一种多面阵航测相机实验室标定及系统几何校正方法

介绍了一种基于实验室标定结果的多面阵复合航测相机几何畸变校正方法。利用由二维精密转台、平行光管和大面阵相机构成的实验室标定装置,沿方位向和俯仰向均匀测定复合焦平面上成像星点位置,然后根据复合大面阵航测相机畸变模型,由最小二乘回归算出内方位元素和畸变值,最后对复合面阵影像进行几何校正,生成无畸变等效大面阵影像,解决了复合大面阵航测相机室内精确标校问题。实验证明该方法精度高,能够满足测绘应用要求。     

MIMO下视阵列SAR倾角误差补偿算法

结合POS真实数据形式,引入传统光学摄影测量的外方位元素,提出了基于倾角误差的MIMO下视阵列SAR误差补偿方法。该方法首先在三维空域补偿与波束无关的相位误差;其次将补偿后的回波数据变换到航迹向-跨航向二维波数域,并沿航迹向和跨航向均匀分为M和N段,获得MN个子块,每个子块补零并扩展到原尺寸后,将回波变换到航迹向-跨航向二维空域、距离向波数域,补偿与波数相关的相位误差;再次转换到三维空域,把每个子块补偿的数据直接相加,得到最终回波;最后使用三维RD成像算法得到聚焦正确的三维成像结果。通过仿真试验验证了方法的有效性。     

多接收阵合成孔径声纳后向投影成像快速算法

提出了一种内存共享环境下的多子阵合成孔径声纳后向投影快速算法。首先根据后向投影算法的特点设计二维动态数据结构,保存同距离向上的时延和补偿相位信息,省去时延的重复计算;然后在共享内存环境下,将远距离和近距离聚焦运算相结合,实现计算负载平衡;最后通过实测数据的成像试验验证了本文算法的正确性和高效性。     

星载方位多波束ScanSAR 成像

提出了一种新型星载方位多波束ScanSAR 工作模式, 实现了在保持方位向高分辨率的前提下对距离向 测绘带大幅扩展。分析了该工作方式的特点及主要相位误差, 给出了相应的误差补偿方法。介绍了该工作方式下回 波数据的模拟方法, 并讨论了几种适合该工作方式的成像算法。最后通过仿真对该工作方式的可行性及补偿方法的 有效性进行了验证。     

利用孪生多层感知机进行线状要素几何相似性判别

针对传统的几何相似性判别方法依赖于人工特征的定义和选取,且难以确定合适阈值的问题,提出一种基于孪生多层感知机的线状要素几何相似性判别方法。该方法将线状要素的几何数据转换为二值图像,利用孪生网络和多层感知机提取线状要素的低维模糊性特征;并通过距离函数计算特征差异,判别线状要素的几何相似性。实验表明,该方法在线状要素几何相似性判别中具有良好的效果,同时具有快速迁移学习的能力;并随样本库的扩充和神经网络模型的优化还有进一步改进的空间。     

MIMO下视阵列SAR线阵天线构型设计

针对收发分置的MIMO模式阵列天线物理设计时,一个等效阵列可由多种物理收发阵列实现的病态问题,从测绘角度切入,依据等效相位中心原理,分析了ARTINO系统不同收发组合的优缺点。引入测绘应用关心的波段、分辨率、高程精度及工作高度等要求,优化设计了真实测绘航空平台的MIMO下视阵列SAR线阵阵元的数目和位置矢量。根据该配置进行了仿真实验,通过三维成像结果和原始仿真场景的差分对比,高程重建误差均值和标准差,以及整个场景和单独建筑物区域误差在半分辨率之内的概率值,证明了优化阵列配置的合理性和有效性。     

SAR 图像中不同特性条纹噪声的滤除

分析Burst工作模式星载SAR 系统中, 采用全孔径成像算法会产生周期性明暗条纹噪声的原因, 提出一种简单高效的一维频域滤除算法, 并给出包含该操作的改进距离多普勒成像算法流程。对于因雷达系统本身原因而产生的一些非周期不规则条纹噪声进行讨论, 针对此类噪声提出一种二维频域区域滤波的算法。通过对实际星载SAR 数据的处理, 验证算法的有效性。     

MIMO下视阵列SAR阵列抖动误差补偿算法

根据机翼抖振理论,将飞机机翼以机身为对称轴一分为二。每个虚拟阵元看作一个质点,构建了简易的阵列抖动误差模型,提出了MIMO下视阵列SAR系统阵列抖动误差补偿方法。该方法将阵列抖动误差分解为不依赖距离和依赖距离两部分。结合高效的三维距离多普勒成像算法,在距离压缩前执行不依赖距离的一次抖动补偿;在距离徙动校正和方位压缩之间执行依赖距离的二次抖动补偿和方位向时域插值重采样,从而实现观测场景的三维成像。以真实SRTM DEM为原始场景进行仿真实验,补偿前后的成像结果验证了方法的有效性。     

单镜头多面阵CCD相机影像拼接算法

根据内视场拼接相机的构像原理,提出了一种单镜头多面阵CCD相机影像拼接处理的基本流程和方法。该方法涵盖了成像过程的影响,包括子影像相对位置自动确定、等效焦面影像拼合、数字像差检测和无畸变中心投影影像生成等技术环节。特别是建立了内视场拼接型数字航测相机几何特性描述模型,在包含了传统航测相机像差所顾及的焦距、主点坐标和物镜光学畸变等要素的基础上,扩展考虑了多面阵CCD不平行性误差和安装误差两项影响。试验结果表明,影像量测精度从1.5像元提高到0.3像元,系统误差降低了78%,验证了相关技术方法的有效性。     

一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的多基线相位噪声抑制及展开方法

针对传统多基线干涉合成孔径雷达存在系统高度模糊数与缠绕相位解缠可靠性之间不可兼顾的矛盾,该文提出一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)的多基线SAR干涉相位展开方法。该方法利用全方位局部相位梯度联合估计技术直接从多幅复干涉图抽样谱中提取相位梯度信息,同时利用EKF强大的数据融合能力以信息融合的方式同时完成二维噪声抑制及相位展开,既有利于解决相位展开中的"坡度欠估计"问题,又避免了传统方法在相位展开之前须进行噪声滤波的不足。多基线模拟数据和单基线实测数据处理结果验证了方法的有效性。     

A New Look at the Bistatic-to-Monostatic Conversion for Tandem SAR Image Formation

The bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, which are converted into equivalent monostatic data by proper preprocessing, can be processed by standard monostatic focusing algorithms. The dip moveout (DMO) approach, which is derived from seismic data processing, converts the bistatic data into equivalent monostatic data by a short time-domain Rocca's smile operator. A 2-D exact point-target (PT) reference spectrum is derived in this letter for tandem bistatic configuration. The geometry-based bistatic formulation is shown to be actually equivalent to Rocca's smile operator, although they are derived from the pure SAR and geophysics points of view, respectively. Moreover, the new PT spectrum can be extended to deal with azimuth-invariant bistatic SAR data. Interpretations on the equivalent monostatic range wavenumber are presented in this letter, which help understand the conversion from the radar signal processing viewpoint.      

机载双基地SAR实测数据成像

建立双基地SAR的单基地等效模型,分析了系统时间同步误差的机理;提出了双基地SAR回波中的直达波数据进行时间同步误差校正的算法;在双基地SAR单站等效模型的基础上,利用时变阶梯变换算法进行成像处理。经过理论分析,实测数据处理验证,这一算法是有效的,能够校正双基地SAR时间同步误差,较好地进行实测数据的成像处理。     

Bistatic Spotlight SAR Processing Using the Frequency-Scaling Algorithm

This letter derives the bistatic point target spectrum for the translational invariant case. Based on the derived spectrum and the linear approximation of the bistatic range cell migration factor, a bistatic frequency-scaling algorithm (FSA) is proposed for spotlight synthetic aperture radar data processing. This algorithm leads to a very precise and efficient processing since it performs the focusing in the frequency domain and no interpolation is required in the whole processing chain. In addition, it is shown that the case considered in the monostatic FSA is a specialization of the more general one considered in this letter. Finally, simulation results are provided to illustrate the validity of the presented approach.     

Interferometric Baseline Performance Estimations for Multistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Configurations Derived from GRACE GPS Observations

Recent studies have demonstrated the usefulness of global positioning system (GPS) receivers for relative positioning of formation-flying satellites using dual-frequency carrier-phase observations. The accurate determination of distances or baselines between satellites flying in formation can provide significant benefits to a wide area of geodetic studies. For spaceborne radar interferometry in particular, such measurements will improve the accuracy of interferometric products such as digital elevation models (DEM) or surface deformation maps. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of relative position errors on the interferometric baseline performance of multistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites flying in such a formation. Based on accuracy results obtained from differential GPS (DGPS) observations between the twin gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) satellites, baseline uncertainties are derived for three interferometric scenarios of a dedicated SAR mission. For cross-track interferometry in a bistatic operational mode, a mean 2D baseline error (1σ) of 1.4 mm is derived, whereas baseline estimates necessary for a monostatic acquisition mode with a 50 km along-track separation reveal a 2D uncertainty of approximately 1.7 mm. Absolute orbit solutions based on reduced dynamic orbit determination techniques using GRACE GPS code and carrier-phase data allows a repeat-pass baseline estimation with an accuracy down to 4 cm (2D 1σ). To assess the accuracy with respect to quality requirements of high-resolution DEMs, topographic height errors are derived from the estimated baseline uncertainties. Taking the monostatic pursuit flight configuration as the worst case for baseline performance, the analysis reveals that the induced low-frequency modulation (height bias) fulfills the relative vertical accuracy requirement (σ<1 m linear point-to-point error) according to the digital terrain elevation data level 3 (DTED-3) specifications for most of the baseline constellations. The use of a GPS-based reduced dynamic orbit determination technique improves the baseline performance for repeat-pass interferometry. The problem of fulfilling the DTED-3 horizontal accuracy requirements is still an issue to be investigated. DGPS can be used as an operational navigation tool for high-precision baseline estimation if a geodetic-grade dual-frequency spaceborne GPS receiver is assumed to be the primary instrument onboard the SAR satellites. The possibility of using only single-frequency receivers, however, requires further research effort.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) research fellow until Sept. 2004 at the Microwaves and Radar Institute, Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) e.V., 82234 Weßling, Germany     

升降轨道ASAR雷达干涉揭示的巴姆地震（Mw6．5）3D同震形变场

通过对覆盖同一地区的升降轨道ASAR雷达数据进行两路差分干涉（D-INSAR）处理，得到了2003年12月26日伊朗巴姆（Bam）地震（Mw6．5）在两种成像几何状态下的视线向（LOS）同震形变场。利用Okada弹性形变模型对形变场进行正演计算，得到地震断层的几何参数及形变的南北向分量。对得到的干涉条纹图进行相位解绕处理，综合分析两种不同的雷达成像几何关系，并利用模型估计得到的南北向分量，计算了该地震造成的3D同震形变场，结果显示了典型的单断层右旋走滑活动特征。研究表明，合并升降轨道雷达数据，能够为形变模型提供有效约束，用一条简化的断层模型就可以解释升降两条轨能的干涉形变场，更为复杂的双断层模型是不必要的。     

SAS/ETS在变形监测数据处理中的应用

在综合考虑数学模型的预测精度与编程实现的可操作性基础上,提出了利用模块对变形监测数据进行时间序列分析,并概括介绍了该模块的3个主要命令使用方法,解决了时间序列分析在监测数据处理中实现起来非常繁琐的问题。最后通过与环境下动态灰色模型综合比较,证明了时间序列分析在变形监测数据处理中操作简单,模拟精度和预测精度都较高。     

A Chirp Transform Algorithm for Processing Squint Mode FMCW SAR Data

Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a lightweight cost-effective high-resolution airborne imaging radar. In squint case, the frequency scaling algorithm, which is suitable for processing nonchirped raw data, cannot be used directly in FMCW SAR data processing because of low system sampling frequency. On the other hand, the continuous antenna motion of FMCW SAR can cause serious distortions in the reconstructed images. In this letter, an improved algorithm called the chirp transform algorithm is proposed. When the effects of the residual video phase are negligible, the algorithm uses a chirp transform to perform the time scaling operation to alleviate the sampling frequency problem. It requires only fast Fourier transforms and multiplications. The range cell migration introduced by the continuous motion is also compensated completely in range-Doppler domain. The algorithm performances are analyzed and are supported by point target simulation experiments.     

GPS天-地无源双基地雷达探测海面移动目标

GNSS卫星作为一种照射源,可与地面接收机构成天-地无源双基地雷达系统,用于海面移动目标探测。但是,海面目标（如船只）反射的GNSS信号能量微弱,常被淹没在背景噪声和干扰信号中。针对这一问题,本文提出利用目标的运动特点聚集目标回波能量的目标探测方法。首先,将船只的运动轨迹看作合成孔径,采用SAR成像技术——距离多普勒算法（range-Doppler algorithm,RDA）实现目标回波能量的压缩聚集,同时抑制干扰信号（如海面杂波）。然后,使用相位梯度自聚焦算法（phase gradient autofocus,PGA）作自聚焦处理,进一步聚集目标回波能量。通过现场试验采集的数据验证了本文算法。试验结果表明,本文方法能够同时聚集多个目标回波能量,精确地估计目标到接收机的距离,并判断目标的移动方向。