A new approach to plane failure of rock slope stability based on water flow velocity in discontinuities for the Latian dam reservoir landslide

The stability of slopes is always of great concern in the field of rock engineering. The geometry and orientation of pre-existing discontinuities show a larger impact on the behavior of slopes that is often used to describe the measurement of the steepness, incline, gradient, or grade of a straight line. One of the structurally controlled modes of failure in jointed rock slopes is plane failure. There are numerous analytical methods for the rock slope stability including limit equilibrium, stress analysis and stereographic methods. The limiting equilibrium methods for slopes under various conditions against plane failure have been previously proposed by several investigators. However, these methods do not involve water pressure on sliding surfaces assessments due to water velocity and have not yet been validated by case study results. This paper has tried to explore the effects of forces due to water pressure on discontinuity surfaces in plane failure through applying the improved equations. It has studied the effect of water flow velocity on sliding surfaces in safety factor, as well. New equations for considering water velocity (fluid dynamics) are presented. To check the validity of the suggested equations, safety factor for a case study has been determined. Results show that velocity of water flow had significant effect on the amount of safety factor. Also, the suggested equations have higher validity rate compared to the current equations.     

Deformation and failure mechanism of Yanjiao rock slope influenced by rainfall and water level fluctuation of the Xiluodu hydropower station reservoir

With the construction of the Xiluodu hydropower station on the Jinsha River, the reservoir impoundment began in 2013 and the water level fluctuates annually between 540 m and 600 m above sea level. The Yanjiao rock slope which is located on the left bank of the Jinsha River 75 km upstream of the Xiluodu dam site, began to deform in 2014. The potential failure of the slope not only threatens Yanjiao town but also affects the safe operation of the Xiluodu reservoir. This paper is to find the facto...     

基于CT扫描技术的低渗油藏水敏效应后微观孔隙结构特征

为了研究水敏效应对低渗油藏微观孔隙结构特征的影响,将CT在线扫描技术和岩心驱替实验相结合,开展了低渗油藏不同渗透率岩心水敏性评价实验,对水敏过程中孔、喉半径分布特征、配位数、孔隙变化特征、物性参数变化及对储层渗流能力的影响进行了实验研究,并绘制了水敏前后极限注采井距对比图版。结果表明,随着渗透率降低,水敏效应对孔隙、喉道伤害程度越大、平均孔喉配位数减少越多。两者共同作用是造成储层启动压力梯度增加的主要原因;水敏效应对储层喉道伤害程度远大于对孔隙伤害程度;水敏效应造成黏土膨胀、颗粒运移几乎发生在所有孔隙中,但对岩心整体孔隙结构和分布特征影响不大。通过极限注采井距可知,水敏效应造成新沟嘴组低渗油藏极限注采井距减少了153 m,需要通过加密井来调整注采井距,改善注水波及范围。该研究结果对长期注水的水敏性低渗储层开发调整具有现场指导意义。     

Influence of different soil properties on the failure behavior of deposit slope under earthquake after rainfall

In this study, the influence of soil properties on the failure behavior and mechanism of slope under earthquake after rainfall was studied with shaking table test in the laboratory, in which the failure process of slope and instant responses of water content and pore water pressure were tested. Based on the principle of similarity, a model test was designed. The experimental results showed that soil properties exhibit significant influence on failure mode and failure mechanism of slope. Local fl...     

A THREE-LAYER OCEAN CIRCULATION MODEL APPLICATION TO NUMERICAL STUDIES ON THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN CIRCULATION

The formulation and justification of a three-layer baroclinic ocean model developed to simulate thegeneral circulation of the ocean are described in this paper.Test of the model in simulating the annualmean circulation patterns in the North Pacific under the prescribed atmospheric forcing,which consists ofthe climatological surface wind stress and sea surface heat flux,and comparison of the results withobservations showed that the model basically simulated the large scale features of the annual meancirculation patterns in the North Pacific Ocean such as those of the intensified western boundary currentsand the North Equatorial Currents and Undercurrents.But due to the coarse resolution of the model,some details of these currents were poorly reproduced.The seasonal variations of the North Pacific Oceancirculation driven by the seasonal mean sea surface wind stress was calculated,the different aspects of theseresults were analyzed and the main current(the intensified western boundary currents)transports we     

高精度CT成像技术在致密油储层孔隙结构研究中的应用——以准噶尔盆地玛湖西斜坡风城组为例

二叠系下统风城组为准噶尔盆地玛湖西斜坡致密油主力产层。基于CT成像的三维高精度储层表征、扫描电镜和压汞测试等方法,分析风城组致密油储层微观孔隙结构。选取并制备直径为65μm的CT实验样品进行纳米尺度扫描,构建纳米级孔隙三维结构模型,分析不同深度样品物性特征,以及孔喉大小、形态、空间分布和连通性。结果表明:在微米尺度下,实验样品孔喉大小差异大,半径为2~50μm,呈孤立状或条带状分布于粒间或粒内,数量少但占孔隙体积大;在纳米尺度下,样品孔喉半径为0.05~0.30μm,纳米级孔隙数量增多,呈管状或球状分布于矿物颗粒(晶体)内部或表面,纳米级球状微孔连通性较差,三维空间呈孤立状,多作为储集空间;计算样品孔隙度与岩心分析孔隙度结果接近。该研究结果可为研究区致密油储层进一步勘探提供指导。     

Simulation of the landform change process on a purple soil slope due to tillage erosion and water erosion using UAV technology

Both tillage erosion and water erosion are severe erosional forms that occur widely on sloping agricultural land. However, previous studies have rarely considered the process of landform change due to continuous simulation experiments of alternating tillage erosion and water erosion. To identify such changes, we applied a scouring experiment(at a 60 L min~(-1) water discharge rate based on precipitation data from the local meteorological station and the catchment area in the Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, China) and a series of simulated tillage experiments where plots were consecutively tilled 5,10, and 15 times in rotation(representing 5 yr, 10 yr,and 15 yr of tillage) at slope gradients of 5°, 10°, and 20°. Close-range photogrammetry(CRP) employing an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) and a real-time kinematic global positioning system(RTK-GPS) was used to measure landform changes, and highresolution digital elevation models(DEMs) were generated to calculate net soil loss volumes.Additionally, the CRP was determined to be accurate and applicable through the use of erosion pins. The average tillage erosion rates were 69.85, 131.45, and 155.34 t·hm~(-2)·tillage pass~(-1), and the average water erosion rates were 1892.52, 2961.76, and 4405.93 t·hm~(-2)·h~(-1) for the 5°, 10°, and 20° sloping farmland plots, respectively. The water erosion rates increased as tillage intensity increased, indicating that tillage erosion accelerates water erosion. Following these intensive tillage treatments, slope gradients gradually decreased, while the trend in slope gradients increased in runoff plots at the conclusion of the scouring experiment. Compared to the original plots(prior to our experiments), interactions between tillage and water erosion caused no obvious change in the landform structure of the runoff plots, while the height of all the runoff plots decreased. Our findings showed that both tillage erosion and water erosion caused a pseudo-steady-state landform evolutionary mechanism and resulted in thin soil layers on cultivated land composed of purple soil in China.     

地震沉积学在河流-浅水三角洲沉积相研究中的应用: 以渤海海域蓬莱A构造区馆陶组为例

庙西南凸起蓬莱A构造区馆陶组有良好油气发现,但储层厚度多小于5 m,难以被精确识别刻画。以薄层砂体为研究对象,综合地震、测井、钻井岩心、古生物等基础资料,明确研究区馆陶组沉积时期受北东向物源供给沉积,发育河流-浅水三角洲相。基于90°相位化处理确定砂体地震响应特征;分频解释处理判断相对等时地震同相轴,构建馆陶组高频层序地层格架（三级层序SQ1-3）,优选60Hz地震数据体进行地层切片划分;地层切片高精度沉积学解释揭示研究区馆陶组SQ1层序至SQ3层序依次发育河流-席状化浅水三角洲-朵叶状浅水三角洲-水下河道型浅水三角洲。其中SQ1层序中河道砂体以及SQ2-3层序中浅水三角洲前缘砂体皆为有利储层。此次研究丰富发展了渤海海域河流-浅水三角洲相中地震沉积学在砂体预测中的研究成果。      

A 3-D DDA damage analysis of brick masonry buildings under the impact of boulders in mountainous areas

In mountainous areas, geological disasters carrying large boulders can cause severe damage to the widely used masonry buildings due to the high impact forces. To better understand the damage of brick masonry buildings under the impact of boulders, a “block-joint” model is developed using threedimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA) to simulate the behaviour of the “brick-mortar” structure. The “block-joint” model is used to capture not only the large displacement and deformation of individual bricks but also the large-scale sliding and opening along the mortar between the bricks. The linear elastic constitutive model is applied to account for the non-plastic deformation behaviour of brick materials. Furthermore, the mechanical characteristics of the mortar are represented using the Mohr-Coulomb and Drucker-Prager criteria. To propose safe structural design schemes and effective reinforcement for brick masonry buildings, seven construction techniques are considered, including different grades of brick and mortar, effective shear areas and reinforced members. The proposed 3-D DDA model is used to analyse the velocity distribution and the key point displacements of the brick masonry building under the impact of boulders. The results show that upgrading the brick and mortar, increasing the wall thickness, making full use of the wall thickness, and adding a circular beam and structural column are very effective approaches for improving the impact resistance of brick masonry buildings.     

A modified method to estimate eddy diffusivity in the North Pacific using altimeter eddy statistics

The method proposed by Stammer (1998) is modified using eddy statistics from altimeter observation to obtain more realistic eddy diffusivity (K) for the North Pacific. Compared with original estimates, the modified K has remarkably reduced values in the Kuroshio Extension (KE) and North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) regions, but slightly enhanced values in the Subtropical Counter Current (STCC) region. In strong eastward flow areas like the KE and NECC, owing to a large difference between mean flow velocity and propagation velocity of mesoscale eddies, tracers inside the mesoscale eddies are transported outside rapidly by advection, and mixing length L is hence strongly suppressed. The low eddy probability (P) is also responsible for the reduced K in the NECC area. In the STCC region, however, L is mildly suppressed and P is very high, so K there is enhanced. The zonally-averaged K has two peaks with comparable magnitudes, in the latitude bands of the STCC and KE. In the core of KE, because of the reduced values of P and L, the zonally-averaged K is a minimum. Zonally-integrated eddy heat transport in the KE band, calculated based on the modified K, is much closer to the results of previous independent research, indicating the robustness of our modified K. The map of modified K provides useful informationfor modeling studies in the North Pacific.     

Analysis of comprehensive benefits of transforming slope farmland to terraces on the Loess Plateau: A case study of the Yangou Watershed in Northern Shaanxi Province, China

De-farming slope farmland has been an effective measure in recent years to improve environment and prevent soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau.There are different views about the defarming method,and also various de-farming patterns have been put into practice.This paper takes the Yangou Watershed in Shaanxi Province of China as a case for studying the comprehensive benefits of transforming slope farmland to terraces.Based on the day-by-day meteorological data of the Yan'an station in 2005 and the data...     

时频电磁井震联合建模反演探测深部火山岩储层内幕结构: 渤海湾盆地LD地区实例研究

盆地深部火山岩储层地震受能量屏蔽影响反射杂乱,使得火山岩油气藏的勘探非常困难。针对深部火山岩储层多期叠置的复杂内幕结构,研究了最优偏移距、激发周期窗口的时频电磁采集技术和时频电磁井震联合建模反演及电性节律变化火山岩期次解释技术,有效提高了该方法的深层分辨率和对深层目标的识别能力。在渤海湾盆地LD地区的研究应用效果明显,结果揭示红星构造带沙三段火山岩喷发自下而上表现出"弱-强-强-弱-弱"的"两强三弱"的特征,发育两个火山岩喷发机构,共同控制了5个期次的火山岩储层相带分布;桃园构造带沙三段各期次火山岩喷发强度明显减弱,仅发育一个火山岩喷发机构,除期次3火山岩储层相带分布范围相对较大外,其他期次火山岩主要局限分布于火山口附近,以爆发相为主,规模明显减小。后续钻探结果证实时频电磁揭示的火山岩储层分布正确,并为该区油气大发现提供了有力支撑,为探测类似的复杂目标提供了成功范例与技术方法。      

大口径长距离钢顶管注浆减阻技术:以黄浦江上游水源地连通管工程为例

黄浦江上游水源地通管工程C3标段采用DN4000钢顶管施工,单次顶进长度达到969.94m,如何降低顶力是整个工程成功的关键。为减少摩阻力从而降低顶力,对泥浆配制、注浆控制等方面进行了研究,并结合JB06~JB05及JB07~JB06顶进段的地层、顶进力变化状况,分析顶管摩阻力的变化规律。结果表明:①该工程注浆孔的合理布置、触变泥浆的配制与使用得到的减阻效果明显,可作为类似工程减阻技术的参考;②顶力与顶进距离近似呈线性关系,但地层本身的性质会造成顶力的突变,类似工程可先对地层性质进行研究以得到更准确的顶力预测,指导顶管施工;③已注入环空一定时间后的泥浆与刚注入的泥浆相比减阻效果更好,顶力增速过快时可降低顶进速度,待泥浆充分与地层反应后再以原速顶进;④适当增加注浆量可以有效地减小管周摩阻力;⑤高聚物膨润土泥浆比膨润土泥浆单价更高,但高聚物膨润土泥浆注浆量少,综合环境效益等多方面因素考虑,高聚物膨润土泥浆更有优势。