海洋石油平台超长桩拒锤分析及工程实例

桩基础是海洋石油平台常用的基础形式,受海上环境的限制通常分段制造、运输和锤击贯入,各桩段通过焊接连为整体,若接桩等造成停锤时间较长,后继打桩可能产生拒锤现象。打桩过程中桩周土体会积累很大的超静孔隙水压力,使桩周一定范围内土体发生水力劈裂现象,导致桩周土体排水固结及强度恢复速度加快,停锤时间越长,土体强度恢复程度越大,造成后继打桩困难甚至拒锤。提出了一种通过疲劳因子? 考虑停锤期间土体强度的恢复,利用GRLWEAP软件计算后继打桩贯入所需锤击数并判断拒锤风险的分析方法。将工程实例和实测结果进行了对比,文中方法计算得到后继打桩贯入锤击数和实测值接近,表明其可行且应用性较强,可为工程设计和施工提供指导。     

修正等应变假定下刚性桩复合地基固结特性分析

刚性桩复合地基固结特性是影响工程进度的重要因素。为研究外荷载作用下刚性桩复合地基固结特性，结合刚性桩和桩间土应力?应变特点对等应变假定进行修正。在此基础之上，考虑涂抹效应、桩间土和下卧层土体固结特性的影响，推导得到桩间土和下卧层土体固结微分方程。基于双层地基固结理论，考虑单级匀速施加荷载和附加应力沿深度变化等边界条件，推导得到其固结度解析解。最后，利用数值模拟方法对解析解进行验证，并对影响刚性桩复合地基固结特性的因素进行分析。结果表明：理论计算与数值模拟结果较为吻合；刚性桩复合地基固结速率受到贯入比影响较大，当贯入比较小时，与天然地基相比，其固结速率较小，贯入比较大且桩端阻力系数较小时，复合地基固结速率大于天然地基；随着贯入比、桩?土相对刚度和垫层?土体相对刚度的增大，复合地基整体固结速率加快；随着置换率的增大，复合地基整体固结速率降低。     

桩端加环对PHC桩影响的试验研究

PHC桩在动力打桩过程中,往往会因为锤击数或锤击能量过高而发生桩头或桩身损坏,引起的挤土效应和振动效应也会对周围环境造成不良影响.PHC桩桩端加环可减少沉桩过程中桩侧土体摩阻力的影响,结合某电厂工程综合试桩工作,通过对沉桩总锤击数、最终贯入度、土塞高度、打桩振动测试及高应变检测结果的分析,指出桩端加环对保证PHC桩的完...     

考虑固结的透水管桩沉桩全过程有限元模拟

运用透水管桩技术加快沉桩后桩周土体内超静孔隙水释放,进而消除沉桩施工中超静孔压的不利影响。基于有限元数值计算法,利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立透水管桩模型,实现透水管桩贯入过程以及桩周土体固结过程模拟。对比CEM圆柱孔扩张理论验证数值计算结果;阐述透水管桩贯入过程中位移场以及超静孔压场变化规律;对比分析静压桩和透水管桩桩周土体固结性状,结果表明透水管桩能加速超静孔压消散,短期内实现桩基承载力的快速提升。     

层状地基静压桩贯入过程机理试验

通过在多层软粘土地基中静力压入单桩的室内模型试验,对模型桩在整个沉桩过程中压桩力、桩动端阻力及桩动侧阻力随桩贯入深度的变化情况进行了研究,获得了桩在贯入不同土层分界面时阻力的变化规律以及桩周土体应力的分布特征。并对开口管桩和闭口管桩贯入试验情况进行了比较分析,揭示了不同桩端形式桩在贯入过程中桩动侧摩阻力的发展规律,以及分层土体中开口管桩贯入过程中土塞的变化情况。试验结果表明：在粘性土中沉桩时,压桩阻力主要来自桩端向下穿越土体产生的端阻力,而侧摩阻力较小;由于桩侧水平应力的释放使得同一深度点上的动摩阻力随着桩的下沉表现出不同程度的降低,出现摩擦疲劳。     

锤击法与静压法施工预制桩单桩承载力差异分析

目前国内的各种规范在计算预制桩的承载力时都不考虑打桩方式的影响。但在实际施工中,已经有越来越多的例子表明同样条件下锤击法施工比静压法施工得到的桩基承载力要低。从沉桩机理、挤密作用、孔隙水压力及其消散对施工后强度恢复的影响、土体等方面对2种方法造成的预制桩单桩承载力差异的原因进行了分析。     

饱和成层地基中静压单桩挤土效应的有限元模拟

针对实际工程中成层土情况中静压桩存在的问题,在ANSYS平台上,应用位移贯入法对静力压桩的连续贯入的全过程进行有限元模拟,详细对比了在均质土和成层土中静力压桩产生的位移场和应力场。指出软硬土层交界处土体位移加 大,土中挤压应力剧变,出现应力间断。实际工程中,挤压应力间断使已压入桩的侧向受力剧变,导致桩体易开裂、弯折。这里提出相应的解决方法。     

考虑大变形的静力压桩数值模拟

静力压桩过程是一种稳态贯入过程。该过程使得桩周附近区域的土体产生较大挤压作用,并出现了较大变形,因而基于传统小变形的有限元分析与真实的贯入过程有着较大的误差。基于更新的拉格朗日列式法,分析压桩时产生的大变形,引入桩-土界面间的接触作用,桩周土体采用Mohr-Coulomb模型,并运用有限元方法进行数值分析,较好地实现了静力压桩过程的数值模拟。     

基于变固结系数的静压桩周土体力学特性研究

以静压沉桩后桩周土体的应力状态为初始条件,根据桩周土体孔隙比、渗透系数和有效应力之间的相关性,在考虑固结系数随固结时间变化的条件下改进了轴对称条件下的太沙基固结控制方程。随后,采用分离变量法和离散化分析推导得出了桩周超孔隙水压力消散的半解析半数值解,并将解答与实测数据进行对比验证。在此基础上,采用空间滑动面理论改进的修正剑桥模型（SMP-MCC）定义土体三维不排水抗剪强度,研究了静压桩周土体强度、剪切模量随固结时间的变化规律。研究结果表明：由于解答考虑了固结系数随固结时间的变化,因而与实测结果吻合良好;土体压缩指数与渗透指数之比对土体固结系数和孔压消散速率影响较大;当土体压缩指数与渗透指数之比为1时,土体固结系数保持不变,解答退化为经典的太沙基轴对称固结方程;土体强度和剪切模量随固结时间的增长而逐步增加,固结完成后其值超越了土体原位强度和原位剪切模量。     

低裙式吸力桩真空沉贯及抗拔极限承载力

为了提高裙式吸力桩的承载力,使其更易于沉贯且能更好地保护主桶周围土体免受洋流刨蚀,提出了一种新型低裙式吸力桩模型,采用双桶负压法沉贯该桩,能有效减小土塞高度。提出的超低位真空预压法能够快速固结土体,缩短试验周期,采用该方法加固的土体,能够较好地模拟强度沿深度增加的地基土。在该土体上采用抽真空法沉贯不同规格的吸力桩模型,对比研究低裙式吸力桩的可贯性,分析其沉贯阻力,结合试验数据拟合出了沉贯阻力公式。最后,通过45°斜拉试验并结合PLAXIS 3D软件对吸力桩承载力展开研究,对比试验与数值模拟结果,分析新型低裙式吸力桩的合理性。     

Influences of soil consolidation and pile load on the development of negative skin friction of a pile

Negative skin friction (NSF) along a pile caused by soil consolidation is of great concern to engineers. The development of NSF is time-dependent because soil consolidation is also time-dependent. In this paper, a numerical solution is provided for the development of negative skin friction of a pile in nonlinear consolidated soil under different loads on a pile top. A hyperbolic interface model is also developed. This model considers the development of shear strength during soil consolidation and loading–unloading scenarios at the pile–soil interface. One-dimensional nonlinear consolidation theory is invoked to estimate the soil settlement and shear strength. The distributions of NSF and the axial force along the pile are obtained using the differential quadrature method (DQM). The influences of soil consolidation and different pile loads on the negative skin friction of a pile are discussed.     

Estimation of bearing capacity of open-ended model piles in sand

The plugging of pipe piles is an important phenomenon, which is not adequately accounted for in the current design recommendations. An open-ended pipe pile is said to be plugged when the soil inside the pile moves down with the pile, resulting in the pile becoming effectively closed-ended. Plugging is believed to result in an increase in the horizontal stresses between the pile and the surrounding soil, which results in an increase in skin friction. A total number of 60 model pile tests are carried out to investigate the behavior of plugs on the pile load capacity and the effects of plug removal. Different parameters are considered, such as pile diameter–to–length ratio, types of installation in sands of different densities, and removal of the plug in three stages (50, 75, and 100 %) with respect to the length of plug. The changes in the soil plug length and incremental filling ratio (IFR) with the penetration depth during pile driving show that the open-ended piles are partially plugged from the outset of the pile driving. The pile reached a fully plugged state for pressed piles in loose and medium sand and partially plugged (IFR = 10 %) in dense sand. For driven piles, the IFR is about 30 % in loose sand, 20 % in medium sand, and 30 % in dense sand. The pile load capacity increases with increases in the length of the plug length ratio (PLR). The rate of increase in the value of the pile load capacity with PLR is greater in dense sand than in medium and loose sand. Based on test results, new empirical relation for the estimation of the load carrying capacity of open-ended piles based on the IFR is proposed.     

An analytical solution for the consolidation around a driven pile

Field studies have shown that the driving of a displacement pile into cohesive soil generates large excess pore pressures in the vicinity of the pile. These pore pressures are often larger than the effective overburden pressure and facilitate the installation of the pile. The subsequent increase in bearing capacity of the pile is largely controlled by the dissipation of the excess pore pressures and a consequent increase in the effective stresses acting on the pile. The paper presents a closed formanalytical solution for the radial consolidation of the soil around a driven pile, assuming that the soil skeleton deforms elastically. This assumption is examined in the light of the predicted effective stress changes in the soil and is shown to lead to, a realistic model for the decay of pore pressure near the pile with time after driving. Although the solution may be applied to any initial distribution of excess pore pressure, attention is focussed on that due to the expansion of a cylindrical cavity in an ideal elastic, perfectly plastic soil. The resulting logarithmic variation of excess pore pressure with radius is considered to be close to that generated around a pile as a result of driving. In addition to giving estimates of the time needed for a driven pile to achieve its maximum strength, the solution may also be used in the analysis of pressuremeter tests to provide in-situ measurements of the coefficient of consolidation of the soil.     

基于判别分析法的地震砂土液化预测研究

将距离判别分析方法应用于砂土液化的预测问题中,建立了砂土液化预测的距离判别模型。选用震级、研究深度、震中距、标贯击数、地下水位及地震持续时间等6项指标作为判别因子,以大量的工程实例数据作为学习样本进行训练,建立了线性判别函数对待评样本进行了评价。研究结果表明,距离判别分析模型判别砂土液化效果良好,预测准确度高,回判估计误判率低,可望成为砂土液化预测的有效手段。     

高压旋喷桩加固预应力管桩桩端湿陷性土持力层施工技术

通过工程实例介绍了采用高压旋喷桩处理静压预应力管桩桩端湿陷性土层持力层的施工技术。由于原工程地质勘察报告没有提供桩端湿陷性土层的有关资料,在大量静压预应力管桩成桩且经静荷载检测均满足设计要求后,随着成桩时间的延长,成桩桩头发生自行下沉,在对桩作静载复测,确证此时桩的承载力不再满足设计要求,因而发现桩端持力层为湿陷性土层,并经复勘验证。这时对桩端湿陷性土层的加固施工存在诸多限制,这种特殊条件下,采取了针对性的施工操作、工艺流程、技术参数及措施。     

黏土中静压管桩土塞机制研究

针对黏土中管桩土塞形成机制,利用耦合欧拉拉格朗日（CEL）法模拟钢管桩的大变形沉贯过程。在验证网格密度参数对数值计算精度影响的基础上,结合管桩内外土体速度场、应力场、土塞高度和增量充填比的变化分析了土塞演变和土塞形成机制,讨论了摩擦系数以及软硬土夹层对土塞形成的影响,并与离心机试验和理论计算数据验证。结果表明,管桩贯入过程土塞的演变可分为上涌期、过渡期和下滑期3个阶段。随着桩的贯入,桩端下轴线处形成连续的下凹塑性拱,当此处竖向应力增量达到7～8倍不排水抗剪强度时土塞初步形成。同时土塞效应随着桩-土间摩擦系数增大,桩径减小（壁厚相同）而增强;软硬夹层对土塞效应影响显著,上硬下软的土层易形成完全土塞,而上软下硬的土层,硬土挤入管桩不会形成土塞。     

透水管桩加速超静孔压消散的单桩模型试验研究

基于室内模型试验,研究透水管桩促进桩周土超静孔压消散的效果和规律。通过透水管桩和普通管桩单桩沉桩模型试验对比,发现使用透水管桩更有利于桩周土超静孔压消散,其促进作用沿深度方向递增,沿水平方向递减。在桩周土超静孔压消散前期,透水管桩的促进作用最明显,有利于加快施工进度。改变透水管桩初始排水时刻,观察桩周土超静孔压消散情况,发现初始排水时刻设在沉桩完成时的情况下,桩周土超静孔压峰值明显减小。试验结果表明,沉桩施工中,透水管桩提高了施工进度,降低了对周围环境的影响。