Study on the snowdrift disaster influenced by w-beam barrier used in expressway北大核心CSCD

Snowdrift is one of the most typical snow disaster forms of road traffic in Xinjiang area. Its impact on road traffic is mainly reflected in reducing driving visibility and causing traffic interruption induced by a large amount of snow on the road surface. The snowdrift disaster along the road in Xinjiang area shows the characteristics as many points,long lines and wide spread occurring with uneven distribution in time and space. Snowdrift question involves wind field,snow distribution field,temperature field and humidity field coupling,which is a very complex scientific problem. At the same time,the prevention and control of snowdrift disasters is also a practical problem that needs to be solved urgently in the construction and operation of road traffic infrastructure in cold areas. For expressways in areas of frequent snowdrift occurring,its snowdrift disaster caused by the w-beam barrier is becoming more and more obviously. But there is still a lack of in-depth research on the w-beam barrier,which is one kind of auxiliary facilities of the highway deepening the snowdrift disaster. In view of the status mentioned above and in order to explore the causes and prevention methods to snowdrift disaster by w-beam barrier,on the background of Beijing-Urumqi Expressway（G7）engineering,the field model tests of the w-beam barrier,the cable barrier and the no barrier embankment were designed. The study also combined with numerical simulation and highway field investigation and other methods in order to verify each other. In the meantime,the influence of the w-beam barrier and cable barrier on the road snowdrift disaster of the highway is studied,and the distribution law of wind field and snow field on the embankment surface with w-beam barrier and cable barrier is obtained. The results show that the snowdrift velocity increases from the foot of the embankment on the upwind side till to the w-beam barrier installed at the shoulder of or the central divider of the road. Then it moves to the road surface through the gap in the lower part of the w-beam barrier. At this time the w-beam barrier disturbs the wind field near the ground,causing a weak wind area to appear behind the beam,resulting in a large number of snow particles deposited. Especially when the lower gap of the w-beam barrier is filled with snow,the road area behind the w-beam barrier covers the driving lane with snow,which seriously affects the road capacity. While the section without setting up a barrier or setting a cable barrier is conducive to the passage of snowdrift flow. Considering the uncertainty of future climate change,in order to better prevent the impact of snowdrift on traffic operation safety,it is proposed to replace the w-beam barrier in some areas with serious wind and snow disasters with cable barrier that meet the safety requirements of expressways. Moreover,other snowdrift protection measures such as snow fences,snow barriers and snow walls can also be adopted. The research results can provide useful reference for snow removal of the expressway and new expressway construction in the windy and snow areas of Xinjiang. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Calculation of groundwater head distribution with a close barrier during excavation dewatering in confined aquifer

When pumping is conducted in confined aquifer inside excavation pit(waterproof curtain),the direction of the groundwater seepage outside the excavation changes from horizontal to vertical owing to the existence of the curtain barrier.There is no analytical calculation method for the groundwater head distribution induced by dewatering inside excavation.This paper first analyses the mechanism of the blocking effects from a close barrier in confined aquifer.Then,a simple equation based on analytical solution is proposed to calculate groundwater heads inside and outside of the excavation pit with waterproof curtain(hereafter refer to close barrier)in a confined aquifer.The distribution of groundwater head is derived according to two conditions:(i)pumping with a constant water head,and(ii)pumping with a constant flow rate.The proposed calculation equation is verified by both numerical simulation and experimental results.The comparisons demonstrate that the proposed model can be applied in engineering practice of excavation.     

Degradation of potassium-bearing minerals by thermophilic Aspergiilusfumigatus and its optimal conditions

Potassium fertilizer is in short supply in China. However, there is a considerable resource of insoluble potassium resources in the soil mineral or potassium-baring low-degrade rocks. Most of these kinds of potassium exist in aluminous silicate minerals from which potassium cannot be absorbed directly by plants. So it is very important to study how to release potassium from soil minerals or rocks by using biological action. Recently, a large number of researches on degradation of potassic mineral by bacterial but few by fungi have been reported. In order to study the degradation of potassic mineral by fungi, we isolated a strain of thermophilic fungi TH003, which can use potassic rock as nutrient source. The strain was identified as Aspergillus fumigatus based on its morphological characters and molecular biology. In this paper, the direct and indirect processes of mineral powder degradation with the strain of TH003 were studied： mineral powder was added in medium directly for cultivation so as to investigate the direct process. For the purpose of studying indirect process, mineral powder was wrapped up in a parcel using membrane with pore size of 0.22 μm, and then the parcels were added in the medium. The interaction between mineral granules and mycelia was observed by using TEM and AFM at different stages during the whole experimental procedure. The results showed that the effect of direct process is stronger than that of indirect process. For instance, the content of K^＋ is higher in both culture media and mycelia. Direct process includes mechanical demolishment, adsorption, parceling, phagocytosis, erosion and comprehensive effect, while indirect process only refers to erosion on the surface of mineral granules by metabolic products of mycelia. The technology of fermentation engineering was employed to study the biological effects of the strain of Aspergillus fumigatus TH003 on the minerals bating low-grade potassium. Nutrition factors and culture conditions that affect the process of mineral powder degrading with the strain of TH003 were studied in this paper. The results showed that glucose and corn steep are the optimal carbon and nitrogen resources in the strain culture medium, and that pH values range from 3.0 to 9.0.     

Simulation of Stress Distribution around Tunnels and Interaction between Tunnels Using an Elasto–plastic Model

This article presents a computer simulation of stress distribution around tunnels and interaction between tunnels using an elasto-plastic model. A finite element method using ANSYS software has been used for the analyses of one and two tunnels at different overburden depths with different separating distances between the tunnels. The results of numerical analyses indicate that stress distribution and stress concentration around the tunnels vary with the overburden depths. It is found that the coefficients of stress concentration for elasto-plastic medium are smaller than those for elastic one by 1.9%. Furthermore, the interaction between the two tunnels rapidly decreases with the increase of separation distance between them. In addition, for quantitatively describing the interaction between the two tunnels, a critical separation distance is introduced. The critical separation distances between the two tunnels at different overburden depths are 8 m, 12 m, and 14 m respectively. This fact is very important and essential for the design of mining tunnels and to ensure safety in tunnel engineering.     

Chemical Classification of Space Debris

Space debris, here referring to all non-operating orbital objects, has steadily increased in number so that it has become a potential barrier to the exploration of space. The ever-increasing number of space debris pieces in space has created an increasingly threatening hazard to all on-the-orbit spacecraft, and all future space exploration activities have to be designed and operated with respect to the increasing threat posed by space debris. Generally, space debris is classified as large, medium and small debris pieces based on their sizes. The large debris piece is easily catalogued, but medium to small debris pieces are very difficult to track and also quite different in damage mechanisms from the large ones. In this paper, a scheme of chemical classification of space debris is developed. In our scheme, the first-order classification is employed to divide space debris into two groups: natural     

Spatiotemporal distribution of snow cover and its variation in the upper reaches of the Taolai River basin，Qilian Mountains北大核心CSCD

Snow is an important part of the cryosphere and plays an important role in the hydrological cycle and energy balance. Study of the spatiotemporal characteristics of snow cover and its change is the prerequisite for analyzing the formation,distribution and variation of runoff from mountains in inland river basins. In this study,we selected the upper reaches of the Taolai River basin of Qilian Mountains as the study area,used down⁃ scaling methods to obtain high-resolution snow depth data,and adopted methods of spatial statistics,sensitivity analysis and contribution separations to quantify snow cover distribution and variation influenced by terrain and the regional climate during the time period from 2002 to 2018. Results showed that basin early average snow depth ranged from 0 cm to 2. 5 cm,with variation from -0. 19 cm·a-1 to 0. 06 cm·a-1. The area of snow depth re⁃ duction during the study period accounted for 68. 30% of the total area. It was found that the snow depth increase more with altitude and less with the increase of slope. Variation of snow depth increased below 2 500 m a. s. l. and decreased above 2 500 m a. s. l. As the slope increases,it first increases and then decreases;the snow depth of each aspect decreases,especially in the northwest orientation. The sensitivity of snow depth to air tempera⁃ ture and solar radiation were found negative in general,while that of the precipitation was found positive. The precipitation in high-altitude areas has a relatively large contribution to the snow depth variation,while in the val⁃ ley areas,the contribution of temperature to snow cover is more significant. This work provides an example for the study of snow dynamics in the upper reaches of inland river watersheds,and benefits model simulation and prediction of mountain runoff and regional water management. © 2023 The Author(s).     

Architectural Units and Groundwater Resource Quantity Evaluation of Cretaceous Sandstones in the Ordos Basin, China

Sandstone is a common lithology in a number of groundwater reservoirs. Studying the skeleton sandstone architectural units, therefore, lays the basis for characterizing aquifer systems, groundwater quality, and resource evaluation. This comprehensive analysis of Cretaceous aquiferous sandstones in the Ordos basin, China, shows that there exists a basin-scale skeleton sandstone in the Luohe Formation which contains 11 isolated barrier beds, 12 small skeleton sandstone bodies in Huanhe Formation, and 3 in the Luohandong Formation. The spatial structure and superimposed relationship as well as the medium properties of these skeleton sandstones and isolated barrier beds can be shown by 3D visualization models. Simultaneously, resource quantity can be evaluated with the 3D inquiry functions. The comparison between property models and structural models indicates that the salinity of groundwater of the Luohe Formation has a close connection with the locations of isolated barrier beds that contain abundant gypsum. Through quantitative calculation, groundwater resource of the Cretaceous Luohe and Luohandong formations is estimated to be 1.6×10~(12) m~3, and the total groundwater resource of the Cretaceous system in the Ordos basin is more than 2×10~(12) m~3.     

Using pore-solid fractal dimension to estimate residual LNAPLs saturation in sandy aquifers: A column experiment

The“tailing”effect caused by residual non-aqueous phase liquids(NAPLs)in porous aquifers is one of the frontiers in pollution hydrogeology research.Based on the current knowledge that the residual NAPLs is mainly controlled by the pore structure of soil,this study established a method for evaluating the residual saturation of NAPLs by investigating the fractal dimension of porous media.In this study,the soil column experiments of residual light NAPLs(LNAPLs)in sandy aquifer with different ratios of sands and soil were carried out,and the correlation between the fractal dimension of the medium,the residual of LNAPLs and the soil structure parameters are statistically analyzed,and its formation mechanism and main control factors are discussed.The results show that:Under our experimental condition:(1)the fractal dimension of the medium has a positive correlation with the residual saturation of NAPLs generally,and the optimal fitting function can be described by a quadratic model:S_R=192.02 D2-890.73 D+1040.8;(2)the dominant formation mechanism is:Smaller pores in the medium is related to larger fractal dimension,which leads to higher residual saturation of NAPLs;stronger heterogeneity of the medium is related to larger fractal dimension,which also leads to higher residual saturation of NAPLs;(3)the micro capillary pores characterized by fine sand are the main controlling factors of the formation mechanism.It is concluded that both the theory and the method of using fractal dimension of the medium to evaluate the residual saturation of NAPLs are feasible.This study provides a new perspective for the research of“tailing”effect of NAPLs in porous media aquifer.     

Study on Soil and Water Loss Characteristic of the Railway Construction in Mountain Area

The factor of human project activity is often the immediate cause resulting in soil and water loss. The Baoji-Lanzhou second railway in construction is an example. The soil and water loss law caused by earth and stone mountain railway engineering construction in the northwestern China is studied systematically and that caused possibly by the road bed project, the road moat project, the field project, the tunnel project and the service road project in construction is probed. At the same time, the type, the intensity and influencing factor of soil and water loss in the northwest mountain railway construction are also studied.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987115000225

The seismotectonic characteristics of ten repeated earthquake swarm sequence within a seismic cluster along Jiali Fault in eastern Himalayan Syntaxis(EHS) have been analysed.The swarms are spatially disposed in and around Yigong Lake(a natural lake formed by blocking of Yigong River by landslide) and are characterized by low magnitude,crustal events with low to moderate b values.Ms:mb discriminant functions though indicate anomalous nature of the earthquakes within swarm but are considered as natural events that occurred under condition of high apparent stress and stress gradients.Composite fault plane solutions of selected swarms indicate strike-slip sense of shear on fault planes;solution parameters show low plunging compression and tensional axes along NW-SE and NE-SW respectively with causative fault plane oriented ENE-WSW.dipping steeply towards south or north.The fault plane is in excellent agreement with the disposition and tectonic movement registered by right lateral Jiali Fault.The process of pore pressure perturbation and resultant 'r—t plot' with modelled diffusivity(D = 0.12 m~2/s) relates the diffusion of pore pressure to seismic sequence in a fractured poro-elastic fluid saturated medium at average crustal depth of 15-20 km.The low diffusivity depicts a highly fractured interconnected medium that is generated due to high stress activity near the eastern syntaxial bent of Himalaya.It is proposed that hydro fracturing with respect to periodic pore pressure variations is responsible for generation of swarms in the region.The fluid pressure generated due to shearing and infiltrations of surface water within dilated seismogenic fault(Jiali Fault) are causative factors.     

大前石岭隧道进口岩堆体的稳定性分析评价

大前石岭隧道进口岩堆发育,覆盖层较厚,岩堆边坡表观上处于稳定状态,但在施工作业等人为作用以及外界环境扰动（如降雨、爆破等）作用下岩堆极易失稳。基于现状岩堆发育特征,分析隧道进口岩堆体失稳机理,从定性和定量的角度,给出现状和施工2种工况下隧道进口岩堆的稳定性评价,同时分析对路基、隧道等工程造成的危害,并给出处理措施建议,以保证隧道施工、线路运营的安全性,为工程建设中岩堆体诱发地质灾害的防治提供参考与借鉴。     

Wind tunnel test of snow loads on a stepped flat roof using different granular materials

An accurate prediction of wind-induced redistribution of snow load on roof surfaces is vital to structural design. To represent the pattern of snow distribution caused by snowdrift in wind tunnel test, appropriate modeling particles should be selected. The particle density is the key to determine the values of several important similarity parameters. In this study, the redistribution of snow load on a stepped flat roof was simulated by means of wind tunnel test using low-density saw wood ash, medium-density polyfoam, and high-density silica sand, respectively. To ensure the comparability of the test results of the three modeling particles, the wind tunnel test results for comparison were performed under almost the same conditions of dimensionless wind velocity and dimensionless time. Then, the results of the present study were compared with those from field observations of prototypes in previous studies. The effects of wind duration, wind velocity, and roof span on the redistribution of snow on roof surfaces were investigated. The characteristics of erosion/deposition range and the location of maximum quantities of erosion/deposition under independent effects of wind duration, wind velocity, and roof span were also studied.     

广东地区某公路岩溶隧道水害分析及其数值模拟研究

结合岩溶区公路隧道的实际情况,研究隧道涌水量计算的关键因素,并通过降水量、降水强度和入渗强度定量分析隧道涌水量。文章根据大宝山的实际情况,采用降水入渗法和地下径流模数法计算隧道两侧洞口段雨季涌水量,针对强降水过程,分析隧道可能出现的最大涌水量。研究结果表明:隧道排水能力理论上可满足降雨的排水要求,但实际排水能力受工程施工材料、工程的不均匀性以及长期的淤堵等因素影响。文章明确了广东地区公路岩溶隧道水害影响因素,考虑临界状态和破坏状态的水压力建立岩溶隧道涌水模拟模型,水压力临界值随隧道衬砌结构厚度的增加逐渐增大。      

寒区公路风吹雪害的融雪侵蚀破坏机理研究

以寒区公路路基作为研究对象,采用与天然老的细粒雪密度相似的麸皮作为模型雪,通过室内风洞试验研究雪粒子的起动以及沿路基不同部位堆积和积蚀的过程,确定雪粒子沿路基坡面堆积区域与路基断面之间的关系．通过FLAC数值模拟,考察融雪径流对路基的侵蚀作用;引入融雪侵蚀面积率,研究了融雪侵蚀面积率随融雪量、土体饱和度、路基边坡坡率以...     

The effect of wind speed and bed slope on sand transport

This paper reports on a wind tunnel study of the effects of bed slope and wind speed on aeolian mass transport. The use of a sloping wind tunnel has enabled estimation of the friction angle α to be about 40° for saltating particles in the range 170–540 μm. A formula relating dimensionless mass transport to friction speed and bed slope is proposed, and mass transport data for five uniform sand samples and one non-uniform sand sample are shown to fit the equation well. In particular, the relationship reveals an overshoot in mass transport slightly above threshold collisions, a feature also evident when previous experimental data is re-examined. As the number of mid-air collisions between the saltating particles increases greatly with wind speed, the overshoot may occur as a result of increasing energy losses resulting from the collisions. Finally, it is demonstrated that data for saltating snow shows a similar overshoot in the dimensionless transport rate.     

滑移流对浅水湖泊风浪传播特性影响试验研究

浅水湖泊等有限风吹程及水深水域的风浪多处于发展阶段，风拖曳表层水体产生的滑移流会对风浪传播特性产生影响，风浪的波速、波长等参数难以通过线性波的理论频散关系获取。为准确预测湖泊风浪参数，在考虑浅水湖泊的有限吹程和水深特征的基础上，利用风洞水槽模拟研究了滑移流对风浪传播特性的影响。结果表明：滑移流、斯托克斯流及表面流均与风速正相关，滑移流与表面流比值随着风速的增加逐渐降低并稳定于75%；滑移流对波速和波长有促进作用，对小尺度波浪的促进作用尤其显著；波浪非线性会抑制滑移流对波速及波长的促进作用；建立了考虑滑移流影响的风浪经验频散关系式以及风浪主频波速经验关系式。     

浅谈公路隧道洞口段设计

公路隧道洞口段地质水文条件复杂,洞预埋深浅,围岩自承能力差,在施工中容易出现滑坡、塌方和大变形等情况。本文通过实际的工程设计和施工实践,提出了公路隧道洞口段设计需要着重考虑的因素及技术措施。其中包括不同地质地貌条件下洞门位置的确定、地表加固的作用和方法、洞口边仰坡开挖和加固、超前支护设计等。综合考虑隧道洞口段的各种自然条件,合理运用相应的技术措施,能够保证施工安全和工程质量,并可以节约工程造价。     

坑道口部管棚加固抗爆性能模型试验研究

正确评估管棚加固围岩的抗爆性能,对坑道口部防护设计十分重要。基于相似模拟理论,用不同配比的水泥土替代自然岩体和注浆岩体,用塑料管替代钢管,模拟管棚超前支护坑道口部在爆炸荷载作用下的抗爆性能。制作了口部相似模型3件,模型长×宽×高为2 m×2.2 m×2 m,在顶部直接爆炸,分别模拟无管棚、1层管棚和3层管棚下,坑道口部动力响应和破坏特征。试验表明：管棚超前支护能有效加固坑道围岩,整体性增强,受力分布合理;随着管棚层数增加,口部破坏明显减弱,拱顶破坏范围从1.55 m减小到0.45 m、主裂缝最大宽度由25 mm减小到3 mm、网状裂缝最大宽度由24 mm减小到0.3 mm、裂缝条数由14条减少到3条、模型顶部爆坑体积由0.12 m3减小到0.05 m3。管棚超前支护能有效地将爆炸荷载的破坏作用控制在管棚加固层之外,抗打击能力明显增强。     

吉青岭隧道浅埋偏压进口段施工风险分析及综合防治措施

结合吉青岭隧道的工程实际,分析了浅埋偏压不良地质条件下隧道进口段的施工风险,提出了采取初期支护加强,短循环开挖,初期支护封闭等综合地质病害预防措施。