北京地区两次重污染过程中PM_(2.5)浓度爆发性增长及维持的气象条件

基于京津冀地区80个环境监测站PM_(2.5)浓度逐时监测资料和气象观测资料,以2016年12月16—21日和2017年1月1—7日雾和霾天气为例,分析PM_(2.5)浓度演变的气象条件。结果表明:气象条件在北京地区污染物浓度爆发性增长过程中具有重要作用。北京地区12月19—20日PM_(2.5)浓度出现爆发性增长,小时浓度在8 h内上升201μg·m~(-3),主要是边界层南风分量由地面增厚至700 m,700 m以上弱下沉抑制作用,结合地面辐合线维持所致;20—21日北京地区PM_(2.5)浓度维持高值且无日变化,是由于低空1.5 km出现弱回暖,逆温层显著增厚增强且无明显日变化,导致高浓度气溶胶无法有效扩散。综合来看,2016年12月16—21日污染物浓度爆发性增长的原因以外源性污染物输送为主;2017年1月3—4日污染物浓度爆发性增长原因与局地极端不利扩散条件及污染排放等其他因素有关。     

哈尔滨秋季一次持续性重污染过程分析

利用气象与环境监测数据,结合后向轨迹和秸秆焚烧火点监测资料,从环流形势、气象要素、污染源和污染传输特征等方面,对哈尔滨2017年10月18-20日持续性重污染天气过程进行分析。结果表明：这次重污染过程连续48 h为重度或严重污染,首要颗粒物为PM_2.5,PM_2.5平均浓度为438 μg·m^-3,局地PM_2.5浓度高达1487 μg·m^-3。重污染过程分为两个阶段,每个阶段主要污染物呈双峰分布。在重污染过程中,高空环流平直,浅槽前暖平流占主导地位,地面为弱低压均压场控制。地面风速小,平均风速仅为1.5 m·s^-1,风速≤ 1.5 m·s^-1静小风频率为71%,风场辐合,有利于污染物积聚。在重污染发展的过程中,地面相对湿度（RH）增大有利于颗粒物吸湿增长和污染加剧;在重污染减弱的过程中,PM_2.5浓度减少至每阶段谷值时间比RH减小至谷值时间滞后4-5 h。在边界层内有逆温层顶高为200 m左右、逆温强度>2.0℃·（100 m）^-1的贴地逆温层,层结稳定,垂直扩散条件差。污染物主要来源于秸秆焚烧,其次来源于取暖燃煤。静稳气象条件下本地污染物积累叠加远距离较高浓度的秸秆焚烧污染物输送导致哈尔滨这次重污染过程。     

2016年12月青岛一次持续重污染天气的观测分析与数值模拟

选取2016年12月17—22日青岛一次典型重污染天气,利用大气污染物监测结果、地面气象要素观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）ERA5再分析数据对此次过程中大气污染物及气象场的变化特征进行分析。观测分析表明此次污染过程持续时间长达5 d以上,其中19—21日为重污染天气（PM 2.5 日均质量浓度ρ>150 μg·m-3）。根据气象场和PM2.5质量浓度变化特征,此次污染过程可分为3个阶段：17日02时—19日08时为青岛污染物累积阶段,研究区受西南风控制,PM2.5质量浓度逐渐上升,700 hPa等压面上高空槽的维持及槽前持续的南风、西南风有利于污染物累积,同时近地面相对湿度增加,是此次持续性重污染天气形成的重要条件;19日09时—20日20时为青岛污染维持加剧阶段,相对湿度大、风速很小,污染物扩散条件差,PM2.5质量浓度最高;20日21时—22日08时为青岛污染消散阶段,青岛对流层中下层及地面风速均增大并产生弱降水,有利于污染物扩散稀释和湿清除,PM2.5质量浓度逐渐降低。WRF-Chem数值模式能够较好地模拟出主要气象要素和青岛PM2.5 质量浓度的变化特征,模拟结果表明山东省内污染物排放贡献了青岛PM2.5的49.5%;污染物跨省输送对此次污染事件也有重要贡献,其中来自研究区以南的安徽和江苏的排放对青岛PM2.5的贡献率可达25.5%。     

乌鲁木齐冬季黑碳气溶胶污染特征初步研究

利用2010年2月乌鲁木齐大气成分观测站黒碳仪观测数据,结合散射系数及常规观测资料,对乌鲁木齐冬季黑碳气溶胶浓度变化特征进行了分析,并通过气流后向轨迹进行了来源分析。结果表明：(1)观测期间BC质量浓度日平均值为12707±4673 ng.m-3,浓度变化范围为4916~22997 ng.m-3,散射系数日均值为1086±561Mm-1,变化范围为350~2232 Mm-1。BC质量浓度和散射系数日均值变化趋势基本一致;(2)BC质量浓度日变化具有明显的峰值和谷值,峰值分别出现在9~11时和20~22时,谷值分别出现在4~6时和16~18时,散射系数与BC质量浓度日变化趋势基本一致,相对其有一定的滞后。春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对空气污染物浓度上升有明显作用,显著影响BC质量浓度日变化规律;(3)乌鲁木齐冬季大气层结稳定,污染物不易扩散,风速和降水对黑碳气溶胶浓度具有明显的稀释作用。在乌鲁木齐特殊的地形和气象条件下,本地源排放与来自周边城市群污染物输送的叠加使得污染更加严重。     

沈阳市一次持续性重污染天气过程特征分析

使用常规地面、探空资料以及风廓线雷达和环境监测站污染物资料,对2015年11月7—11日沈阳市一次持续性重污染天气过程进行分析,结果表明:(1)此次污染过程持续时间长,PM2.5浓度维持在500μg·m-3以上近21 h,期间峰值达到1 287.83μg·m-3,主要污染物为CO;(2)平稳的高空环流、弱气旋性环流及高湿条件为这次重污染天气的发生、发展和维持提供了有利的气象条件,0℃左右的温度长时间维持也为该次过程的一个主要特征;(3)重污染期间从地面到850 h Pa高度上水平风速均接近2 m·s-1,整层大气静稳,伴随着较好的湿度条件和多个逆温层结的存在,抑制了污染物的垂直输送;(4)卫星遥感监测显示吉林和黑龙江一带有大量火点存在,此时正值冬季秸秆燃烧,大气轨迹分析显示,污染期间偏北风为污染物的传输提供了有利的气象条件。     

2003年秋季西安大气中黑碳气溶胶的演化特征及其来源解析

2003年9～11月在西安站点通过黑碳测量仪(Aethlometer)获得了大气细粒子中每5 min的黑碳气溶胶(BC)浓度,这些实时的BC浓度经过元素碳校对后,日平均浓度为10.2±5.8μg·m-3,其变化范围为1.8～27.5μg·m-3.BC浓度与污染指数(API)的变化具有良好的一致性(相关系数为0.64),表明BC是大气颗粒物污染的一个重要贡献.正常天气下,BC小时平均浓度呈三峰分布,这与机动车污染、居民活动和农村秸秆燃烧等来源相关联.通过降水天气下BC的浓度分布和BC浓度频次分布法,获得了西安大气中BC的本底浓度为4.5μg·m-3,以此估算了西安大气BC中不同来源的相对贡献,其中周边源对BC的贡献超过了1/3.这表明了该季节内城市周边农村秸秆燃烧对城市空气质量的显著贡献,需要进一步严格控制.     

新都区冬季空气污染扩散与气象要素相关性研究

利用2014~2018年冬季空气质量和污染物浓度数据,结合地面观测、探空及风廓线雷达资料,对新都区冬季气象要素及其污染扩散条件进行分析。结果表明:（1）新都区不同污染物具有相同的日变化特征,在11时左右浓度最高,18时达到最低。（2）新都区污染物浓度与风速、气温、降水、相对湿度有密切关系。当风速大于(小于)平均风速时,污染物浓度减小（增加）;气温越高且相对湿度越大,污染也越强;降水较弱时,反而会加重污染。（3）新都区污染天气过程中,逆温强度与厚度的大小将影响污染物的垂直扩散,强度和厚度偏大,污染偏严重。      

2016年冬季安徽寿县地区两次重污染过程分析研究

利用2016年12月14日—2017年1月3日安徽寿县国家气候观象台大气边界层垂直探测资料、地面自动气象站资料、污染物浓度资料及天气图资料,对该地区两次重污染的积累和清除过程进行了分析,得到以下结论:1)两次重污染过程均起源于地面弱风(风速3 m/s)、高湿(相对湿度80%)等不利气象条件,导致污染物局地积累。再通过大风、降水、大雾过程等有利的扩散、沉降条件,对污染物进行清除。2)天气形势在重污染积累过程中起到了重要作用。主要特征表现为,高低空层结稳定,且低空处于湿区内部,多受暖舌控制或伴有暖平流。第一次重污染清除过程中,控制寿县地区的天气系统逐渐转变为低压,风向转为偏东风,并伴有降水天气。第二次污染物清除过程,则是大雾湿沉降和逆温层消除共同导致。3)重污染积累过程中边界层高度均偏低,最大高度也仅为500 m,对污染物垂直扩散范围有所限制,进而影响局地污染物浓度。重污染过程逆温现象多发,近地层逆温主要发生在夜间和清晨,逆温强度最强可达3℃/(100 m),污染物在逆温层低层和底部之下堆积。     

陕西关中两次霾重污染过程气象条件分析

应用常规观测资料、污染物浓度资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料从环流形势、边界层特征和扩散条件等方面对2013年和2016年两次持续性霾重污染过程进行对比分析。结果表明:①2013年过程和2016年过程在500hPa高空上分别为阻塞环流型和纬向环流型,关中地区受偏西气流影响、地面气压场较弱、大气层结均比较稳定;②2013年过程西安贴地逆温层顶高度低、相对湿度大、气温低、不利于大气垂直湍流交换,污染物容易堆积,这也是2013年过程比2016年过程重污染持续时间长、污染浓度高的原因之一;③两次过程西安平均风速均小于2m/s,具有显著的低风速特征,且东北风为其主导风向。持续东北风引起上游污染传输和低风速导致的本地污染累积是造成2013年过程污染浓度更高的重要因素;④2013年过程结束是受强冷空气影响,来自高空的干洁大气下沉到地面,置换了边界层的污染空气,使空气质量得到根本改善;而2016年过程是受高原槽东移影响,雨雪天气的沉降作用使得霾消散。     

2016年11—12月北京及周边重污染过程PM2.5特征

该文对2016年11—12月北京及周边地区不同站点重污染期间PM_2.5质量浓度变化特征进行分析,并结合地面和探空气象要素及化学组分等对重污染成因进行深入探讨,比较了其中两次持续3 d及以上重污染过程的异同。结果表明:重污染期间北京及周边地区PM_2.5质量浓度较高,北京上甸子站、顺义站、朝阳站的PM_2.5质量浓度分别为73.1,130.8,226.0 μg·m-3,河北保定站和石家庄站分别为357.8 μg·m-3和346.9 μg·m-3。12月17—21日重污染过程比11月3—5日持续时间更长且PM_2.5质量浓度更高。通过对11—12月所有重污染过程分析发现,北京颗粒物重污染发生的主要气象条件是静稳天气。在排放源相对稳定情况下,逆温层的结构、演变和持续时间决定了重污染的程度,其中污染持续时间和污染期间的主导逆温层类型演变对重污染程度有较好的指示作用。较低的水平风速、逆温层的持续出现及更多的燃煤和机动车尾气排放是12月17—21日污染偏重的原因。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.