现。     

剪切带图案的复杂性及应力-应变曲线的离散性

在平面应变压缩条件下,通过在岩样左边界靠近下端面的位置及右边界的不同位置预制材料缺陷,采用拉格朗日元法研究了材料缺陷位置不同时的剪切带图案启动、演变及试样的宏观力学行为。在数值计算中,采用了莫尔-库仑与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,峰后岩石的本构关系为线性应变软化。当试样左、右边界上的缺陷距离较远时,剪切带仅出现1条,以通过两缺陷形式贯通试样两边界;当两缺陷距离较近时,启动于缺陷附近的剪切带按各自其固有方向发展,剪切带图案十分复杂。当右缺陷距离试样上端面较近时,由于上端面的约束,仅位于缺陷下方的剪切带能得到充分的发展。若剪切带数量较少且贯通试样两边界时,试样发生脆性剪切破坏,应力-变形曲线软化段比较陡峭;反之,发生韧性剪切破坏,软化段比较平缓。当剪切带的前端迎面遇到试样上、下端面附近的上、下三角形区域时,由于端面的约束,剪切带的方向将改变。当剪切带的前端与试样的纵向对称线距离较近时,剪切带发生折射现象;当距离较远时,剪切带将发生反射现象。     

Finite strain analysis of nonuniform deformation inside shear bands in sands

A methodology has been developed to extend the incremental (Eulerian) Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique to enable a Lagrangian‐based large‐strain analysis framework to examine the nature of strain and kinematic nonuniformity within shear bands in sands. Plane strain compression tests are performed on dense sands in an apparatus that promotes unconstrained persistent shear band formation. DIC is used to capture incremental, grain‐scale displacements in and around shear bands. The performance of the developed accumulation algorithm is validated by comparing accumulated displacements with two sources of reference measurements. A comparison between large and infinitesimal rotation is performed, demonstrating the nature of straining within shear bands in sands and the necessity of using a finite strain formulation to characterize ensuing behavior. Volumetric strain variation along the shear band is analyzed throughout macroscopic postpeak deformation. During softening, volumetric activity within the shear band is purely dilative. During the global critical state, the shear band material is seen on the average to deform at zero volumetric strain; however, locally, the sand is seen to exhibit significant nonzero volumetric strain, putting into question the current definition of critical state. At the softening‐critical state transition, a spatially periodic pattern of alternating contraction and dilation along the shear band is evidenced, and a preliminary evaluation indicates that the periodicity appears to be a physical phenomenon dictated only in part by median grain size. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

主应力轴旋转对剪切带形成的影响分析

软土的剪切带形成对于研究土的工程性质、土体稳定性评价有重要的意义。 采用可以考虑主应力轴旋转影响的土的弹塑性本构模型———关口-太田模型, 分析主应力轴旋转对剪切带形成的影响, 得出最可能发生局部剪切变形的方向同主应力轴的旋转角有关, 但主轴旋转对激发变形局部化失稳的影响不大的结论。     

Elasto‐plastic model for cement‐treated sand

This paper presents an elasto‐plastic model for non‐linear analyses of cement‐treated sand. Various laboratory tests were systematically carried out to investigate the pre‐peak and post‐peak behaviours of a cement‐treated sand. On the basis of these experimental results, the new model was built within the framework of a relatively simple elasto‐plastic theory. Two failure criteria are employed to express tensile and shear failure characteristics observed in the experimental results of the cement‐treated sand. The proposed model can describe strain‐hardening and strain‐softening responses under both failure modes. In the strain‐softening rules, the smeared crack concept is used, and a characteristic length is considered to avoid the issue of mesh‐size dependency. Since the failure criterion and strain‐hardening/softening rules are based on the experimental evidences, the model is relatively easy to understand and the parameters used in the model have clear physical meaning. The proposed model was applied to simulate the behaviour of cement‐treated sand in various laboratory tests, allowing for a reasonable comprehensive evaluation. It was demonstrated that the proposed model is suitable for describing both the tensile and shear failure behaviours of cement‐treated sand. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土工格栅加筋砂土的变形与破坏机理解析

利用可考虑局部破坏的非线性弹塑性有限元，对无加筋和加筋砂土的平面应变压缩试验结果进行了从小变形到破坏的全过程数值解析。加筋砂土试验体用土工格栅分6层和11层进行加筋加固。将等价二维有限元解析所得到的解析结果与试验得到的实测值进行了较为伞面的比较，结果表明：合理的二维非线性弹塑性有限元解析，不仅可以较为精确的模拟加筋砂土的平均心力-应变特性，而且还可以全面地调查试验体的局部应力-应变分布以及剪切破坏发生状况，从而，对加筋砂土的变彤破坏以及加筋材的加州机理有一个更加全面合理的认识。     

Propagation of a shear band in sandstone

Closed‐loop, servo‐controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the development of a shear band in Berea sandstone at various confining pressures. The tests were performed with the University of Minnesota Plane‐Strain Apparatus, which was designed to allow the shear band to develop in an unrestricted manner. Measured load and displacements provided estimates of the stress and deformation states whereby dilatancy and friction were evaluated prior to localization. Experiments were stopped at various stages of shear‐band development within the strain‐softening regime. The specimens displayed a progression of deformation from inception, where the shear band was characterized by a high density of intragranular microcracks and crushed grains, to the tip where the intragranular microcracks were significantly less dense and separated by intact grains. Decreased slip deformation towards the tip of the shear band indicated that localization developed and propagated in plane. Thin‐section microscopy showed porosity increase within the shear band was 3–4 grain diameters wide. Increased porosity did not extend beyond the tip of the shear band. A cohesive zone model of shear fracture, used to examine the stress field near the tip, showed similarities to principal compressive stress orientations interpreted from intragranular microcracks. Thus, propagation of the shear band could be associated with in‐plane mode II fracture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical investigations of shear localization in a micro‐polar hypoplastic material

In this paper a micro‐polar continuum approach is proposed to model the essential properties of cohesionless granular materials like sand. The model takes into account the influence of particle rotations, the mean grain size, the void ratio, the stresses and couple stresses. The constitutive equations for the stresses and couple stresses are incrementally non‐linear and based on the concept of hypoplasticity. For plane strain problems the implementation of the model in a finite element program is described. Numerical studies of the evolution of micro‐polar effects within a granular strip under plane shearing are presented. It is shown that the location and evolution of shear localization is strongly influenced by the initial state and the micro‐polar boundary conditions. For large shearing the state quantities tend towards a stationary state for which a certain coupling between the norm of the stress deviator and the norm of the couple stress tensor can be derived. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

直剪剪切速率对钙质砂强度及变形特征的影响

为深入研究剪切速率对钙质砂强度和变形特征的影响,对钙质干砂进行不同剪切速率条件下的直剪试验。研究结果表明,随剪切速率从0.1 mm/min增至2.4 mm/min时钙质砂抗剪强度先减小后增大,其内摩擦角亦呈现出先减小后增大趋势,临界剪切速率为1.6 mm/min;低法向应力条件下钙质砂试样随剪切速率的增加更易于呈现剪胀现象,高法向应力条件下剪切速率从0.1 mm/min增长至1.6 mm/min时试样整体剪缩量逐渐减小;当剪切速率继续从1.6 mm/min增长至2.4 mm/min时试样最大剪缩量逐渐增加;不同法向应力水平条件下钙质砂加载速率效应的细观机制不同,较低应力水平条件下钙质砂加载速率效应主要由试样内部颗粒错动、换位、重新排列引起,在较高应力水平条件下钙质砂加载速率效应主要由颗粒破碎引起。     

超固结粘土的剪切带数值模拟

基于中井的子负荷面本构关系模型,采用高精度的隐式应力积分算法,研究了平面应变试验中超固结粘土试样的变形局部化问题。模拟了不同的加载速度和边界约束条件,得到了超固结比为8的藤森粘土土体内部明显可见的X型剪切带和单一型剪切带。结果表明：土体的剪胀特性、孔隙水在土体内的移动规律以及边界约束条件对剪切带的形成和发展起着控制作用。     

减围压平面应变压缩试验条件下丰浦砂中剪切带特性研究

不同于常规土体单元试验中恒定围压的应力路径,进行了减围压（卸载）应力路径下丰浦砂的平面应变压缩试验,研究了初始围压和初始相对密度对砂土的剪切强度和剪切带特性的影响。结合二维数字图像（DIC）相关方法,分析剪切带的形成过程,对剪切带的厚度和倾角及其影响因素进行定量地分析。研究结果表明,剪切带形成于峰值剪切强度之前;对于密实丰浦砂试样,随着围压的增加,其剪切强度(最大有效主应力比)减小且峰值强度出现越晚,剪切带厚度减小而剪切带倾角变化不大;丰浦砂试样的相对密度越高,剪切强度越大且峰值强度出现越早,剪切带厚度越小而剪切带倾角越高。此外,基于峰值内摩擦角的Coulomb公式可以较好地预测平面应变试验条件下丰浦砂的最大剪切带倾角。     

钙质砂抗剪强度特性的环剪试验

珊瑚礁沉积的钙质砂与石英砂的物理力学性质有较大差别。对取自南海岛礁的钙质砂进行了单次往返环剪试验以分析钙质砂的抗剪强度特性,试验中考虑了相对密实度和竖向应力对结果的影响,并与相同级配和试验条件下的石英砂进行对比分析。结果表明：钙质砂正向剪切时应力-位移曲线为软化型,具有明显的残余强度特性,而反向剪切时则表现为硬化型,正向和反向剪切强度基本一致;石英砂正向剪切和反向剪切均表现为软化型。钙质砂正向剪切和反向剪切残余强度与峰值强度的比值在0.75～0.93之间;石英砂正向剪切和反向剪切残余强度与对应峰值强度的比值在0.89～0.96之间。相同级配和试验条件下,钙质砂残余强度均大于石英砂,且强度比值基本保持在1.05～1.3之间。在100、200 kPa竖向荷载作用下,钙质砂0.5～2.0 mm的颗粒发生了破碎,破碎率分别为4%和6%。     

高应力下剪切速率对砂土抗剪强度影响研究

应用DRS-1型高压直剪仪,进行了16组法向应力水平、5种剪切速率条件下福建标准砂的抗剪强度试验,试验结果表明,高应力下砂土的抗剪强度受法向应力和剪切速率的共同影响。法向应力和剪切速率通过影响颗粒破碎和颗粒重排列程度等试样的细观参数,决定了砂土宏观上抗剪强度的发挥。当法向应力较小时,砂土抗剪强度与剪切速率基本无关;但是当法向应力较大时,较快剪切速率条件下的砂土抗剪强度变小,且其摩尔强度包线出现了“下弯-上扬”循环波动,因此不可以忽略剪切速率对砂土抗剪强度的影响。     

基于数字图像测量技术的砂土剪切带分析

在进行土工试验时,土样端部摩擦效应和初始缺陷都可以引起试样的不均匀变形,进而形成宏观的剪切带。基于数字图像测量技术改进了GDS多功能三轴仪,进行砂土的固结排水三轴试验,获得了试样在不同时刻的应变等值线云图和局部应力-应变全曲线,研究了试样端部的摩擦效应。结果表明,端部摩擦显著地影响试样的力学特性,对径向应变的影响可达10%。通过在砂土试样中放置粉质黏土块的方法获得了宏观不均匀土样,并测试其剪切带的形成过程。测试结果表明,试样在两种材料的界面处形成不连续刚度,引起变形的不均匀发展,进而形成宏观的剪切带而破坏。