油气聚集链:内涵、特征与勘探实践:以渤海湾盆地冀中、黄骅坳陷为例

成熟盆地仍然蕴藏着可观的油气资源,目前的油气成藏理论面临越来越难、复杂、隐蔽油气藏勘探的挑战。受“链”事物属性的启发,通过调研、类比国内外油气成藏过程与分布规律,在继承和发展已有油气成藏理论基础上,结合勘探实践,学界提出了“油气聚集链”的概念和认识。油气聚集链指在成因上有密切联系、空间上多呈串珠状链式排列在一起的一系列油气藏组合,是油气成藏与分布本质规律的客观体现。油气聚集链在形式上多表现为油气藏多呈串珠状的链式空间分布特征,实质上表现为油气生成、运移、聚集的沿优势运移通道的链式反应和成藏事件;现今复杂的油气分布是地史上多条油气聚集链叠合的反映;一条完整的油气聚集链由内链、中链和外链组成,它们在成藏背景、成藏条件、成藏机理、富集规律和分布模式上既各有特征,又有连续性,更是紧密有机的油气生运聚成藏整体。“同源多链、一链多藏、多链成域、主链富集”是“油气聚集链”的四大特征。与目前油气成藏理论相比,油气聚集链认识的突出优势在于:发现和论证了油气聚集的链式成藏特点和多呈串珠状链式分布规律,提出沿“油气聚集链”寻找油气藏,比沿“油气聚集带”寻找油气藏的效率更高;将勘探目标的预测精度从油气聚集区带范围提高到某个具体圈闭或甜点。油气聚集链认识具有目前其他油气成藏理论所不具有的独特优势——链式思维,精准定位。依据油气聚集链的认识,提出了“找准链源,梳理链节,确定链环,重视主链”和“全链思维、整体研究,顺链找油、精准勘探”的思路,对指导成熟盆地继续挖掘勘探潜力、新区新领域获得勘探突破,都具有重要现实意义。以油气聚集链的认识为指导,转变勘探思维,在冀中、黄骅坳陷油气勘探中获得重大突破。     

中国西北地区压性叠加盆地成油特征

中国西北地区面积 260×104 km2,已发现 100 多个油气田,油气资源十分丰富.经几十年的研究和勘探,可知西北地区压性叠加盆地成油特征:多旋回演化、构造变形复杂、多时代烃源岩、多套储盖组合、多期成藏、独特油气藏特征及油气分布规律等.     

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷潜山油气成藏模式及充注能力定量评价

渤海湾盆地潜山油气资源量丰富,深化潜山油气成藏研究,定量评价潜山油气充注能力,对该盆地潜山油气勘探具有重要意义.以大量统计资料为基础,对渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷潜山油气成藏模式及充注能力开展了系统研究.研究表明:潜山油气成藏受烃源岩及供烃方式、储集特征、储盖组合等多种因素的控制,与烃源岩大面积直接接触的、长期风化淋滤的潜山储集体,最有利于油气成藏.研究区潜山油气藏分为高位潜山型、中位潜山型和低位潜山型大类;以任丘、苏桥、牛东1这3个典型潜山油气藏为代表,建立了高位、中位、低位3类潜山油气成藏模式.高位模式多分布于中央隆起带,具有“双向油源、源储对接”的特点;中位模式多分布于斜坡带,具有“侧向油源、复合输导”的特点;低位模式多分布于洼陷带,具有“顶部油源、不整合输导”的特点.综合考虑烃源岩生烃强度、潜山储层物性、供烃方式、储盖组合类型以及供烃窗口等多种潜山成藏主控因素,建立了潜山油气充注能力定量评价公式并对9个典型潜山油气藏进行了评价,3类潜山油气藏的油气充注能力明显不同,其中高位潜山油气充注能力最强,低位潜山次之,中位潜山最弱.      

四川盆地高石梯—磨溪地区走滑断裂控制下的“层楼式”油气成藏模式:以震旦系—寒武系为例

走滑断裂对油气成藏具有重要的控制作用.为了探究四川盆地高石梯-磨溪地区走滑断裂在震旦系-寒武系油气成藏中的控藏作用,在走滑断裂的精细地震解释,以及储层溶蚀孔洞充填成岩矿物流体包裹体系统分析的基础上,通过划分走滑断裂活动期次,以及拟定油气充注成藏期次和时期,并探讨二者之间的耦合关系,从而建立油气成藏模式.结果表明,四川盆地高石梯-磨溪地区存在加里东早期、加里东晚期-海西早期、海西晚期及印支期4期走滑断裂,震旦系-寒武系总体存在两期油三期气充注成藏的特征.走滑断裂的活动与油气活动存在良好的时空耦合关系,从而形成了震旦系-寒武系走滑断裂控制下的“层楼式”油气成藏模式.该模式下,走滑断裂垂向连通主力烃源岩与多套优质储层,形成多层系含有油气的格局,且各层系油气成藏特征表现出高度相似性.对存在“层楼式”油气成藏模式的地区,应注重立体勘探.     

论塔里木盆地构造体系控油作用

塔里木盆地是多构造体系复合的大型含油气区,盆内二级构造体系控制生油拗陷和油气富集带三、四级扭动构造控制油气田。多构造体系复合型盆地油气藏特征是多含油气系统、多油气藏类型、多成藏期和油气田(藏)县4个并存等。      

特提斯构造演化对西北非地区油气成藏的控制作用

特提斯构造带油气资源丰富,从特提斯演化来分析盆地油气成藏具有重要的意义.西北非位于特提斯构造带西段,具有三叠、锡尔特、伊利兹等多个超大型含油气盆地,主要有以撒哈拉地台为主的古生界成藏组合和北部大陆边缘为主的中新生界成藏组合.特提斯构造演化对西北非油气成藏具有明显的控制作用:特提斯洋开启以及海侵阶段,控制盆地烃源岩、盖层发育;特提斯洋关闭阶段,构造运动活跃,发育含油气圈闭,控制油气运移及分布.     

辽东湾断陷油气成藏模式及主控因素

为深入研究辽东湾断陷油气成藏机理, 利用地震、钻井、地化、试油等资料, 在分析油气成藏条件与特征的基础上, 总结划分了辽东湾断陷的典型油气成藏模式, 并对比分析了不同成藏模式的主控因素.研究成果表明: 辽东湾断陷具有优越的油气成藏条件, 发育沙三段、沙一段和东三段3套烃源岩系和上、中、下3套储盖组合及多类型输导介质, 已发现的油气藏类型以构造型为主; 油气纵向上以东二段、潜山和沙一二段最为富集, 横向上主要分布在断裂带附近.辽东湾断陷的油气成藏模式可划分为单向单源单一潜山型、单向单一古储型、复合古储型、单向深源复合新储型和自生自储自盖型5大类15个亚类.潜山型油气藏主要分布在辽西低凸起北段和中段, 成藏主控因素为流体动力和潜山物性; 单一古储型油气藏主要分布在辽西、辽中凹陷的洼陷带和陡坡带, 成藏主要受断层控制, 烃源岩成熟度控制了油气性质; 复合古储型油气藏主要分布在辽西低凸起中北段和辽中凹陷南洼缓坡带, 成藏主控因素主要为流体动力和输导通道; 新储型油气藏主要分布在辽东湾南部大断层附近, 油气富集主要受盖层和新近系断裂活动的共同控制; 自生自储自盖油气藏主要分布在生烃洼陷烃源岩内部, 主要受储层物性的影响.      

中国北方六盘山盆地新生界油气包裹体的发现及其油气地质意义

在六盘山盆地新生界清水营组石膏中发现了大量的油气包裹体,而油气包裹体的研究对认识盆地新生界油气成藏条件,拓展盆地油气勘探思路具有重要的意义.通过野外地质调查、样品采集和分析测试等手段对清水营组石膏中油气包裹体的发育特征和组成特征进行研究,并开展油源对比,分析油气包裹体中油气的来源和形成过程,探讨了六盘山盆地新生界油气成藏条件和运聚特征.结果表明:清水营组结晶状石膏中油气包裹体中原油来源于清水营组烃源岩;纤维状石膏脉中油气包裹体原油来源于白垩系马东山组烃源岩.六盘山盆地清水营组泥岩具有生烃潜力,是盆地潜在的烃源岩;白垩系烃源岩生成的油气可以沿着断裂等输导体系向上覆地层运移,并在新生界聚集,沟通白垩系烃源岩断层附近的新生界圈闭是六盘山盆地有利的油气聚集区.      

济阳坳陷邵家地区沙四段油气成藏差异性及其定量评价

济阳坳陷邵家地区沙四段勘探目标多、油气分布不均一且对油气成藏规律认识程度较低,给油气勘探工作带来较大困难。为了能够直观地认识油气成藏差异特征,并可以快速方便地为油气勘探决策部署提供有效指导意见,对研究区沙四段开展成藏差异性定量评价研究。在立足于已有勘探成果的基础上,按照含油气系统区带圈闭分层次对其油气成藏差异性特征进行系统剖析,并充分利用改进的区带与圈闭评价方法以及借助于统计挖掘等数学手段进行定量表征评价。结果表明：总体上研究区沙四段油气成藏差异明显,油源、储层及运聚条件是影响油气成藏差异性的主要因素;北部断阶带成藏条件优越,仍是主要的滚动勘探区,评价出的1类圈闭可作为优选的钻探目标;南部缓坡带成藏条件变化较大,通过加大勘探则有望成为油气资源接替区;西部断裂带成藏条件总体较差,勘探风险较高,局部可作为油气潜力区。开展的成藏差异性定量评价可以有效降低油气勘探成本,深化油气成藏认识,对类似地区的油气效益勘探具有一定借鉴意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地古峰庄地区断裂特征及油气地质意义

开展断裂研究对认识盆地构造特征及演化、分析其对油气成藏的控制作用具有重要意义.以三维地震资料为主,应用多种方法和资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地西部古峰庄地区的断裂特征进行了系统研究,并结合钻探结果分析断裂对油气运聚成藏的控制作用.研究表明:古峰庄地区共发育北东东、北西和近南北向3组近直立、断距小、隐蔽性强的断裂,在空间上具有"纵向分层,带状分布"的特点;各组断裂的平面展布特征和剖面构造组合样式存在较大差异;3组微小断裂依次形成于燕山期右旋张性走滑、印支期左旋张性走滑和加里东期拉张背景;北西向断裂有利于油气运聚成藏,在断裂伴生圈闭、断裂强活动带、裂缝发育处三者耦合的部位是油气成藏的有利区.     

Residual oil as a tool in migration and filling history analysis of petroleum reservoirs,Ghazal Field,Saudi Arabia

Stepwise extraction and molecular analysis of non-recoverable oil from intact reservoir core plugs is used to provide constraints on the accumulation history of petroleum in the Permo-Carboniferous Unayzah reservoirs at the Ghazal Field, Saudi Arabia. When integrated with existing tools such as oil geochemistry, gas geochemistry, stable carbon isotopes, fluid inclusions and thermal modeling, the sequential extraction approach helped decode a previously unrecognized component of the hydrocarbon accumulation history. In particular, it indicates that the region received early petroleum charges that were less mature than currently produced light oil and gas condensates, possibly from the prolific Early Silurian Qusaiba shale source rock and other sources. This has significant implications for prospecting for additional oil, particularly in the north/northwest of the Ghazal region where paleo-oil accumulations may have been displaced or spilled. The lower portion of the Unayzah reservoir (Unayzah-C) remained water-wet during early filling of the upper reservoir unit (Unayzah-A) and appears to have been filled only by a late oil charge. Anomalous molecular and carbon isotopic behavior of residual oil extracts from the uppermost segment of the Unayzah reservoir, where the free oil (first of the sequential extracts) is less mature (0.95% Rc) and isotopically lighter (δ¹³C?31.15‰) than the adsorbed oil (last sequential extract, 1.05% Rc; δ¹³C?29.65‰), suggests a late oil contribution or bitumen contamination from the overlying Khuff Formation.     

Research Progress in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Geological Theory of China

The Chinese landmass, as a composite region, consists of multiple small continental blocks, such as Sino-Korea, Yangtze, Tarim, etc., and orogenic belts. Because of its distinctive tectonosedimentary evolution, China’s oil/gas-bearing regions differ remarkably from that elsewhere in the world. For instance, in comparison to the Middle East oil/gas-bearing regions which are characterized by Mesozoic-Cenozoic marine oil/gas-bearing beds, early oil and gas discoveries in China are distributed mainly in Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental sedimentary basins. Generation of oil from terrestrial organic matter, or terrestrial oil generation, and the formation of large oil/gas fields in continental sedimentary basins were previously the major characteristics of petroleum geology of China. However, in the past 20 years, a series of major oil and gas discoveries from marine strata have been made. Marine oil/gas fields in China are mainly distributed in the Tarim, Sichuan, and Ordos basins, which are tectonically stable and covered with Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits. In these basins, hydrocarbon-bearing strata are of old age and the oil/gas fields are commonly deeply-buried. Cumulatively, 995 oil/gas fields have been found so far, making China the fourth largest oil-producing country and the sixth largest gas-producing country in the world. In terms of petroleum and natural gas geology, theories of hydrocarbon generation from continental strata, such as terrestrial oil generation and coal-generated hydrocarbons, etc., have been established. Significant progress has been made in research on the sequence stratigraphy of continental strata, formation mechanisms of ultra-deep clastic reservoirs, and hydrocarbon accumulation in the continental subtle reservoir. Regarding research on the marine petroleum geology of China, with respect to the major characteristics, such as deeply-buried reservoirs, old strata, and multiple phases of transformation, important advances have been made, in areas such as the multiple-elements of hydrocarbon supply, formation of reservoirs jointly controlled by deposition, tectonic activities, and diagenetic fluid-rock reactions, and oil/gas reservoirs formed through superimposed multi-stage hydrocarbon accumulation. As more and more unconventional hydrocarbon resources are discovered, unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are under study by Chinese petroleum geologists, who endeavor to come up with new discoveries on their formation mechanisms.     

亚太地区油气成藏条件及资源潜力

亚太地区是全球重要的油气产区和最大的油气消费市场。亚太地区155个主要沉积盆地中,已有90多个盆地内发现了油气田或有油气发现,共发现油气田约6 900个。根据地理位置及构造特征等,亚太地区可进一步分为东亚分区、东南亚分区、澳新分区和南亚分区,约有131个主要的含油气系统。本文对亚太地区不同分区的油气成藏条件(包括烃源岩、储集层、盖层、含油气系统等)进行了总体分析与高度概括。在此基础上,以成藏组合为基本评价单元,不同勘探程度盆地采用与之相适应的评价方法,对本地区各盆地的油气资源潜力进行了评价。评价结果表明:亚太地区常规总油气可采资源量为673.7×10⁸ t油当量,占全球的6.1%,非常规油气资源类型以重油、页岩油、油页岩、页岩气、煤层气为主,非常规油气技术总可采资源量390.4×10⁸ t当量,占全球非常规油气技术总可采资源量的6.1%。根据待发现资源结果及盆地勘探程度,近海和深海勘探是将来的勘探热点:主要勘探领域为深海和成熟盆地新层系及岩性-地层圈闭等;海相三角洲体系是寻找天然气田的重要领域;东南亚弧后盆地群新生界湖相是页岩油的有利勘探领域;澳大利亚中部克拉通盆地群泥盆系-石炭系为页岩气的有利勘探领域。     

论中国含油气区的构造环境性质、分区及其成油气专属性

在前中生代,形成了华北、扬子和塔里木等较大的海相及海陆交互相含油气区（盆地）,构造格架呈南北分异。经海西-印支运动,形成统一的中国大陆板块,且整体构造格架演变为东西分异。根据盆地结构、构造变形样式、岩浆活动、地温场、壳幔结构及壳幔连通程度等方面的特征,论述了中、新生代中国含油气区的大地构造环境性质与含油气特征。据此划分出 4个具有不同构造环境性质的含油气区：①东部裂谷伸展区,其西带为华夏裂谷系,以产下第三系和白垩系原油为主,东带为大陆架裂谷系,以产下第三系煤型气为主;②中部克拉通构造稳定区,以产古生界天然气为主;③西北构造反转区,含油气层系较多,油气成因类型也多样;④特提斯碰撞-走滑区,构造变形复杂,部分地区具有较好的油气资源前景。进一步讨论了油气形成的"构造环境专属性"问题。     

塔中北斜坡富油气区油气分布规律与富集主控因素研究

塔里木盆地塔中北斜坡奥陶系油气藏类型多样、油气性质变化大、油气水分布复杂。通过对塔中北斜坡大量单井及其生产动态的分析解剖,结合分析化验资料,深入探讨了富油气区的流体分布特征、断裂发育特征、储层差异性以及典型高产井和出水井的对比,揭示了油气分布规律与控制因素。鹰山组顶部的风化壳型不整合面在垂向上控制了储层的发育深度范围和储层质量;平面上储层的非均质性是导致油气分布差异的重要原因。断裂引起的局部高差对流体聚集存在明显影响,使断裂上盘高部位更倾向于富油气,并发现断裂对储层改造强烈,特别是走滑断裂作为油气运移通道对油气分布具有重要的控制作用,决定了不同区域的古油藏在晚喜山期遭受气侵的强度,控制了不同相态油气藏的分布;奥陶系鹰山组上部发育的致密段对古油藏的保存具有积极的作用。该认识对相似地区碳酸盐岩油气富集规律研究及勘探开发具重要的参考价值。     

Geochemical Characteristics and Origin of Natural Gases in the Qaidam Basin, China

Sixty-five natural gas samples were collected from 19 oil-gasfields in the Qaidam basin, China. The chemical composition and carbon isotope values of the samples were measured, and the geochemical characteristics and origin of the natural gases were studied. The gases can be divided into biogenic gases, sapropelic oil-type gases, mixed type oil-type gases, coal-type gases and mixed gas. The δ13Ci values of the biogenic gases are very small and the C2+ contents of them are very low, ranging from -68.2‰ to -61.8‰ and 0.06% to 0.20% respectively. They have heavy δD and δ13Cco2> showing a CC>2 reduction pathway. They are distributed in the East depression region and derived from the Quaternary source rocks. The sapropelic oil-type gases have small δ13C2 values and high C2+ ranging from -36.6‰ to -28.6‰ and from 33.01% to 47.15% respectively. The mixed type oil-type gases have <5I3C2 values and C2+ contents varying from -28.6‰ to -24.8‰ and from 4.81% to 26.06% respectively. Both sapropelic oil-typ     

第四纪沉积物磁性勘查油气法的原理及应用

本文介绍了利用第四纪沉积物磁性调查油气的原理,地下油气藏会在近地表第四纪沉积物中产生磁性矿物并形成多种磁性参量异常。检验了形成磁性异常的磁性矿物的种类;发现了油田地区土壤中存在着趋磁细菌。在5个油田地区近450km²范围应用该方法调查油气分布的研究结果表明,各种磁性异常(κ、Mn、Mr、Ir、Iκ)呈综合异常的形式,它们的形成及分布特征受油气活动、通道及环境条件的控制。实际资料证实,磁性综合异常能反映油田地区油气活动的分布状态。该方法作为综合勘查方法之一,应进一步推广。     

Gas accumulation from oil cracking in the eastern Tarim Basin: A case study of the YN2 gas field

Oil and gas exploration in eastern Tarim Basin, NW China has been successful in recent years, with several commercial gas accumulations being discovered in a thermally mature to over-mature region. The Yingnan2 (YN2) gas field, situated in the Yingnan structure of the Yingjisu Depression, produces gases that are relatively enriched in nitrogen and C₂₊ alkanes. The δ¹³C₁ (−38.6‰ to −36.2‰) and δ¹³C₂ values (−30.9‰ to −34.7‰) of these gases are characteristic of marine sourced gases with relatively high maturity levels. The distributions of biomarkers in the associated condensates suggest close affinities with the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician source rocks which, in the Yingjisu Sag, are currently over-mature (with 3–4%Ro). Burial and thermal maturity modeling results indicate that paleo-temperatures of the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician source rocks had increased from 90 to 210 °C during the late Caledonian orogeny (458–438 Ma), due to rapid subsidence and sediment loading. By the end of Ordovician, hydrocarbon potential in these source rocks had been largely exhausted. The homogenization temperatures of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions identified from the Jurassic reservoirs of the YN2 gas field suggest a hydrocarbon emplacement time as recent as about 10 Ma, when the maturity levels of Middle–Lower Jurassic source rocks in the study area were too low (<0.7%Ro) to form a large quantity of oil and gas. The presence of abundant diamondoid hydrocarbons in the associated condensates and the relatively heavy isotopic values of the oils indicate that the gases were derived from thermal cracking of early-formed oils. Estimation from the stable carbon isotope ratios of gaseous alkanes suggests that the gases may have been formed at temperatures well above 190 °C. Thus, the oil and gas accumulation history in the study area can be reconstructed as follows: (1) during the late Caledonian orogeny, the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician marine source rocks had gone through the peak oil, wet gas and dry gas generation stages, with the generated oil and gas migrating upwards along faults and fractures to form early oil and gas accumulations in the Middle–Upper Ordovician and Silurian sandstone reservoirs; (2) since the late Yanshanian orogeny, the early oil accumulations have been buried deeper and oil has undergone thermal cracking to form gas; (3) during the late Himalayan orogeny, the seals for the deep reservoirs were breached; and the gas and condensates migrated upward and eventually accumulating in the relatively shallow Jurassic reservoirs.     

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷BZ26—2—1井馆陶组原油两期注入史

渤中地区普遍存在油气多期运聚成藏。BZ26—2—1井馆陶组原油样品的地球化学分析表明,该原油具有降解和未降解的双重特征：①正构烷烃系列分布完整,且丰度高;②GC／MS分析检出相当丰富的25．降藿烷系列,且绝对浓度较高。这一现象表明馆陶组原油至少存在两期充注过程。