Influence of contamination on banded iron formations in the Isua supracrustal belt,West Greenland: Reevaluation of the Eoarchean seawater compositions

Banded Iron Formations(BIFs) are chemical sediments, ubiquitously distributed in the Precambrian supracrustal belts; thus their trace element compositions are helpful for deciphering geochemical evolution on the Earth through time. However, it is necessary to elucidate factors controlling the whole-rock compositions in order to decode the ancient seawater compositions because their compositions are highly variable. We analyzed major and trace element contents of the BIFs in the 3.8-3.7 Ga Isua supracrustal belt(ISB), southern West Greenland. The BIFs are petrographically classified into four types:Black-,Gray-, Green-and White-types, respectively. The Green-type BIFs contain more amphiboles, and are significantly enriched in Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, heavy rare earth element(HREE) and U contents. However,their bulk compositions are not suitable for estimate of seawater composition because the enrichment was caused by secondary mobility of metamorphic Mg, Ca and Si-rich fluid, involvement of carbonate minerals and silicate minerals of olivine and pyroxene and/or later silicification or contamination of volcanic and clastic materials. The White-type BIFs are predominant in quartz, and have lower transition element and REE contents. The Gray-type BIFs contain both quartz and magnetite. The Black-type BIFs are dominated by magnetite, and contain moderate to high transition element and REE contents. But,positive correlations of V, Ni, Zn and U contents with Zr contents suggest that involvement of detrital,volcanic and exhalative materials influences on their contents. The evidence for significant influence of the materials on the transition element contents such as Ni in the BIFs indicates the transition element contents in the Archean ocean were much lower than previously estimated. We reconstructed secular variations of V,Co, Zn and U contents of BIFs through time, which show Ni and Co contents decreased whereas V, Zn and U contents increased through time. Especially, the Ni and Co contents drastically decreased in the Mesoarchean rather than around the Great Oxidation Event. On the other hand, the V,Zn and U contents progressively increased from the Mesoarchean to the Proterozoic. Stratigraphical trends of the BIFs show increase in Y/Ho ratios and decrease in positive Eu anomaly upwards, respectively. The stratigraphic changes indicate that a ratio of hydrothermal fluid to seawater component gradually decrease through the deposition, and support the Eoarchean plate tectonics, analogous to the their stratigraphic variations of seafloor metalliferous sediments at present and in the Mesoarchean.     

Rare earth elements in the early Archaean Isua iron-formation, West Greenland

The rare earth element (REE) patterns in the 3.8 Ga-old Isua iron-formation are generally flat, resembling those of some primitive basalts. Samples with positive, negative or no europium anomaly were found. It is shown that diagenesis and metamorphism did not significantly change the REE patterns. The presence or absence of europium anomalies in iron-formations cannot be used as an indicator of the presence or absence of oxygen in the atmosphere during the Archaean and Precambrian. The REE contents cannot be used to distinguish Algoma-type from Superior-type iron-formations. There appears to be a striking similarity between the Archaean submarine exhalations and modern submarine hydrothermal systems. It is considered likely that Archaean and early Precambrian seawater had a chondritic REE pattern with a slight enrichment of light REE.     

山东半岛基性高压麻粒岩的成因矿物学及变质演化

在山东半岛的平度-莱西-莱阳-烟台一带,广泛出露基性高压麻粒岩,它们呈大小不等的透镜体或不规则脉状体产于TTG片麻岩中,且与超镁铁质岩石密切"伴生"。根据岩相学、矿物相转变、变质反应以及温压条件的系统研究结果,确定山东半岛基性高压麻粒岩经历了四个阶段的变质演化。早期进变质阶段(M1)的标志性矿物组合以石榴石及其内部的细粒单斜辉石+斜长石±石英为特征,记录的温压条件为T=740～770℃、P=0.9～1.0GPa;峰期高压麻粒岩相变质阶段(M2)的矿物组合以基质中石榴石(富Ca核部)+单斜辉石(富Al核部)+斜长石(富Na核部)±石英为特征,记录的温压条件为T=850～880℃、P=1.45～1.65GPa;峰后近等温减压(中压)麻粒岩相退变质阶段(M3),以发生一系列典型减压反应和斜方辉石的大量出现为标志,典型的矿物组合为斜方辉石+单斜辉石+斜长石+磁铁矿±角闪石,记录的温压条件为T=780～830℃、P=0.65～0.85GPa;晚期角闪岩相退变质阶段(M4)以石榴石发生降温反应、形成角闪石+斜长石+磁铁矿±石英等退变矿物组合为特征,记录的温压条件为T=590～650℃、P=0.62～0.82GPa。高压基性麻粒岩的变质演化的P-T轨迹具有顺时针型式,先后经历了近等温减压过程(ITD)和近等压降温过程(IBC)变质演化过程,指示研究区基性高压麻粒岩是古老陆块之间在俯冲-碰撞造山过程中加厚下地壳折返地表的产物。该项成果对于重新认识华北克拉通在早前寒武纪古老陆块的碰撞-拼贴及其演化的动力学过程具有重要科学意义。     

Caledonian eclogite-facies metamorphism of Early Proterozoic protoliths from the North-East Greenland Eclogite Province

High-pressure metamorphic assemblages occur in mafic, ultramafic and a few intermediate rocks in a gneiss complex that covers an area of approximately 400 × 100 km in the North-East Greenland Caledonides. Detailed petrologic and geochronologic studies were carried out on three samples in order to clarify the P-T-t evolution of this eclogite province. Geothermobarometry yields temperature estimates of 700–800 °C and pressure estimates of at least 1.5 GPa from an eclogite sensu stricto and as high as 2.35 GPa for a garnet websterite. The eclogite defines a garnet-clinopyroxene-amphibole-whole rock Sm-Nd isochron age of 405 ± 24 Ma (MSWD 0.9). Isofacial garnet websterites define garnet-clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-amphibole-whole rock-(biotite) ages of 439 ± 8 Ma (MSWD =2.1) for a coarse-grained sample and 370 ± 12 Ma (MSWD=0.6) for a finer-grained variety. Overgrowths on zircons from the fine-grained pyroxenite and the eclogite give a pooled ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U SHRIMP age of 377 ± 7 Ma (n=4). Significantly younger Rb-Sr biotite ages of 357 ± 8, 330 ± 6 and 326 ± 6 agree with young Rb-Sr, K-Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar mineral ages from the gneiss complex and indicate slow cooling of the eclogitic rocks. High-pressure metamorphism may have been at least 439 Ma old (Siluro-Ordovician) with cooling through amphibolite-facies conditions in the Devonian and continued crustal thinning and exhumation well into the Carboniferous. Sm-Nd whole rock model ages indicate the eclogite protoliths are Early Proterozoic in age, while ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb SHRIMP ages of 1889 ± 18 and 1981 ± 8 from anhedral zircon cores probably reflect Proterozoic metasomatism. The samples have negative ɛ_Nd values (−5 to −16) and elevated ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.708–0.715), consistent with field evidence that the eclogite protoliths were an integral part of the continental crust long before Caledonian metamorphism. The presence of a large Caledonian eclogite terrane in Greenland requires modification of current tectonic models that postulate subduction of Baltica beneath Laurentia during the Caledonian orogeny. Received: 9 October 1996 / Accepted: 7 July 1997     

Nitrogen and argon isotopic signatures in graphite from the 3.8-Ga-old Isua Supracrustal Belt, Southern West Greenland

The problems involved with the interpretation of carbon isotopes as indicators for early life in highly metamorphosed early Archean rocks have prompted the search for additional chemical and isotopic biomarkers. Here we report an attempt to identify the origin of carbonaceous matter in the 3.8 Ga old Isua Supracrustal Belt in southern West Greenland by measuring the concentration and isotopic composition of a trapped nitrogen component. Stepped-combustion/pyrolysis-mass spectrometry of carbonaceous matter in several rock samples revealed three different reservoirs of trapped nitrogen: (1) nitrogen associated with a very small amount of reactive carbonaceous material, (2) nitrogen intercalated in graphite, correlated with intercalated radiogenic argon, (3) nitrogen strongly retained at defects or chemically bound in the graphite structure. The δ¹⁵N of nitrogen associated with reactive carbonaceous matter (ca. +6‰) overlaps with that of average Phanerozoic sedimentary organic matter, and is believed to be part of nonindigenous postmetamorphic biologic material. In situ Raman spectroscopy confirmed the high degree of crystallinity of the metamorphosed indigenous carbonaceous material, and this material is further referred to as graphite. Graphite interpreted as epigenetic (associated with Mg,Mn-siderite in metacarbonates) contains a very small strongly retained nitrogen component with a low δ¹⁵N ratio (−3 to −1‰). This range overlaps with values that are typically found in Archean kerogens, but also those of a metamorphically emplaced inorganic basaltic source. Geological constraints suggest that this graphite incorporated nitrogen from surrounding metabasaltic rocks. Graphite interpreted as syngenetic and biogenic found in a turbidite deposit is relatively similar to this Mg,Mn-siderite-derived graphite, based on degree of graphite crystallinity, amount of trapped radiogenic argon, low nitrogen concentration and δ¹⁵N signature. We conclude that nitrogen concentration and its isotope ratio in graphite cannot be used conclusively as a biomarker in these rocks from the highly metamorphosed Isua Supracrustal Belt.     

Corundum-bearing amphibolites from the metamorphic basement of the Krivaja–Konjuh ultramafic massif (Dinaride Ophiolite Zone, Bosnia)

Summary ?Corundum-bearing amphibolites are part of the metamorphic basement of the Krivaja–Konjuh ultramafic massif in the Dinaride Ophiolite Zone in Bosnia. Pinkish corundum occurs as porphyroblasts and together with edenitic–pargasitic hornblende and anorthite within the amphibolites. Based on major and trace element contents, the protoliths of the corundum-bearing amphibolites were tholeiitic gabbro cumulates. Geothermobarometric estimations on the corundum-bearing amphibolites yielded preliminary P–T conditions of 620–830 °C and 6–10 kbar for amphibole and plagioclase inclusions inside corundum and 4.5–8 kbar for the main metamorphic assemblage. These estimates are thought to reflect the metamorphic conditions achieved during the Late Jurassic obduction of the Krivaja–Konjuh ultramafic massif onto ophiolite mélange. This study documents the mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of these unusual corundum-bearing ophiolite-related edenite–pargasitic amphibolites. Received June 20, 2002; accepted October 22, 2002     

A modern structural regime in the Paleoarchean (3.64 Ga); Isua Greenstone Belt, southern West Greenland

The footwall gneisses beneath the western part of the Paleoarchean (3.8 Ga) Isua Greenstone Belt, southern West Greenland, are interpreted here in terms of a 3.64 Ga stack of mylonitic crystalline thrust-nappes, the oldest example known on Earth. In present coordinates, the kinematic history of the thrust-nappe stack is couched in terms of initial longitudinal (strike-parallel) thrusting towards the southwest, followed by transverse thrusting to the northwest, and subsequent extensional collapse of the thickened crust toward the southeast.Diorite and tonalite that form the western margin of granitoids, structurally overlying the western part of the Isua Greenstone Belt and its footwall, contain 3.5 Ga mafic dykes, some of which are deformed and/or truncated at fault contacts within the granitoids. Accordingly, a component of the deformation structurally above the Isua Greenstone Belt occurred after 3.5 Ga, significantly later than the formation of the underlying mylonitic nappes, probably during the Neoarchean.The structural regime of mylonitic thrust-nappe stacking is very similar to that in modern mountain belts. It would appear that the deformational behaviour, rheological constitution and overall strength of Paleoarchean and modern continental crust were similar.     

Petrogenesis of the garnet peridotite and garnet-free peridotite of the Zhimafang ultramafic body in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt, eastern China

The CCSD‐PP1 drillhole penetrated a 110‐m‐thick sequence of the Zhimafang ultramafic body in the Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt, east China. The sequence consists of interlayered garnet‐bearing (Grt) and garnet‐free (GF) peridotite. Eleven layers of Grt‐peridotite, ranging from 1.2 to 9.5 m in thickness, have an aggregate thickness of 54.49 m, whereas eight layers of GF‐peridotite, ranging from 2.2 to 14.2 m in thickness, have a total thickness of 57.53 m. The boundaries between the two rock types are gradational. The Grt‐peridotites have slightly higher contents of Al₂O₃, CaO and SiO₂, and lower Mg^#s (0.90–0.92) than the GF‐peridotites (Mg^#s 0.91–0.93). Both contain low TiO₂ (<0.05 wt%) and have higher modal abundances of enstatite (average 10 vol.%) than diopside (1–5 vol.%), typical of depleted‐type upper mantle. The diopside in these rocks has high and relatively uniform Mg^# members (0.93–0.95), but highly variable Al₂O₃ (0.2–2.3 wt%), Na₂O (0.5–2.5 wt%) and Cr₂O₃ (0.38–2.09 wt%). Enstatite (En_92?93) contains very low Al₂O₃ (0–0.3 wt%). Both porphyroblastic and equigranular garnet are present. The equigranular varieties are zoned, from core to rim in Cr₂O₃ (3.4–4.2 wt%), MgO (18.4–17.5 wt%) and Al₂O₃ (21.1–20.1 wt%). Titania is very low in all the garnet, mostly <0.05 wt%. Chromite or chromium (Cr)‐spinel occur both in the Grt‐ and GF‐peridotite, and are characterized by high contents of Cr₂O₃ (49–58 wt%) and FeO (24–43 wt%), similar to that in iron‐rich Alpine‐type peridotites. Based on the bulk‐rock MgO–FeO compositions, the Zhimafang Grt‐peridotite probably underwent 20–30% partial melting, whereas the GF‐peridotite may have undergone as much as 35–40% partial melting, suggesting that the two rock types owe their differences to different degrees of partial melting rather than to pressure differences during metamorphism.     

Ancient graphite in the Eoarchean quartz-pyroxene rocks from Akilia in southern West Greenland I: Petrographic and spectroscopic characterization

Because all known Eoarchean (>3.65 Ga) volcano-sedimentary terranes are locked in granitoid gneiss complexes that have experienced high degrees of metamorphism and deformation, the origin and mode of preservation of carbonaceous material in the oldest metasedimentary rocks remain a subject of vigorous debate. To determine the biogenicity of carbon in graphite in such rocks, carbonaceous material must be demonstrably indigenous and its composition should be consistent with thermally altered biogenic carbon as well as inconsistent with abiogenic carbon. Here we report the petrological and spectroscopic characteristics of carbonaceous material, typically associated with individual apatite grains, but also with various other minerals including calcite, in a >3.83 Ga granulite-facies ferruginous quartz-pyroxene unit (Qp rock) from the island of Akilia in southern West Greenland. In thin sections of the fine-grained parts of Akilia Qp rock sample G91-26, mapped apatites were found to be associated with graphite in about 20% of the occurrences. Raman spectra of this carbonaceous material had strong G-band and small D-band absorptions indicative of crystalline graphite. Three apatite-associated graphites were found to contain curled graphite structures, identified by an anomalously intense second-order D-band (or 2D-band) Raman mode. These structures are similar to graphite whiskers or cones documented to form at high temperatures. Raman spectra of apatite-associated graphite were consistent with formation at temperatures calculated to be between 635 and 830 °C, which are consistent with granulite-facies metamorphic conditions. Three graphite targets extracted by focused ion beam (FIB) methods contained thin graphite coatings on apatite grains rather than inclusions sensu stricto as inferred from transmitted light microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. TEM analyses of graphite in these FIB sections showed a (0 0 0 2) interplanar spacing between 3.41 and 3.64 Å for apatite-associated graphite, which is larger than the spacing of pure graphite (3.35 Å) and may be caused by the presence of non-carbon heteroatoms in interlayer sites. Samples analyzed by synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) also confirmed the presence of crystalline graphite, but abundances of N and O heteroatoms were below detection limit for this method. Graphite in the Akilia Qp rock was also found to occur in complex polyphase mineral assemblages of hornblende ± calcite ± sulfides ± magnetite that point to high-temperature precipitation from carbon-bearing fluids. These complex mineral assemblages may represent another generation of graphitization that could have occurred during the amphibolite-facies metamorphic event at 2.7 Ga. Several observations point to graphitization from high-temperature fluid-deposition for some of the Akilia graphite and our results do not exclude a biogenic source of carbon in graphite associated with apatite, but ambiguities remain for the origin of this carbon.     

Recognizable primary volcanic and sedimentary features in a low-strain domain of the highly deformed, oldest known (≈ 3.7–3.8 Gyr) Greenstone Belt, Isua, West Greenland

A low-strain domain has been identified in the metamorphosed, mostly highly deformed volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the early Archaean Isua supracrustal belt. This domain contains well-preserved volcanic and sedimentary features, including basaltic pillow lavas, pillow breccia, heterogeneous volcanic breccia, amygdules in metabasalt, and polymict conglomerate dominated by recrystallized chert and volcanic clasts. The low-strain domain is bounded by highly deformed rocks mostly derived from basalt, chert, and banded iron formation. These discoveries demonstrate that some primary features have escaped the pervasive metasomatism dominant in other parts of the belt and, furthermore, strengthen the characterization of the Isua supracrustals as a typical greenstone belt.     

An example of high-pressure low-temperature metamorphic rocks from an island-arc: the Paikon Series (Innermost Hellenides, Greece)

Abstract The Paikon Series is considered to be a volcanic arc sequence with a mainly neritic sedimentary sequence and bimodal tholeiitic volcanism of early Mesozoic age. The metamorphic assemblages are syn- to post-kinematic with respect to a pre-Tithonian tectonic phase and range from the lawsonite-chlorite-albite facies through transitional Na-amphibole-greenschist facies to the chlorite sub-zone of the greenschist facies. The metamorphic imprint of the Paikon Series corresponds to a temperature range from less than 330° C to ± 450° C under a total pressure from 3 kbar to 6–7 kbar. The overprinting of these facies on an earlier blueschist assemblage, related either to a subduction zone or to a tectonic overpressure caused by thrusting, is suspected.     

Assimilation and high-pressure fractional crystallization (AFC) recorded by Paleo-proterozoic mafic dykes,Southeast Greenland

The northern margin of the Nagssugtoqidian mobile belt in Southeast Greenland exposes a suite of moderately fractionated Fe-rich tholeiitic dykes of Paleo-proterozoic age. The dykes were intruded during extension of the crust prior to the development of the Nagssugtoqidian mobile belt. Although the dykes recrystallized under amphibolite facies conditions during Proterozoic orogenesis, they suffered little deformation. Excluding two very evolved samples, the compositions range between: 7.8–4.6 wt.% MgO, 44.5–52.9 wt.% SiO₂ and 1.8–6.9 wt.% total alkalis. One group of mafic dykes shows distinct mantle-normalized trace element patterns with high abundance of low field strength elements and light rare earth elements and low abundances of high field strength elements. These characteristics are consistent with a process of fractional crystallization coupled with assimilation of the regional granulitic crust. Relatively high rates of assimilation to fractional crystallization (0.7) are required to generate the level of incompatible trace elements. This points to lower crustal conditions, and the assimilation is believed to have taken place at the base of the continental crust.Trace element variations indicate fractionation at high pressure involving clinopyroxene as the main extracted phase. We evaluate two fractionation models corresponding to a pressure of 0.9 and 1.5 GPa, respectively, and show that the trace element variations require polybaric fractionation at pressures from a maximum of 1.5 GPa to a minimum of 0.9 GPa.     

Chemical characterization of earth’s most ancient clastic metasediments from the Isua Greenstone Belt, southern West Greenland

New and published major and trace element abundances of clastic metasediments (mainly garnet-biotite-plagioclase schists) from the ∼3.8 Ga Isua Greenstone Belt (IGB), southern West Greenland, are used in an attempt to identify the compositional characteristics of the protoliths of these sediments. Compositionally, the metasediments are heterogeneous with enrichment of LREE (La/Sm_chond = 1.1-3.9) and variable enrichment and depletion of HREE (Gd/Yb_chond = 0.8-4.3). Chondrite-normalized Eu is also variable, spanning a range from relative Eu depletion to enrichment (Eu/Eu* = 0.6-1.3). A series of geochemical and geological criteria provides conclusive evidence for a sedimentary origin, in disagreement with some previous studies that questioned the presence of genuine clastic metasediments. In particular, trace element systematics of IGB metasediments show strong resemblance to other well-documented Archaean clastic sediments, and are consistent with a provenance consisting of ultramafic, mafic and felsic igneous rocks. Two schists, identified as metasomatized mafic igneous rocks from petrographic and field evidence, show distinct compositional differences to the metasediments.Major element systematics document incipient-to-moderate source weathering in the majority of metasediments, while signs of secondary K-addition are rare. Detailed inspection of Eu/Eu*, Fe₂O₃ and CIW (chemical index of weathering) relationships reveals that elevated iron contents (when compared to averages for continental crust) and strong relative enrichment in Eu may be due to precipitation of marine Fe-oxyhydroxides during deposition or diagenesis on the seafloor.Some of the IGB metasediments have yielded anomalous ¹⁴²Nd and ¹⁸²W isotopic compositions that were respectively interpreted in terms of early mantle differentiation processes and the presence of a meteorite component. Alternatively, W and possibly Nd isotopes could have been affected by thermal neutron capture on the Hadean surface. The latter process was tested in this study by analysis of Sm isotope compositions, which serve as an effective monitor for neutron capture effects. As no anomalous variation from terrestrial values was detected, we infer that isotope systematics (including ¹⁸²W and ¹⁴²Nd) of IGB metasediments were not affected by neutron capture, but reflect decay of radioactive parent isotopes.     

北苏鲁威海地区超基性岩的原岩形成时代和超高压变质时代

超基性岩是苏鲁超高压变质地体中一类特殊且十分重要的岩石类型,它们通常呈规模不一的块状、条带状或不规则透镜状 (体) 赋存于区域大面积出露的花岗质片麻岩中。锆石中矿物包体激光拉曼测试、阴极发光图像分析和不同性质锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年等综合研究结果表明,北苏鲁威海地区含橄榄石辉石岩 (样品W1和W2) 中锆石的成因十分复杂,可进一步划分3种不同类型锆石。其中第一类锆石呈自形-半自形晶,阴极发光图像显示清晰的岩浆结晶环带,矿物包体主要为Ol+Cpx+Ap, 记录的²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb年龄为1835~1845Ma,应代表含橄榄石辉石岩的原岩形成时代;第二类为变质重结晶锆石,呈半自形-他形晶,阴极发光图像显示模糊的岩浆结晶环带,矿物包体与第一类完全一致,记录的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄变化范围大,为250~784Ma之间,表明部分继承性岩浆结晶锆石明显受到后期岩浆-变质热事件的影响而发生不完全重结晶和Pb丢失,进而使其记录的年龄相对偏新;第三类锆石呈他形晶,为典型的变质锆石,阴极发光图像十分均匀,矿物包体相对少见,主要为Grt+Cpx,记录的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为230~234Ma, 且与苏鲁地体榴辉岩及其围岩中含柯石英锆石微区记录的超高压变质年龄 (225~235Ma) 十分一致,应代表含橄榄石辉石岩的峰期超高压变质时代。超基性岩中超高压变质锆石的准确识别表明苏鲁地体在峰期超高压变质阶段的确存在流体,流体的存在对超高压变质锆石的形成起着至关重要的作用。该项研究不仅准确厘定北苏鲁威海地区超基性岩的原岩形成时代和超高压变质时代,而且对于深入探讨苏鲁-大别超高压地体流体行为、演化规律及其水-岩相互作用机理具有重要的科学意义。     

Preliminary note on deerite from high-pressure metamorphic rocks of Sifnos,Greece

A new occurrence of deerite-bearing quartzites from blueschist metamorphic rocks of the Greek island of Sifnos is described, and analytical and X-ray data on deerite are presented.     

江苏东海榴辉岩相变质脉体的流体包裹体研究

苏鲁超高压变质带南部的东海地区产出大量榴辉岩体,其中存在含蓝晶石-黝帘石／褐帘石-绿辉石-金红石（＋磷灰石＋锆石）石英脉,它们含有与榴辉岩主岩相近似的矿物组合,故应该是在与榴辉岩相近的超高压P—T奈件下形成的。这些脉体的褐帘石／黝帘石和金红石具有很高的稀土元素（REE）和高场强元素（HFSE）含量及变化的Sr、Ba、V和Cr含量。脉体的蓝晶石,特别是褐帘石和黝帘石含有丰富的固体与流体包裹体,包括：（1）多相固体包裹体（muhiphase solid inclusions,Ⅰ型）;（2）多子晶流体包裹体（muhidaughter mineral—bearing fluid inclusions,Ⅱ型）;（3）H2O-CO2包裹体（Ⅲ型）;（4）高盐度盐水包裹体（Ⅳ型）;和（5）中-低盐度H2O包裹体（Ⅴ型）。Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型包裹体主要存在于蓝晶石中,偶尔见于黝帘石中,呈孤立分布或沿晶内裂隙分布;Ⅱ型包裹体多沿褐帘石和黝帘石晶核密集或随机分布,或沿晶内裂隙分布;Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型包裹体多见于石英中,也见于褐帘石和黝帘石中,一般沿裂隙分布。能谱和激光拉曼探针分析表明Ⅰ型包裹体中的固相有钠云母、刚玉、方解石、菱铁矿、硬石膏、重晶石、磁铁矿和黄铁矿,以及未知相;Ⅱ型包裹体中的固相有白（钠）云母、硬石膏、方解石、磷灰石、天青石、磁铁矿和黄铁矿,以及未知含水硅酸盐等;Ⅲ型包裹体主要含H2O和CO2;Ⅳ型包裹体除含H2O液相外,常见固相有石盐、方解石和不透明矿物,而气相有时可合明显数量的CO2和N2。显微测温显示,多数Ⅱ型包裹体的冰点（Tmi）在-5℃～0℃,相应的盐度为0～7．86％NaCl equiv．。鉴于Ⅱ型包裹体含有多种子矿物,根据包裹体中固体总含量并结合溶解度资料估计,Ⅱa和Ⅱb型包裹体中溶质浓度可分别达到40％～70％和25％-40％,原始流体可能属于Na^＋-Ca^2＋（Sr^2＋）-Mg^2＋-Fe^2＋-CO3^2--CO4^2-SiO3^2-&#177;PO4^3--Cl^--H2O体系。Ⅳ型包裹体中CO2固相熔化温度为-58．1～-58．0℃,激光拉曼探针分析证实CO2相中还存在N2;CO2（-N2）相的均一温度（ThCO2）为9．8～18％,相应的CO2（-N2）相流体密度为0．739—0．784g／cm^3。加热时石盐熔化温度（Ta）为201～428℃,液-气均一温度（Th）从184到≥450℃,相应的含水相盐度为31.12％-≥53％NaCl。黝帘石和石英中V型包裹体Tc接近-21℃,Tmi分别为-4．5～-19．0℃和-3．2～-18．4℃,相应的盐度分别为7．17％～≥20．68％NaCl和5．26％～21．26％NaCl equiv．不等。高压脉体中存在丰富的流体包裹体证明这些脉体是在有自由流体相的条件下形成的。包裹体的产状和结构关系表明,原生Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型包裹体是在蓝晶石、褐帘石和黝帘石生长期间捕获的,流体可能来自于大陆板块深俯冲期间含水矿物的脱水反应。在超高压条件下,这种流体属于含水硅酸盐熔体一含水流体体系,含有大量溶质和微量元素。流体组成与岩石（矿物）类型有关,反映矿物结晶时与周围流体介质构成了局部的缓冲体系,并从周围流体介质中获取了所需要的组分,即产生榴辉岩相脉体的流体是就地来源的。由于超高压峰期变质后,苏鲁地体经历了快速折返和抬升,超高压条件下捕获的流体包裹体都经受了部分爆裂一再平衡,流体包裹体的密度大大降低;同时,流体包裹体有可能与主矿物腔壁相互作用,引起流体成分改变。     

Lithium, boron and chlorine as tracers for metasomatism in high-pressure metamorphic rocks: a case study from Syros (Greece)

High-pressure metamorphic (HPM) rocks (derived from igneous protoliths) and their metasomatised rinds from the island of Syros (Greece) were analysed for their B and Cl whole-rock abundances and their H₂O content by prompt-gamma neutron-activation analysis (PGNAA) and for their Li and Be whole-rock abundances by ICP-OES. In the HPM rocks, B?/Be and Cl?/Be ratios correlate with H₂O contents and appear to be controlled by extraction of B and Cl during dehydration and prograde metamorphism. In contrast, samples of the metasomatised rinds show no such correlation. B?/Be ratios in the rinds are solely governed by the presence or absence of tourmaline, and Cl?/Be ratios vary significantly, possibly related to fluid inclusions. Li/Be ratios do not correlate with H₂O contents in the HPM rocks, which may in part be explained by a conservative behaviour of Li during dehydration. However, Li abundances exceed the vast majority of published values for Li abundances in fresh, altered, or differentiated oceanic igneous rocks and presumably result from metasomatic enrichment of Li. High Li concentrations and highly elevated Li/Be ratios in most metasomatised samples demonstrate an enrichment of Li in the Syros HP mélange during fluid infiltration. This study suggests that B and Cl abundances of HPM meta-igneous rocks can be used to trace prograde dehydration, while Li concentrations seem to be more sensitive for retrograde metasomatic processes in such lithologies.     

Sulfur isotope studies in early Archaean sediments from Isua,West Greenland: Implications for the antiquity of bacterial sulfate reduction

The sulfur contents and sulfur isotope ratios (δ³⁴S) have been measured for samples collected from the Isua area of West Greenland in an effort to place narrower limits on the time of the rise of sulfate respirers during the Precambrian.The δ³⁴S values of the Isua sediments (3.7 × 10⁹ yr old) including the various facies of the banded iron-formations have their mean values close to zero %. (CDT) (±0.5%.) with a standard deviation of less than 1%.. This comes extremely close to the respective means yielded by the presumed tuffaceous amphibolites (+ 0.3 ± 0.9%.) and by the somewhat younger, between 3.1 and 3.7 ± 10⁹ yr, basaltic Ameralik dykes of the region (+ 0.6 ± 1.1%.).In view of the regional distribution of the Isua banded iron-formation sediments, the variety of environmental conditions under which the various facies were deposited and the complete absence of isotopic evidence for sulfate reducers, in contrast to the banded iron-formations of the middle Archaean (δ³⁴Svariesfrom ?20 to +20%.), it seems most unlikely that evidence for 'sulfate reducers' existed or will be found in other sediments of Isua age.The very small spread in δ³⁴S values for the Isua sediments is interpreted as due to minor fractionation during the passage of endogenic sulfur phases to their present sites of emplacement within the sedimentary succession.     

大别山造山带高压-超高压变质岩的折返过程

高压-超高压变质岩的形成与折返是地球动力学过程,虽人眼不能见及,但在岩石中留下种种记录。本文以大别山为例对高压-超高压变质岩的折返过程进行了探讨。文中(1) 综合构造地质学和地球物理学观测资料,剖析了大别山造山带的结构构造,指出了作为高压-超高压变质岩折返通道的莫霍面断口和折返形成的挤压穹隆地壳结构;(2) 综合变质岩石学P-T-t轨迹研究资料,追踪高压-超高压变质岩在地下的运动轨迹,揭示了其在俯冲-折返过程不同时段经过的深度和运动速率,并指出其向南的折返极性;(3) 结合沉积岩石学研究资料,利用合肥盆地中砾岩成分和碎屑白云母Si含量记录,限定了高压-超高压变质岩折返至地表的时间为中侏罗世前。基于上述资料,本文重建了大别山高压-超高压变质岩的三阶段折返过程,指出大别山包含三个岩片,于230Ma左右分别从不同深度快速折返,折返速率为3~10km/Ma,于210Ma左右进入中地壳,并于180Ma左右快速折返(折返速率为3km/Ma左右) 至上地壳,白垩纪折返速率极慢(0.1km/Ma左右)。

     

胶北地块变质基底超镁铁岩的矿物岩石地球化学特征

胶北地块变质基底的蛇纹岩、蛇纹岩化尖晶石方辉橄榄岩、尖晶石橄榄斜方辉石岩、角闪石岩自形成以后,经历了早期的高角闪岩相和晚期绿片岩相的变质作用,因而记录了三个阶段的矿物组合:早期的Opx1+Ol1+Spl1;中期的Opx2+Ol2+Spl2+Amp2和晚期的Amp3+Srp3+Mag3+Cal组合。超镁铁岩中普遍存在的角闪石,具有粒状变晶结构特征,形成于角闪岩相和绿片岩相的变质作用过程。蛇纹石没有受到应力作用的迹象,显示其形成于晚期非挤压环境的交代变质作用过程。尖晶石橄榄岩中斜方辉石的矿物化学以及尖晶石橄榄岩的高Mg O含量都表现出克拉通橄榄岩的性质。角闪石岩的稀土元素配分图解的(La/Sm)N的比值1.11~1.41,(La/Yb)N的比值0.91~1.61,超镁铁岩多元素图解显示无高场强元素异常,都表明胶北地块变质基底的超镁铁岩形成的构造背景或是裂谷环境。尖晶石矿物的Mg#0.72~0.79、Cr#0.06~0.12表明交代变质成因。方辉橄榄岩橄榄石的Fo值88.42~90.50、超镁铁质岩石全岩主元素的分散性、较大的∑REE含量变化以及Si/Al-(Mg+Fe)/Al和Mg/Ti-Fe/Ti主元素的比值图解所表现出的超镁铁岩与角闪石岩具有成因联系等,都表明胶北变质基底的超镁铁岩可能是具有堆晶成因的一套幔源岩浆系列。高MgO含量(16%~42%)表现出前寒武纪变质基底的橄榄岩地幔性质;高水含量反映出漫长地质历史时期变质作用过程。