冀东陆壳结构的岩石学模型

冀东地区的古老变质岩系是一个出露的大陆地壳断面。根据变质岩系的变质相、亚相的研究和地质温压计计算的结果推定的深度,并结合地球物理测深资料,以及笔者测定和前人的岩石高压下波速实验资料提出了本区大陆地壳结构的岩石学模型。下地壳由麻粒岩相岩石组成,上部为角闪石麻粒岩亚相的中性成分的麻粒岩,下部为辉石麻粒岩亚相的基性成分的麻粒岩构成,底部夹有透镜状蛇纹石化橄榄岩以及紫苏花岗岩。中地壳主要由高角闪岩相的中性-中酸性成分的片麻岩、片岩构成,顶部为低角闪岩相的片麻岩、片岩,广泛发育英云闪长岩和花岗闪长岩岩体,含隙间高温流体相(fluid phase),形成高导-低速层。上地壳主要为绿片岩相(部分低角闪岩相)的板岩、千枚岩、片岩、变粒岩以及花岗岩组成,顶部为沉积盖层     

Exposed cross-sections through the continental crust: implications for crustal structure,petrology, and evolution

The continental crust is exposed in cross-section at numerous sites on the earth's surface. These exposures, which appear to have formed by obduction along great faults during continental collision, may be recognized by exposures of deep crustal rocks exhibiting asymmetric patterns of metamorphic grade and age across the faults and by distinctive Bouguer anomaly patterns reflecting dipping basement structure and an anomalously deep mantle. From an examination of five complexes which meet these criteria, it is concluded that the most prominent layering in the crust is not compositional but metamorphic. The lower crust consists of granulite facies rocks of mafic to intermediate composition while the intermediate and shallow levels consist predominantly of amphibolite facies gneisses and greenschist facies supracrustal rocks, respectively. Post-metamorphic granitic intrusions are common at intermediate to shallow levels. Position of discontinuities in refraction velocity, where present, commonly correspond to changes in composition or metamorphic grade with depth. The continental crust is characterized by lateral and vertical heterogeneities of varying scale which are the apparent cause of the complex seismic reflections recorded by COCORP. Field observations, coupled with geochemical data, indicate a complex evolution of the lower crust which can include anatexis, multiple deformation, polymetamorphism and reworking of older crustal material. The complexity of the crust is thus the result of continuous evolution by recycling and metamorphism through time in a variety of tectonic environments.     

Mineral chemistry,P-T-t paths and exhumation processes of mafic granulites in Dinggye,Southern Tibet

Lower crustal high grade metamorphic rocks have been successively found at Pamirs nearby the western Himalayan syntaxis, Namjagbarwa and Dinggye nearby the eastern Himalayan syntaxis and the central segment of the Himalayan Orogenic Belt, respec-tively[1―4]. In particular, some researchers deduced that there were probably eclogites at some locations[5]. Moreover, some geochronological data of these lower crustal granulites also have been accumulated. For example, the high-pressure granulit…     

Ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks in the Dabie-Su-Lu region, China: Their formation and exhumation

Abstract Based on petrological, structural, geological and geochronological research, the authors summarize the progress of ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic rock study since 1989 by Chinese geoscientists and foreign geoscientists in the Dabie-Su-Lu region. The authors introduce and discuss a two-stage exhumation process for the UHP metamorphic rocks that have various lithologies; eclogite, ultramafics, jadeitic quartzite, gneiss, schist and marble. The metamorphic history of UHP metamorphic rocks is divided into three stages, that is, the pre-eclogite stage, coesite eclogite stage, and retrograde stage. Prior to UHP metamorphism, the ultramafics had a high temperature environment assemblage of mantle and others had blueschist facies assemblages. The granulite facies assemblages, which have recorded a temperature increase event with decompression, have developed locally in the Weihai basaltic rocks. Isotopic ages show a long range from > 700 Ma to 200 Ma. The diversity in protoliths of UHP metamorphic rocks may be related to the variation of isotopic ages older than 400 Ma. The Sm-Nd dating of ~ 220 Ma could reflect the initial exhumation stage after the peak UHP metamorphism in relation to the collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze blocks and subsequent events. Petrological and structural evidence imply a two-stage exhumation process. During the initial exhumation, the UHP metamorphic rocks were sheared and squeezed up in a high P/T regime. In the second exhumation stage the UHP metamorphic rocks were uplifted and eventually exposed with middle crustal rocks.     

地壳主要岩石流变参数及华北地壳流变性质研究

岩石流变参数和变形机制是根据断层摩擦和岩石幂次流动本构关系建立岩石圈强度剖面的基础。近 30年来 ,高温高压实验取得了很大进展 ,获得了大量地壳矿物和岩石流变资料。本文系统总结了这些流变实验资料 ,并应用流变数据结合地震震源深度分布 ,对华北地壳流变性质进行了研究。结果表明 ,以花岗岩和低级变质岩为代表的上地壳为脆性破裂 ,其强度受断层摩擦约束 ,以长英质片麻岩为主的中地壳和以中性麻粒岩为主的下地壳上层处于塑性流变状态 ,由干的基性麻粒岩组成的下地壳下层处于脆性向塑性流变的过渡状态。华北地壳的这种物质组成和流变为地壳不同层次的解耦和强震孕育提供了力学条件 ,也构成了不同尺度块体的底边界     

Tectonic evolution of lower crustal rocks in an exposed magmatic arc section in the Hidaka metamorphic belt, Hokkaido, northern Japan

Abstract : The Hidaka metamorphic belt consists of an island-arc assembly of lower to upper crustal rocks formed during early to middle Paleogene time and exhumed during middle Paleogene to Miocene time. The tectonic evolution of the belt is divided into four stages, D₀rs, D₁, D₂rs, and D₃, based on their characteristic deformation, metamorphism, and igneous activity. The premetamorphic and igneous stage (D₀) involves tectonic thickening of an uppermost Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary accretionary complex, including oceanic materials in the lower part of the complex. D₁ is the stage of prograde metamorphism with increasing temperatures at a constant pressure during an early phase, and with a slight decrease of pressure at the peak metamorphic phase, accompanying flattening of metamorphic rocks and intrusions of mafic to intermediate igneous rocks. At the peak, incipient partial melting of pelitic and psammitic gneisses took place in the amphibolite–granulite facies transition zone, the melt and residuals cutting the foliations formed by flattening. In the deep crust, large amounts of S-type tonalite magma formed by crustal anatexis, intruded into the granulite facies gneiss zone and also into the upper levels of the metamorphic sequence during the subsequent stage. During D₁ stage, mafic and intermediate magmas supplied and transported heat to form the arc-type crust and at the same time, the magmatic underplating caused extensional doming of the crust, giving rise to flattening and vertical uplifting of the crustal rocks. D₂ stage is characterized by subhorizontal top-to-the-south displacement and thrusting of lower to upper crustal rocks, forming a basal detachment surface (décollement) and duplex structures associated with intrusions of S-type tonalite. Deformation structures and textures of high-temperature mylonites formed along the décollement, as well as the duplex structures, show that the D₂ stage movement occurred under a N-S trending compressional tectonic regime. The depth of intra-crustal décollement in the Hidaka belt was defined by the effect of multiplication of two factors, the fraction of partial melt which increases downward, and the fluid flux which decreases downward. The crustal décollement, however, might have extended to the crust-mantle boundary and/or to the lithosphere and asthenosphere boundary. The subhorizontal movement was transitional to a dextral-reverse-slip (dextral transpression) movement accompanied by low-temperature mylonitization with retrograde metamorphism, the stage defined as D₃. The crustal rocks from the basal décollement to the upper were tilted eastward on the N–S axis and exhumed during the D₃ stage. During D₂ and D₃ stages, the intrusion of crustal acidic magmas enhanced the crustal deformation and exhumation in the compressional and subsequent transpressional tectonic regime.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WAVE VELOCITIES IN ROCKS FROM THE YANHUAI BASIN AND ITS GEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

依据延怀盆地深部的地温地压条件，用模拟实验方法测定了该区代表性岩石的纵波和横波速度以及石英、角闪石在一定深度相变引起的波速变化，提出在中地壳同时具备低速高导的物质可能不是含石英多的岩石而可能是含水矿物多的岩石；讨论了研究区的地壳组成，认为上地壳的上部可能是由泥质灰岩一类的岩石组成，下部可能是由花岗闪长岩一类的岩石组成，没有低速高导层的地区可能是由花岗闪长岩和石英岩等组成，有低速高导层的地区可能由角闪岩相的岩石组成，下地壳可能由角闪片麻岩、中长麻粒岩、辉石麻粒岩等组成     

Variscan terrane of deep-crustal granulite facies in Yushugou area, southern Tianshan

The Yushugou terrane of deepcrustal granulite facies in southern Tianshan consists of two parts, granulite and metaperidotite. The whole terrane is a metamorphism of (high-pressure) grunulite facies, and typical mineral associations are: Gt-Cpx-P1-Tit-Ilm (±Qz) (silica-saturated and oversaturated mafic rocks), Gt-Ky (pseudomorph)-P1-Ru-Ilm± Qz (metapelitic rocks) and Spi-Opx-Cpx-01 (meta-ultramafic rocks). The peak-stage P-T conditions are 795— 964°, 0.97—1.42 GPa, which are obtained with mineral chemistry, assemblage analyses and P-T estimation. The Sm-Nd isochron age of peak-stage metamorphic minerals is (315 ± 3.62) Ma. All of these indicate that the terrane is a deep-crustal body, which subducts to the depth of 40—50 km in the middle late-Paleozoic, undergoing metamorphism of (high-pressure) granulite facies, and exhumed again to the surface by tectonic uplifting. Project supported hy the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49472135).     

Complex Archean lower crustal structure revealed by COCORP crustal reflection profiling in the Wind River Range,Wyoming

A COCORP deep crustal reflection profile across the Wind River uplift crosses exposed Archean rocks and resolves an unusual complex deep crustal structure at a depth of 24–31 km in an area where depth relations in Precambrian rocks can be inferred. The different levels of exposure across the beveled plunge of the Wind River uplift reveal supracrustal rocks at shallower levels with migmatites and pyroxene granulites at deeper levels. For the first time, deep crustal structure from reflection profiling may be interpreted in terms of exposed basement geology. A folded, multilayered deep structure shown by relfection data resembles multiply folded pyroxene granulite interlayered with granitic gneiss exposed in the central Wind River uplift; isoclinal folding is suggested in the folded layered seismic structure. Earlier seismic reflection studies suggested a simpler lower crust. These data indicate that lower crustal structure may have a complexity similar to deeply eroded Precambrian granulite-facies rocks. If this seismic feature represents folded metamorphic rocks, it seems unlikely that this Archean crust could have been thickened by underplating after 2.7 b.y. B.P. and the crust would have to be at least 30 km thich when this structure was formed.     

A continental crustal model and its geothermal implications

The following crustal model based on realistic estimates of metamorphic rock volumes and H₂O content is proposed as a basis for geothermal calculations: (1) a surface zone of intermediate metamorphic rocks containing granitic intrusions and grading downward into (2) a more felsic migmatite zone, (3) a lower crustal zone of approximately andesitic composition crystallized in granulite or possibly amphibolite facies. Heat production values and thickness for the three zones are 3 HGU, 5 HGU, 0.5–1.5 HGU and 8, 8, and 18 km respectively. If the surface heat flow is 1.2 HFU, the model predicts a temperature of only 407°C at the Moho and an upper mantle heat flow of 0.3–0.5 HFU. The low temperatures resulting from this model rule out a seismic low-velocity zone in the crust produced by thermal effects.     

Geology of the Grove Mountains in East Antarctica——New evidence for the final suture of Gondwana Land

As the core block of the East Gondwana Land, the East Antarctic Shield was traditionally thought, before 1992, as an amalgamation of a number of Archaean-Paleoproterozoic nuclei, be-ing welded by Grenville aged mobile belts during 1400—900 Ma, while the …     

扬子克拉通太古代崆岭群角闪岩相与麻粒岩相岩石的岩石磁学研究

提供了扬子克拉通太古代基底崆岭群２０件代表性岩石样品的密度与磁性参数的测量结果．结果表明，变碎屑岩与ＴＴＧ（英云闪长－奥长花岗－花岗间长质）片麻岩（１３个样品）的磁化率与饱和剩磁普遍大于斜长角闪岩和辉长岩．前者的磁化率与饱和剩磁平均值分别为１２１３×１０^－６ＳＩ与１９．９４Ａ／ｍ，而后者的则为８０２×１０^－６ＳＩ与１０．７７Ａ／ｍ．变碎屑岩与ＴＴＧ片麻岩呈明显的亚铁磁性状态；斜长角闪岩和辉长岩则以顺磁性或顺磁性与亚铁磁性混合状态分布为主．热磁分析结果表明，变碎屑岩与ＴＴＧ片麻岩的剩磁载体以磁铁矿与磁赤铁矿为主；斜长角门岩和辉长岩则明显含有磁黄铁矿与次要的磁铁矿．变碎屑岩与ＴＴＧ片麻岩的磁性具有很强的非均一性．推断崆岭群中的变碎屑岩为麻粒岩相变质级，视深度相当于大陆下地壳；而斜长角闪岩的变质级明显低于变碎屑岩，可能为角门岩相，视深度相当于中地壳．变碎屑岩与ＴＴＧ片麻岩磁性的强非均一性可能与该区后期广泛发生的混合岩化作用密切相关。     

U–Pb ages of zircons from metamorphic rocks in the upper sequence of the Hidaka Metamorphic Belt,Hokkaido, Japan: Identification of two metamorphic events and implications for regional tectonics

The Hidaka Metamorphic Belt is a well-known example of island-arc crustal section, in which metamorphic grade increases westwards from unmetamorphosed sediment up to granulite facies. It is divided into lower (granulite to amphibolite facies) and upper (amphibolite to greenschist facies) metamorphic sequences. The metamorphic age of the belt was considered to be ~55 Ma, based on Rb – Sr whole-rock isochron ages for granulites and related S-type tonalities. However, zircons from the granulites in the lower sequence yield U – Pb ages of ~21 – 19 Ma, and a preliminary report on zircons from pelitic gneiss in the upper sequence gives a U – Pb age of ~40 Ma. In this paper we provide new zircon U – Pb ages from two pelitic gneisses in the upper sequence to assess the metamorphic age and also the maximum depositional age of the sedimentary protolith. The weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages from a biotite gneiss in the central area of the belt yield 39.6 ± 0.9 Ma for newly grown metamorphic rims and 53.1 ± 0.9 Ma for the youngest detrital cores. The ages of zircons from a cordierite–biotite gneiss in the southern area are 35.9 ± 0.7 Ma for metamorphic rims and 46.5 ± 2.8 Ma for the youngest detrital cores. These results indicate that metamorphism of the upper sequence took place at ~40 – 36 Ma, and that the sedimentary protolith was deposited after ~53 – 47 Ma. These metamorphic ages are consistent with the reported ages of ~37–36 Ma plutonic rocks in the upper sequence, but contrast with the ~21–19 Ma ages of metamorphic and plutonic rocks in the lower sequence. Therefore, we conclude that the upper and lower metamorphic sequences developed independently but coupled with each other before ~19 Ma as a result of dextral reverse tectonic movement.     

Eclogitization of lower crustal granulites by fluid migration through shear zones

The granulite facies assemblages of the anorthositic rocks of the Bergen Arcs (stable at 800–900°C and 10 kbar) have been transformed to eclogite facies assemblages (stable at 700–750°C and 16–19 kbar) in the vicinity of Caledonian shear zones. This section of the root zone of the Caledonian mountain chain reveals a deep polymetamorphic crust where Precambrian granulites (mean density 3.02 g/cm³) and Caledonian eclogites (mean density 3.19 g/cm³) alternate on a scale of meters over a minimum area of 3 × 12 km. Detailed mapping of three localities shows that eclogites account for up to 30–45% of the rock volume. The stabilitization of the eclogite mineralogy is controlled by fluids penetrating these deep crustal shear zones. The eclogitization is independent of preexisting compositional variation in this anorthosite-norite complex. The Bergen Arcs example suggests that the amount of eclogite versus granulites in the lowermost crust is a function of deformation and fluid access, rather than being controlled byT, P and rock composition alone. These relationships may explain the gradual increase in seismic velocity observed in some deep crustal sections and also the complex reflection pattern obtained from the lowermost crust in many areas.     

Dating the lower crust by ion microprobe

Ion microprobe UThPb ages of zircons from granulite facies lower crustal xenoliths from north Queensland, Australia, correlate well with the ages of major orogenic episodes manifest at the earth's surface. About half of the xenoliths contain Proterozoic zircons which are similar in age to the episodes of high-grade metamorphism of the older surface rocks. All the xenoliths contain late Paleozoic zircons which show a real 100 Ma range in²⁰⁶Pb²³⁸/U ages (from 320 to 220 Ma), which is attributed to granulite facies metamorphism followed by slow cooling in the deep crust. The Paleozoic zircon ages coincide in time with the prolonged episode of eruption of voluminous felsic ash-flows and intrusion of high-level granites in this region (320-270 Ma). Mineral and melt inclusions in the zircons provide clues to the origin of some of the xenoliths, and coupled with the age information, can be used to infer the geological processes operating in the lower crust. The zircons from two mafic xenoliths contain felsic and intermediate melt inclusions implying at least a two-stage history for these rocks, involving either partial melting of a more felsic protolith or crystal accumulation from an evolved melt. Some of the zircons from the felsic xenoliths contain CO₂-rich fluid inclusions, indicating that those zircons grew during high-grade metamorphism. The isotopic and chemical data for the whole rock xenoliths show that they originate from a segment of the lower crust which is a heterogeneous mixture of supracrustal and mafic, mantle-derived, lithologies. The major orogenic event responsible for the formation of that crust occurred in the late Paleozoic, when Proterozoic supracrustal rocks were emplaced into the lower crust, possibly along thin-skinned thrust slices. This was accompanied by intrusion of high-temperature, mantle-derived melts which caused partial melting of pre-existing crust. The most likely setting for such tectonism is a continental margin subduction zone.     

Geology of the Grove Mountains in East Antarctica

Grove Mountains consists mainly of a series of high-grade (upper amphibolite to granulite facies) metamorphic rocks, including felsic granulite, granitic gneiss, mafic granulite lenses and charnockite, intruded by late tectonic gneissic granite and post-tectonic granodioritic veins. Geochemical analysis demonstrates that the charnockite, granitic gneiss and granite belonged to aluminous A type plutonic rocks, whereas the felsic and mafic granulite were from supracrustal materials as island-arc, oceanic island and middle oceanic ridge basalt. A few high-strained shear zones disperse in regional stable sub-horizontal foliated metamorphic rocks. Three generations of ductile deformation were identified, in which D₁ is related to the event before Pan-African age, D₂ corresponds to the regional granulite peak metamorphism, whereas D₃ reflects ductile extension in late Pan-African orogenic period. The metamorphic reactions from granitic gneiss indicate a single granulite facies event, but 3 steps from mafic granulite, with P-T condition of M1 800°C, 9.3×10⁵ Pa; M₂ 800–810°C, 6.4 × 10⁵ Pa; and M₃ 650°C have been recognized. The U-Pb age data from representative granitic gneiss indicate (529±14) Ma of peak metamorphism, (534±5) Ma of granite emplacement, and (501±7) Ma of post-tectonic granodioritic veins. All these evidences suggest that a huge Pan-African aged mobile belt exists in the East Antarctic Shield extending from Prydz Bay via Grove Mountains to the southern Prince Charles Mountains. This orogenic belt could be the final suture during the Gondwana Land assemblage.     

Seismic Slip in the Lower Crust Inferred from Granulite-related Pseudotachylyte in the Woodroffe Thrust, Central Australia

Pseudotachylytes generated in granulite facies rocks are found in the Woodroffe thrust, central Australia. Petrologic evidence and structural and textural features show that these pseudotachylytes contain typical melting-origin features including injection occurrence, rounded and embayed clasts, and microlites within the fine-grained matrix, which formed contemporaneously with the wall granulite facies rocks under conditions of ~8 kbar and ~650–700°C. These granulite-related pseudotachylyte (G-Pt) veins are overprinted in subsequent deformation stages by three other types of pseudotachylytes including mylonite-related (M-Pt) and ultramylonite-related (Um-Pt) pseudotachylytes that are then transcut by cataclasite-related pseudotachylytes (C-Pt). The overprinting occurred following uplift of the lower crust where the G-Pt veins formed through the brittle-plastic transition zone where the M-Pt and Um-Pt veins occurred within the brittle-dominated regime of the C-Pt generation zone in the upper crust. The coexistence of multiple generations of large voluminous C-Pt, M-Pt, Um-Pt, and G-Pt veins indicates that numerous large earthquakes accompanying distinct seismic slip which produced the pseudotachylytes occurred over an extended period of seismicity and various depths of the crust within the Woodroffe thrust zone. The spatial distribution and structural features of the multiple-stage pseudotachylytes suggest that coseismic slipping caused by large earthquakes which nucleated in the brittle-dominated seismogenic zone propagated downward through the brittle-plastic transition zone into the plastic-dominated granulite facies depth from the upper to lower crust.     

Regional occurrence of orthopyroxene-bearing basic rocks in the Yanai district, southwest Japan: Evidence for granulite-facies Ryoke metamorphism

Abstract   The present paper is reporting on the regional occurrence of orthopyroxene-bearing basic rocks from the Ryoke Metamorphic Belt in the Yanai district, southwest Japan. Their localities are confined to the highest-grade zone of the area (i.e. the garnet–cordierite zone, where garnet coexists with cordierite, K-feldspar and biotite in pelitic rocks). Orthopyroxene coexists with quartz and hydrous minerals such as biotite, cummingtonite and hornblende, and in some cases with clinopyroxene, suggesting that the highest grade of the Ryoke metamorphism reached a low-temperature subfacies of the granulite facies, contrary to the upper amphibolite facies as previously asserted.     

中国华北地区壳内低速高导层（体）成因模式的探讨

依据高温高压下华北地区地壳主要岩石的物理性质－波速，电性测定的结果，提出了华北地区低速高导层可能的成因模式以及不同模式的适应范围。认为；碳酸盐岩在深部一定温度，压力和氧逸度条件下碳的析出会导致高导层体的出现；深部韧性剪切带组成矿物的定向排列，可使岩石的波速，电生产生各向异性行为，导致低速高导层的产生；绿片岩相和角闪岩相石中含水矿物的脱水作用会导致上，中地壳岩石物理力学性质的突变，这可能是该地区低速     

Indosinian anatexis of Paleoproterozoic granites in the east Cathaysia Block,South China

Granulite facies metamorphism and crustal anatexis exist in the East Cathaysia Block, the exact timing of granulite facies partial melting and its link with orogenesis have not been well constrained. In this study, we carried out petrography, whole rock geochemistry, and zircon U–Pb dating, trace elements and Hf isotopes analyses on Dazhe gneissic granite and banded migmatite from the Badu Group in southwest Zhejiang province in the East Cathaysia Block. The melts were produced through the dehydration of biotite, such as biotite + quartz + plagioclase = orthopyroxene + K-feldspar + melt and biotite + quartz + plagioclase + sillimanite = garnet + K-feldspar + melt. Zircons from these rocks show clear core-rim structure and yield rim and core concordant ages at 233 Ma and 1.83 Ga, respectively. The zircon rims suggesting the melts and the cores are suggesting the protolith of Dazhe gneissic granite and banded migmatite were crystallized from an evolving magma. The zircon cores and rims have negative ε_Hf(t) = −2.2 ~ −6.3 and ε_Hf(t) = −22.8 ~ −32.4, and they give suggestion of the presence of Neoarchean components. Although the major-element compositions of the gneissic granite and banded migmatite are slightly different, the trace-element spider diagram and REE pattern show they are similar, and then we find that the protoliths are A-type granodiorite/diorite. Combined with the published data, we suggested that the Dazhe gneissic granite and banded migmatite were formed through granulite facies partial melting at 233 Ma, which was promoted by crustal shortening and thickening of the collision orogeny between East Cathaysia Block and an unknown terrane with a NNE trend structure line. The protoliths (granite or granodiorite) of Dazhe gneissic granite and banded migmatite crystallized at 1.83 Ga by reworking of the Neoarchean components of East Cathaysia Block. The Paleoproterozoic (1912–1819 Ma) collisional orogeny and the later intraplate rifting stage are corresponding to the aggregation and breakup of the Columbia supercontinent.