长江流域沉积物黏土矿物组合特征及物源指示意义

通过X射线衍射方法系统分析了长江流域(干流和主要支流)表层沉积物(及部分表土)的黏土矿物,结果显示:长江流域黏土矿物主要由伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石组成,伊利石含量最高,蒙脱石含量最低;长江干流上、中、下游黏土矿物含量基本一致,支流表现出明显区别,与流域不同的源岩类型和风化强度相对应.长江干流伊利石结晶度和化学指数...     

杭州湾潮滩沉积物黏土矿物空间差异与物源指示

通过对杭州湾潮滩沉积物中主要黏土矿物成分及组合类型的研究,分析了杭州湾潮滩沉积物黏土矿物的空间分布特征。借助聚类分析等手段,同时结合杭州湾水动力特征,探讨了研究区黏土矿物的来源和成因。研究结果表明,杭州湾潮滩表层沉积物主要为黏土质粉砂,其余为砂质粉砂。本区沉积物黏土矿物成分复杂,主要为伊利石,其次是高岭石和绿泥石;还有少量蒙皂石和蛭石及1.4 nm过渡矿物。根据其相对含量可分为3种组合类型:Ⅰ型为伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石-蛭石类-蒙皂石型,Ⅱ型为伊利石-绿泥石-高岭石-蒙皂石-蛭石类型,Ⅲ型为伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石-蒙皂石-蛭石类型。在空间上,北岸的蒙皂石和绿泥石平均含量高于南岸,而伊利石、高岭石和蛭石(含1.4 nm过渡矿物)平均含量则低于南岸。高潮滩和中潮滩黏土矿物对比,除了蒙皂石含量高潮滩大于中潮滩外,其他矿物含量均无明显规律。表层沉积物黏土矿物的分布特征与水动力条件和物质来源密切相关,杭州湾北岸乍浦以东潮滩受潮流和长江沿岸流影响明显,沉积物主要为长江和东海源的;南岸由于曹娥江和甬江两条河流的注入,流域物质所占比例明显比北岸高。柱状岩芯样品中各黏土矿物含量自下而上的变化则反映了物源区风化强度的波动特征。     

16 ka以来冲绳海槽中南部沉积物物源演化及其对古气候的响应

基于有孔虫AMS14C年龄年代框架,通过冲绳海槽中南部的OKT12孔沉积物黏土矿物的分析,探讨了16 ka以来冲绳海槽细颗粒沉积物的物源变化及其对源区气候的响应。研究结果显示,10 ka时黏土矿物组成发生明显变化,伊利石、绿泥石含量增加,高岭石、蒙皂石含量减少,指示物源由之前的长江和东海陆架源转变为台湾源。受到海平面上升影响,长江河口和冲绳海槽距离增加,夏季风增强,黑潮增强,既搬运台湾来源物质,又阻碍长江物质跨陆架输运,在这些因素综合作用下,长江物质减少、台湾物质增加。高岭石/（伊利石+绿泥石）和绿泥石/（伊利石+蒙皂石）比值在4 ka以来增加指示全新世晚期台湾源区侵蚀强度发生变化。4 ka前后物源判别显示,OKT12孔沉积物来源由台湾东北部河流变为台湾东南部河流,反映了该时期季风降雨导致源区台湾不同区域的侵蚀差异,可能与ITCZ南移、ENSO活动增强有关。     

辽河三角洲大凌河河口湿地沉积物晚更新世以来的矿物特征及其物源、气候意义

对辽河三角洲大凌河河口湿地地区ZK3钻孔的58个沉积物样品中碎屑矿物和黏土矿物进行鉴定和分析,结果显示:碎屑矿物中轻矿物占比大,平均含量为95.7%,主要包括斜长石(43.89%)、钾长石(28.10%)和石英(22.45%);重矿物平均含量仅为4.3%,主要为普通角闪石(38.03%)、绿帘石(27.51%)和自生重晶石(12.01%)。黏土矿物中伊利石平均含量(50.3%)最高,其次为蒙脱石(24.5%)、绿泥石(12.7%)和高岭石(12.6%),黏土矿物组合为伊利石-蒙脱石-绿泥石-高岭石型。ZK3孔晚更新世以来沉积物的物源有所差异,但总体上来说,除河道和湖相沉积时期物源主要来自大凌河外,其它沉积环境中沉积物主要来自辽河和大辽河,物源相对稳定。黏土矿物组合特征所指示的气候变化过程与本区域的孢粉数据有很好的对应关系:45～31 ka BP处于庐山—大理的间冰期阶段,蒙脱石/(伊利石+绿泥石)比值较大,指示气候温和湿润;31～11 ka BP为大理冰期阶段,蒙脱石/高岭石比值较低,指示气候寒冷干燥;11 ka BP至今为冰后期阶段,随着新仙女木事件(YD)的结束,温度逐渐回升,蒙脱...     

东海表层沉积物碎屑矿物组合分布特征及其物源环境指示

为进一步明确东海陆架区的沉积物物源及水动力环境,对研究区表层沉积物的碎屑矿物进行了鉴定分析。研究区共鉴定出49种重矿物、8种轻矿物。根据碎屑矿物的组合分布结合矿物形态特征,将东海陆架区划分为三个矿物区,内陆架矿物区、外陆架矿物区及虎皮礁矿物区。内陆架矿物区,动力分选是影响碎屑矿物分布的主要因素,物质来源相对单一,碎屑矿物主要来源于现代长江物质,闽浙沿岸近岸河流的输入,人类活动也对该区的矿物组成产生一定的影响;外陆架矿物区,重矿物分布的主控因素是长期的分选作用,主要是长江物质经后期改造形成,现代长江物质可从内陆架中北部扩散至124.5°E左右,此外外陆架东南部地形的变化也对碎屑矿物的分布起到一定控制作用;虎皮礁矿物区,有来自黄河、长江、火山物质的多重影响,且水动力环境相对复杂。     

中全新世以来西南极阿蒙森海沉积物来源和古气候意义

对西南极阿蒙森海A11-02孔沉积物进行粒度和地球化学元素分析,示踪了阿蒙森海沉积物来源,重建了中全新世以来的古气候演化历史。通过对稀土元素北美页岩平均标准化配分曲线以及(La/Yb)_N、(Gd/Lu)_N、(La/Sm)_N等参数的分析和对比,认为A11-02孔沉积物主要来源于玛丽伯德地,而别林斯高晋海也有一定贡献。通过将化学蚀变指数、Na/K、<22.1 μm粒级组分含量以及>63 μm粒级组分含量等相关替代指标与其他古气候记录对比,识别出中全新世以来在阿蒙森海存在4个明显的寒冷阶段(P1-P4)。在时间和空间上,南极地区千年尺度的气候变化具有一致性,主要受日照强度变化和大气环流变化控制。     

南海东部次海盆U1431站位中中新世以来的沉积物来源特征

南海东部次海盆的沉积记录蕴含着区域内中中新世以来沉积物的风化过程和演化历史信息.本文分析了国际大洋发现计划IODP 349航次南海东部次海盆U1431站位沉积物的主、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素特征.研究显示,样品中化学风化蚀变指数为49～74,表明源区的化学风化强度为低到中等强度.沉积物在风化过程中以斜长石风化为主.含有火山碎屑的岩性单元Ⅵ和Ⅶ及55X-2层位受到含Fe、Mg矿物组分的物质来源输入影响,其余沉积物主要来自长英质源区.Sr和Nd同位素特征显示不同风化程度的沉积物源区具有明显差异.通过与周围潜在源区进行对比,推断12.8 Ma至今,U1431站位的物源主要来自珠江流域,印支半岛、吕宋和巴拉望提供了少量物质.其中12.5～7.4 Ma,沉积物源区受到周围岩浆活动形成的基性物质输入的影响,但仍以珠江源区为主. 6.5 Ma以后,台湾岛隆升剥蚀的陆源物质进入中央海盆.因此,台湾岛成为源区之一.     

南京下蜀土的地球化学特征及其物源指示意义

风尘堆积的物源研究对于揭示物源区的环境演化状况、重建古风场强度和古大气环流格局等都具有重要的意义。目前长江下游地区下蜀土的物质来源问题仍然存在争议。为了解决这一争议问题,本文以南京泰山新村下蜀土剖面为研究对象,开展了系统的地球化学研究。通过对南京下蜀土的常量元素、微量元素、Nd同位素进行测试,并与黄土高原同期黄土进行对比分析,探讨其对长江下游下蜀土的物源指示意义。南京下蜀土与北方黄土具有相似的常、微量元素UCC标准化曲线和稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线,但是它的Zr、Hf含量较高,Tl、Pb含量较低,且具有较高的SiO2/Al2O3、TiO2/Al2O3、Nb/Ta和GdN/YbN,较低的SiO2/TiO2、Zr/Hf、Y/Ho、Lu/Hf和εNd(0)值,说明南京下蜀土的物质来源明显有别于黄土高原黄土。南京下蜀土与长江中游下蜀土在地球化学特征方面有较多的相似性,指示其物质来源与中游下蜀土的物质来源相似,主要来源于长江中下游地区的松散沉积物。     

陇东新近纪红粘土与第四纪黄土地球化学特征及其物源和风化指示意义

甘肃省平凉市灵台县邵寨镇剖面风尘堆积底界年龄大约为5.23 Ma B.P.,通过对该剖面新近纪红粘土与第四纪黄土-古土壤序列的常量元素、 微量元素、Nd同位素的测试,分析其在物源和风化方面的指示意义,发现新近纪红粘土与第四纪黄土具有相似的常量、 微量元素UCC标准化曲线和稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线,指示二者皆来自广阔的...     

湘西岩溶区风化壳的物源:石英粒度分布特征的指示

对湘西岩溶区呈镶嵌景观展布的4条风化剖面中石英粒度分布特征的进行对比研究,发现区域上碳酸盐岩风化成土作用具有极大可能性.基岩为灰岩的两条风化剖面(WC1和WC2)的频率分布曲线呈单峰窄峰态,众数值分别为4.9(φ)和4(φ);两条碎屑岩风化剖面(WC3和DBK)的频率分布曲线呈单峰宽峰态,众数值分别约为5.1(φ)和6(φ).而且各剖面基岩与上覆风化壳的石英粒度频率分布曲线呈现良好的对应关系.石英粒度的标准差、偏度、尖度等参数也显示,各剖面样品基本上分布于不同的区域.研究结果还表明:(1)母岩风化过程中,石英粒度分布特征是完全可以继承的;(2)剖面WC1和WC2为碳酸盐岩风化壳.说明在湘西岩溶区,在有利的地貌单元,碳酸盐岩是完全可以风化成土的;(3)不同风化剖面的石英粒度分布特征不同,说明在区域上,风化壳不具有共同的物源,下伏基岩是其上覆风化壳的成土母岩;(4)石英粒度分布特征是用于岩溶区风化壳物源示踪的良好指标.     

Source Lithology and Magmatic Processes Recorded in the Mineral of Basalts from the Parece Vela Basin

Since the Early Cenozoic, the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) has undergone a complex tectonic evolution. During this period the Parece Vela Basin (PVB) was formed by seafloor spreading in the back-arc region of the proto-Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) arc. However, until now, studies of the geological, geophysical, and tectonic evolution of the PVB have been rare. In this study, we obtained in situ trace element and major element compositions of minerals in basalts collected from two sites in the southern part of the PVB. The results reveal that the basalts from site CJ09-63 were likely formed via ~10% partial melting of spinel-garnet lherzolite, while the basalts from site CJ09-64 were likely formed via 15%–25% partial melting of garnet lherzolite. The order of mineral crystallization for the basalts from site CJ09-64 was olivine, spinel, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase, while the plagioclase in the basalts from site CJ09-63 crystallized earlier than the clinopyroxene. Using a plagioclase-liquid hygrometer and an olivine-liquid oxybarometer, we determined that the basalts in this study have high H2O contents and oxygen fugacities, suggesting that the magma source of the Parece Vela basalts was affected by subduction components, which is consistent with the trace element composition of whole rock.     

Geochemistry of Sediments from the Lopare Basin (Bosnia and Herzegovina): Implications for Paleoclimate, Paleosalinity, Paleoredox and Provenance

A combined inorganic and organic geochemical study was carried out on marls and mudstones collected from the Lower Miocene Lopare Basin, Bosnia and Herzegovina. A total of 46 samples collected from two boreholes, Pot 1 (depth of 193 m) and Pot 3 (depth of 344 m), showed that element abundances like boron (B), lithium (Li), strontium (Sr), uranium (U), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) are much higher than average than in the upper continental crust (UCC). Chemical composition indicates at least two sources: (i) Mesozoic ophiolites occurring in the north of the investigated area, and (ii) dacito-andesitic pyroclastics (Mesozoic to Cenozoic). Lopare Basin sedimentation was influenced by strong evaporation resulting in a partly hypersaline lake, which formed during a warm climatic period, probably during the Miocene Climatic Optimum. A brief episode of humid climate conditions resulted in the basin filling-up and deposition of felsic sediments enriched in thorium (Th). Organic geochemistry shows that the majority of studied sediments contains predominantly immature to marginally mature algal organic matter (OM). The biomarker patterns are generally in agreement with the geological history of the Lopare Basin and inorganic and mineralogical data. Conversely, the molecular distribution of n-alkanes as reliable climatic and δ-MTTC as paleosalinity indicators do not support this conclusion.     

西太平洋帕里西维拉海盆不对称性发育特征及其成因

西太平洋帕里西维拉海盆是伊豆-小笠原-马里亚纳"沟-弧-盆"体系下众多弧后扩张盆地中最大的一个,地质、地球物理资料显示该海盆具有明显的不对称发育特征,但长期以来对其成因缺乏系统研究。本文深入分析了帕里西维拉海盆东西两侧的几何形态、地形地貌、沉积特征与地球物理特征,以及盆地南端东翼的缺失和西翼明显的弯曲构造特征,并结合海盆区域板块运动机制研究认为：盆地不对称性发育特征的成因主要在于盆地的构造发育背景、盆地两侧构造活动与沉积环境的差异,盆地东西两侧的不对称发育主要受盆地发育过程中两侧的构造过程与沉积环境控制;盆地南端东翼的缺失和西翼的弯曲构造更多地受到东侧加洛林板块特别是加洛林脊俯冲作用的影响。     

沉积物的矿物和地球化学特征与盆地构造、古气候背景

构造和气候的变化是盆地充填和演化的两个主要控制因素,对沉积物而言,其主要是对沉积物类型和分布的控制。从沉积物的矿物学和地球化学的角度,提取了与盆地构造和气候演变有关的主要参数,包括碳酸盐岩矿物中的δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O、石英/长石、高岭石/粘土、伊利石/粘土的比值,反演地质历史中盆地在构造和气候上的变化。对松辽盆地白垩系的研究表明,泉三段、泉四段中石英/长石低值代表了在盆地坳陷期存在着具有一定强度的构造运动。伊利石/粘土和高岭石/粘土的分析反映出松辽盆地白垩世的气候经历了由泉三段沉积期气候干旱到青山口组沉积期气候湿润、姚家组沉积期气候快速转向干旱、嫩一段沉积期湿润的气候和嫩三、四段沉积期湿热气候的演变。碳酸盐岩中碳、氧同位素分析显示松辽盆地在83.3 Ma左右发生了海侵事件,在82.8 Ma左右发生了海退事件。     

An expression of Philippine Sea plate rotation: the Parece Vela and Shikoku Basins

The Philippine Sea plate, located between the Pacific, Eurasian and Australian plates, is the world's largest marginal basin plate. The motion of the Philippine Sea plate through time is poorly understood as it is almost entirely surrounded by subduction zones and hence, previous studies have relied on palaeomagnetic analysis to constrain its rotation. We present a comprehensive analysis of geophysical data within the Parece Vela and Shikoku Basins—two Oligocene to Miocene back-arc basins—which provide independent constraints on the rotational history of the Philippine Sea plate by means of their seafloor spreading record. We have created a detailed plate model for the opening of the Parece Vela and Shikoku Basins based on an analysis of all available magnetic, gravity and bathymetric data in the region. Subduction along the Izu–Bonin–Mariana trench led to trench roll-back, arc rupture and back-arc rifting in the Parece Vela and Shikoku Basins at 30 Ma. Seafloor spreading in both basins developed by chron 9o (28 Ma), and possibly by chron 10o (29 Ma), as a northward and southward propagating rift, respectively. The spreading orientation in the Parece Vela Basin was E–W as opposed to ENE–WSW in the Shikoku Basin. The spreading ridges joined by chron 6By (23 Ma) and formed a R–R–R triple junction to accommodate the difference in spreading orientations in both basins. At chron 6No (20 Ma), the spreading direction in the Parece Vela Basin changed from E–W to NE–SW. At chron 5Ey (19 Ma), the spreading direction in the Shikoku Basin changed from ENE–WSW to NE–SW. This change was accompanied by a marked decrease in spreading rate. Cessation of back-arc opening occurred at 15 Ma, a time of regional plate reorganisation in SE Asia. We interpret the dramatic change in spreading rate and direction from E–W to NE–SW at 20±1.3 Ma as an expression of Philippine Sea plate rotation and is constrained by the spacing between our magnetic anomaly identifications and the curvature of the fracture zones. This rotation was previously thought to have begun at 25 Ma as a result of a global change in plate motions. Our results suggest that the Philippine Sea plate rotated clockwise by about 4° between 20 and 15 Ma about a pole located 35°N, 84°E. This implies that the majority of the 34° clockwise rotation inferred to have occurred between 25 and 5 Ma from paleomagnetic data may have in fact been confined to the period between 15 and 5 Ma.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部晚三叠世物源分析

本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地南部的物源区大地构造性质、沉积格局及古水流等的综合分析,并结合砂岩组分,轻、重矿物及微量元素等资料,对盆地南部晚三叠世物源进行了深入分析,旨在阐明古物源与沉积体系的空间配置,确定物源的差异演化过程及发展趋势。研究表明,盆地南部晚三叠世沉积物源主要为太古生界深变质的结晶片岩、片麻岩及震旦亚界和古生界的浅海相碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩。在物源分异的影响下,不同的沉积体系分布区轻、重矿物组分特征明显不同。在镇原—泾川地区砂岩碎屑中石英含量相对较高,岩屑主要为沉积岩屑,向东南部铜川—耀县一带,长石含量逐渐增加,岩屑中火成岩和变质岩岩屑也增加。盆地南部重矿物主要为锆石、电气石及石榴石为主的组合,其分布受到了沉积水系的控制,形成了西南部的环县—庆阳—泾川一带、南部的长武—宁县一带、东南部的黄陵—铜川地区和东北部富县—延安一带的4个重矿物集中分布区,分别对应于不同的古水系及沉积物扩散区。在REE配分模式上,富县—延安地区延长组地球化学特征及配分模式曲线与盆地东北缘太古代及早元古代变质岩一致,二者有较大的亲缘关系;镇泾地区和盆地西南缘变质岩REE分配模式基本一致。     

Provenance of Clay Minerals in the Amami Sankaku Basin and Their Paleoclimate Implications Since Late Pleistocene

We analyzed the clay mineral assemblages, content and mineralogical characteristics of Hole U1438A sediment recovered from Amami Sankaku Basin during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) expedition 351. The results show that the clay minerals are mainly composed of illite (average 57%), smectite (average 26%), chlorite (average 14%) and minor kaolinite(average 3%). The crystallinity of illite in all samples are good (<0.4 Δ° 2θ), and the chemical indexes of illite in all samples are low (<0.4). Both indicate that illite in Hole U1438A formed in cold and dry climate. By comparing clay mineral assemblages of hole U1438A and the potential sediment sources, we suggest that smectite be mainly derived from the volcanic materials around Amami Sankaku Basin. Illite, chlorite and kaolinite are mainly derived from the Asian dust. The ratios of (illite+chlorite)/smectite show a phased increase over the last 350 ka, which is consistent with the cold and drying trend of the Asian continent since late Pleistocene. The high ratios of (illite+chlorite)/smectite and (illite+chlorite)/kaolinite during glacial period indicate that much more Asian dust was input into the Amami Sankaku Basin, which are responded to the aridity of Asian continent and strengthened east Asian Monsoon during glacial period.     

伊犁盆地三道河河流阶地沉积物粒度特征及其古气候响应

河流成因沉积物中携带了古气候变化和古环境变迁的关键信息。笔者利用三道河剖面的粒度、磁化率特征及光释光（OSL）年龄对其沉积环境进行了探讨。结果表明：粒度频率曲线包括单峰和双峰2种,频率累积曲线以三段式为主,粒度特征反映三道河一级阶地沉积经历了由低能湖泊相→高能河流相→中高能河流相的演变过程;磁化率结果显示H1期间存在最低值,在B-A暖期迅速升高,在YD期间降低-升高-降低。三道河一级阶地形成于晚更新世—全新世早期,完整记录了末次冰消期以来的YD、B-A以及H1三次重大气候变化事件。     

塔西南叶城地区新生代沉积物源分析:来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学证据

新生代以来,受印度与欧亚板块碰撞和持续汇聚作用的影响,西昆仑造山带重新活化,并向塔里木盆地强烈挤压冲断,形成塔西南新生代再生前陆盆地。本文以塔西南叶城地区柯克亚剖面新生代砂岩样品为研究对象,进行碎屑锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,探讨其主要物源方向,以期对西昆仑隆升历史进行约束。结果表明,碎屑锆石的年龄存在70 Ma,200~500 Ma,800~1000 Ma,1600~2000 Ma和2400~2800 Ma五个年龄段,反映了该区物源的复杂性。综合分析潜在的物源区岩石属性、年龄构成及古流向等研究资料,认为物源区主要包括铁克里克、奥依塔克及喀喇昆仑地区,来自西南天山的可能性比较低。其中70 Ma的碎屑锆石主要来自于南部的帕米尔和喀喇昆仑地区;而200~500 Ma年龄段的锆石来自南部的铁克里克和西南部奥依塔克地区,这两个地区是主要的物源区;800~1000 Ma年龄段的锆石主要来自库地缝合带;1600~2000 Ma和2400~2800 Ma年龄段的锆石主要来自于铁克里克地区的前寒武纪结晶基底。研究区与奥依塔克地区位于同一弧形带,二者具有相似的物源区。上新世阿图什组地层沉积前后锆石形态具有明显突变,代表了西昆仑一次快速隆升过程。     

珠江口盆地渐‒中新世古气候及物源特征:以阳江东凹为例

珠江口盆地阳江东凹处于太平洋构造域与新特提斯构造域交汇处,地球动力学背景、构造演化历史复杂,对于盆地物源特征和物源区古气候演化方面研究比较薄弱。选取珠江口盆地阳江东凹A钻井岩心中的珠海组-韩江组砂泥岩样品,对其进行地球化学分析,结果显示,样品呈轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素平坦的配分模式,有明显的负Eu异常特征,与花岗岩相似;Al_2O_3/TiO_2、F1-F2、La/Th-Hf和Co/Th-La/Sc判别图解表明源岩以长英质为主,并有镁铁质岩石的混入;Al_2O_3/TiO_2、Cr/Zr和Th/Sc值也体现出长英质成分为主的物源特征;(Fe_2O_3+MgO)-TiO_2、Th-Co-Zr/10和Th-Sc-Zr/10构造环境判别图解显示,大部分样品落在大陆岛弧和主动大陆边缘区域,综合研究表明源区岩石特征与中国东南沿海大面积发育的岩浆岩极为相似。化学蚀变指数(CIA)、化学风化指数(CIW)、斜长石蚀变指数(PIA)等指标以及Mg/Ca值,指示珠江口盆地阳江东凹晚渐新世至中中新世物源区经历了中等程度的化学风化,对应温暖湿润的古气候环境,且从早到晚气温降低、降水量减少。