川江流域防护林区土壤质量评价方法

根据川江流域防护林区内森林地、宜林地并存,且宜林地占有相当比重的特点,将评价对象仅限定于土壤本身,并选取土壤质地等十项可实测土壤指标为评价因素。在此基础上,邀请众多专家进行土壤质量的指标强度分级和因素权重分配。最后采用模糊数学的综合评判法对土壤质量作出评价。评价结果表明,此套方法对川江流域防护林区土壤质量评价是较为合理的,并较其他方法更具优越性。     

区域性土壤形成特征及其在土壤基层分类和土壤质量评价中的应用

结合区域基层分类研究提出了区域性土壤形成特征的概念，指出它们既是土壤基层分类的鉴别标准，也是决定区域土壤基础质量的重要因素。在分析典型区域土壤形成特征的基础上，探讨了它们在基层分类和土壤质量评价要素中的共性和应用，指出这有助于全面地理解土壤质量而不是简单地将其等同于耕层养分状况。介绍了服务于土壤基层分类和质量评价的公用数据库的结构。     

基于土系的土壤质量评价和调控研究

在对漳浦样区开展土系划分的基础上,建立了土系的图形数据库和属性数据库,采用主成分分析法和聚类分析法相结合,对样区11个土系的土壤质量进行分析评价,揭示土壤质量的空间演变规律.并根据评价结果,分析不同土壤类型存在的主要问题,提出土壤质量的调控措施.     

百喜草治理对退化红壤生态系统碳库及分配的影响

侵蚀退化红壤植被恢复后生态系统碳库变化的研究对全面认识生态恢复的作用以及碳汇经营具有重要意义．试验地位于福建省长汀县河田镇,本文以采用种植百喜草治理侵蚀退化地上典型“小老头”马尾松林（百喜草治理地）为对象,以相邻的未治理地为对照,研究生态系统及其各个分室碳库的变化．结果表明：侵蚀地种植百喜草治理后生态系统、乔木层及土壤层碳库均显著（P〈0．05）或极显著（P〈0．01）高于对照地,分别是对照的2．32倍、5．23倍和1．81倍．乔木层各器官碳贮量均显著高于对照地（P〈0．05）,其中树干碳贮量增量最大．与对照地土壤相比,表层0—20em土壤碳贮量增量高达5．84t·hm^-2,同时土壤深层（20～100cm）碳库增量（6．04t·hm^-2）与其相当．对照地的土壤碳库占生态系统碳库的比例为70．88％,而百喜草治理地的土壤碳库所占比例下降至55．28％,表明侵蚀地种植百喜草治理后生态系统碳库分配趋于合理．因此,从森林碳汇与可持续经营角度出发,种植百喜革治理侵蚀退化红壤是一项可行有效的措施．     

武夷山林地土壤酶活性差异及土壤肥力质量评价

关于武夷山土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性的研究主要集中在对不同人工林间的差异及其二者之间相关性的探讨,而对该地区不同林地类型土壤酶活性差异及与土壤肥力相关性的研究仍是空白.本文从土壤酶与土壤理化性质相关性的角度出发,采用单因素分析法、Pearson相关性分析法、主成分分析法等,对武夷山风景名胜区内6种不同的人工林(鹅掌楸、拟...     

红壤丘陵区耕层土壤颗粒的分形特征

以土壤颗粒组成数据为基础,运用分形模型分析了红壤丘陵区耕层土壤颗粒的分形维数。结果表明,13个耕层土壤颗粒的分形维数D为2.772~2.897,其中紧砂土2.788,砂壤土2.807,中壤土2.814,轻壤土2.817。分形维数随土壤质地的变细而增大;由北向南,逐渐增加;成土母质对土壤颗粒的分形维数影响较大;D与全氮含量达极显著正相关,与有机质含量、全磷含量达显著正相关,D与有机质含量、全氮含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量的复相关达极显著水平。     

西藏阿里典型耕地土壤的主要特征及其质量评价

通过对西藏阿里地区耕地土壤的实地踏勘和采样分析，选取有机质、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾、土层厚度、pH值、物理粘粒含量、障碍层深度、地下水位、坡度等共10项土壤质量评价指标，应用基于评价指标隶属度的模糊集加权的土壤质量综合评价方法。结果表明了耕地土壤具有质地的沙质性，团聚体的低质性，富有机质的低矿化特性，以及碱性环境下的养分较丰富性等特征。灌淤土的质量较好，其次是耕作草甸土和耕作亚高山草原土，最次的是潮土。     

红壤丘陵小区域水平上不同时段土壤质量变化的评价和分析

引相相对土壤质量指数的概念，应用地理信息系统技术，为小区域水平上土壤质量时空变化的评价提供了一种方法，并用于千烟洲试验站开垦利用１１ａ后土壤质量变化的评价。统计分析服农田，桔园，牧草地，人工林，天然林等多种土地利用方式下土壤质量变化的特征。     

基于土系的土壤质量评价和调控研究

在对漳浦样区开展土系划分的基础上,建立了土系的图形数据库和属性数据库,采用主成分分析法和聚类分析法相结合,对样区11个土系的土壤质量进行分析评价,揭示土壤质量的空间演变规律.并根据评价结果,分析不同土壤类型存在的主要问题,提出土壤质量的调控措施.     

西藏不同退化高寒草地土壤酶的活性

对退化高寒草原土壤酶活性研究的结果表明:1)相对于正常草地,轻度退化草地土壤纤维素酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均呈不同程度的提高;中度退化草地土壤纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶活性亦呈同一趋势,仅土壤脲酶活性显著降低;严重退化草地中3种土壤酶活性则均呈显著降低。2)不同土壤酶活性对土壤环境变化的敏感性总体呈碱性磷酸酶活性>脲酶活性>纤维素酶活性;土壤酶活性大小则均呈脲酶活性>碱性磷酸酶活性>纤维素酶活性。3)不同土壤酶活性与土壤有机碳均呈极显著正相关(r值为0.728 8~0.980 8,p≤0.01),与土壤全氮、有效氮、有效钾亦呈不同程度的正相关,与土壤有效磷含量则均呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤pH对土壤脲酶活性具有显著影响,对纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的影响则不甚明显。4)西藏高原高寒、干旱条件下,中度,特别是轻度退化草地一定程度的沙化所导致的土壤通透性能的显著改善对提高土壤酶活性,进而促进土壤有机残体的分解和有机质的形成具有重要作用。5)土壤酶活性不仅可以反映不同程度退化高寒草原土壤肥力水平的差异,同时亦可作为评价草地土壤肥力的一个基本指标。     

Evaluation of soil physical properties of long-used cultivated lands as a deriving indicator of soil degradation,north Ethiopia

Soil degradation causes low land productivity. To tackle soil degradation, soil management practices have been implemented in the study area. However, less attention has been given to the management of physical soil quality. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate soil physical properties of long-used cultivated lands. Twelve Land Mapping Units (LMUs) were identified by overlaying slope and soil maps. Twelve composite and 12 undisturbed soil samples were collected from the 12 LMUs, and soil physical properties analyzed. Soil bulk density varied from 1.22 g cm^?3 in LMU3 to 1.68 g cm^?3 in LMU4. Available water capacity ranged from 0.09 in LMU4 to 0.17 in LMU3. Stability index (SI) values ranged from a low of 3.58 at LUM10 to 62.5 at LMU3; stability quotient (SQ) values ranged from 79.4 at LMU9 to 2782.8 at LUM3. Highest and lowest soil crust index values were found to be 1.53 in LMU5 and 0.29 in LMU9. This study indicated that poor soil management practice in the study area has caused soil physical degradation. Therefore, this study provides insight into improved land management of long-used cultivated land in the semi-arid region of the study area and other similar environments.     

Deriving indicators of soil degradation from soil aggregation studies in southeastern Spain and southern France

Soil degradation is perceived as a major threat in the Mediterranean region due to changes in land-use and possible future climate change. Soil aggregation parameters are used here to demonstrate their potential as a key-indicator for land degradation studies. The monitoring of these indicators offers a means of establishing the vulnerability and resilience of geo-ecosystems. Soil aggregation stability and distribution were studied on soils with an open shrubby vegetation cover, from several places in southeastern Spain and southern France, by applying drop tests and determining aggregate size distributions. Aspect and vegetation cover were incorporated in the soil sampling. Several indices were derived from these analyses to indicate the degree of soil aggregation. This was done by referencing to a base level of aggregation (bare soil aggregation). It was found that soil aggregates were more stable and were often coarser under vegetation, when compared to their immediate surrounding bare areas. A similar, slightly less clear effect was noted on N-facing exposed slopes when compared to S-facing exposed slopes. Long-term changes were found by studying cultivated land, abandoned fields and land covered by semi-natural vegetation, on comparable substrate and comparable land units. It is clear that soil aggregation and aggregate stability increases with time (years). It is argued that soil aggregation indices can be used as a key-indicator for degradation processes at a fine scale with implications for runoff and sediment generating processes at the hillslope scale.     

Use of soil horizons for assessing soil degradation and reconstructing chronology of degradation processes: the case of Mwisanga Catchment, Kondoa, central Tanzania

This paper analyses the use of soil horizons for mapping soil degradation intensity and reconstructing chronology of degradation processes. Through “Pedogenetic Baseline Approach”, the catchment was classified into two categories: the erosional and depositional zones. The eroded soils were reconstructed even in those areas where there had been total soil stripping. Profiles of the undegraded soil provided a reference mark (particularly the argillic B horizon of Lixisols). One specific criterion for determining the degree of soil degradation of a given map unit in the erosional zone was based on whether A or B horizons or both had been eroded. Another criterion for classifying the units in the depositional zone was based on relating the quality of the buried soil with the overlying young soil developed from the colluvium/alluvium. Hence, the study underscores the importance of being able to reconstruct soil properties of pre-eroded soil profiles with the view to determining erosion units. This will eventually help in developing appropriate land use and conservation strategies.     

黑土侵蚀速率及其对土壤质量的影响

利用¹³⁷Cs示踪法,研究了东北黑土耕作土壤的流失厚度和速率,探讨了水土流失对土壤机械组成、有机质、土壤水分、容重及其N、P含量的影响。结果表明:研究区侵蚀坡面¹³⁷Cs的分布深度在0～25cm,¹³⁷Cs的活度在1246.05±85.90～1499.45±101.73Bq/m²,侵蚀厚度可达0.316～0.433mm/a,侵蚀强度3033.6～3940.3t/km²·a,已属于中度侵蚀水平。水土流失造成土壤质地粗化,从坡顶向坡底,耕层土壤有机质增加、容重变化不大,含水量增加,土壤养分的“贫化”现象明显。     

The Faxinal System: Forest fragmentation and soil degradation on the communal grazing land

The Brazilian faxinal is a traditional agrosilvopastoral system, which combines extensive grazing, subsistence cropping and low impact forest extraction, managed within a communal property system. Today it is at serious risk of disappearing due to increasing grazing pressure and logging activities that are leading to environmental problems such as forest fragmentation and soil degradation. The objectives of the study were to: a) evaluate soil physical degradation levels in different grazing areas within the faxinal system; and b) correlate soil degradation, fodder quantity and livestock dynamics in different pasture areas according to the household's location. Landscape mapping, vegetation surveys, and livestock grazing dynamics were assessed. In addition, soil physical parameters were evaluated for each land use (e.g., resistance, bulk density, porosity, moisture, and water infiltration rates). Results showed that livestock grazing and household locations are the main driving forces that lead to forest fragmentation. The household location creates three interrelated gradients in the communal grazing land: 1) soil physical degradation decreases from the pasture areas to araucaria forests; 2) fodder quantity decreases from pastures to araucaria forests; and 3) the livestock grazing intensity decreases from pastures to araucaria forests. In addition, some management practices to mitigate land degradation, including improvement of pastures, installation of removable troughs for drinking water in the upland areas and restriction of livestock from the riparian zone, have been proposed.     

Long-term effects of gravel-sand mulch thickness on soil microbes and enzyme activities in semi-arid Loess Plateau,Northwest China

In semi-arid areas of China, gravel and sand mulch is a farming technique with a long history. In this study, a sample survey was conducted on long term gravel sand mulch observational fields in the Northwest Loess Plateau to determine the effects of long term mulch on soil microbial and soil enzyme activities. We found that after long term gravel-sand mulch, compared with bare ground, soil organic matter, alkali nitrogen, conductivity decreased, while pH and soil moisture increased. Urease, saccharase and catalase decreased with increased mulch thickness, while alkaline phosphatase was reversed. The results of Illumina MiSeq sequencing shows that after gravel-sand mulch, the bacterial and fungal community structure was different from bare land, and the diversity was reduced. Compared with bare land, the bacteria Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria abundance increased with increased thickness, and Actinobacteria was opposite. Also, at the fungal genus level, Fusarium abundance was significantly reduced, and Remersonia was significantly increased, compared with bare land. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that soil environmental factors were important drivers of bacterial community changes. Overall, this study revealed some of the reasons for soil degradation after long term gravel-sand mulch. Therefore, it is recommended that the addition of exogenous soil nutrients after long term gravel-sand can help improve soil quality.     

我国水土流失典型区土壤表土结皮敏感性

表土结皮是降雨与土壤共同作用下的产物,某一土壤是否结皮、结皮的敏感程度如何,取决于该土壤的性质及所处地区的降雨情况。我国广泛分布着多种理化性质迥异的土壤,尤其是黄土、紫色土、红壤和黑土分布在我国水土流失严重的区域。但是,土壤发育表土结皮的敏感性很少见报道。本文通过分析模拟降雨试验结果及前人研究结论,提出了影响表土结皮发育敏感性的3个关键因素,并基于此对我国四大水土流失典型区土壤表土结皮的敏感性进行了分析。研究表明:细颗粒,尤其是粉粒是表土结皮发育的物质基础;团聚体稳定性是表土结皮发育快慢及程度的决定因素;高强度降雨是表土结皮发育的必要条件。黄土高原地区土壤极易发育表土结皮,四川紫色土区土壤发育表土结皮的概率大,南方红壤区除花岗岩、页岩外其他母岩上发育的土壤很难发育表土结皮,东北典型黑土不发育表土结皮,而非典型黑土易发育表土结皮。     

海南省农产品产地土壤环境质量评价

采用单项质量指数与综合质量指数相结合的方法,对海南省农产品产地的土壤进行了重金属Cd、 Hg、 As、 Pb、 Cr、 Cu、 Zn和Ni含量的抽样调查分析与评价。结果表明,海南省农产品产地土壤重金属的平均含量均低于“HJ 332-2006”（食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准）规定的限值,土壤重金属的单项质量指数均≤0．7,综合质量指数为0．33,土壤环境质量均为1级,属于清洁水平,适宜发展无公害农产品。同时发现,部分产地的土壤中重金属含量有超标现象,海口有部分样品Cd、 Hg、 Cr、 Cu和Ni超标,三亚有部分样品Cd和Hg超标,儋州、澄迈均以Ni超标为主,琼海有部分样品Cr、 Cu和Ni超标。重金属含量之间多呈正相关关系,其中As与Pb、 As与Cu、 Cr与Zn、 Cu与Zn之间的相关性达到了极显著水平, Cd与Hg、 Pb、 Ni, Pb与Cu, Cr与Cu, Cu与Ni之间的相关性达到了显著水平。大部分监测点土壤中重金属含量均高于海南省水稻土自然背景值,表明在监测点土壤中产生了重金属累积。     

SOTER数据库支持下的土壤质量综合评价：—以海南岛为例

在海南岛SOTER数据库基础上，选取表征土壤质量的若干指标项目组成评价体系，在GIS环境中对图斑的土壤质量进行了评价，并交评价等级指标与空间数据库相连，输出土壤质量评价结果。     

Impact of land cover changes and topography on soil quality in the Kasso catchment,Bale Mountains of southeastern Ethiopia

This study assessed land cover change and topographic elevation on selected soil quality parameters in the Kasso catchment, southeastern Ethiopia. Twenty‐seven soil samples collected from 0–30cm depth under four land cover types across three elevation gradients were analysed for selected soil quality parameters. Results indicated that soil particle size distribution is different (p<0.001) in the catchment because of the effect of land cover change and elevation. Most cultivated lands occupy lower elevations where clay accumulates as a result of its movement from higher to lower elevations. Ploughing accentuates weathering, making cultivated lands richer in finer materials. Cation exchange capacity and exchangeable magnesium and potassium negatively correlated with elevation, total nitrogen and available phosphorous. Conversion of natural vegetation to cropland contributed to changes in pH (p<0.05), exchangeable calcium (p<0.01), potassium (p<0.001), available phosphorous (p<0.01) and nitrogen (p<0.01) contents. Parameter soil degradation index results showed that soil organic carbon, nitrogen, available phosphorous and exchangeable potassium contents declined and bulk density increased because of the land cover change. This negative effect on agricultural development and environmental health of the catchment makes an integrated land resource management approach indispensable for sustaining agricultural productivity and the environmental health of the Kasso catchment.