九龙江口溯河鳗苗的种类及其形态特征

作者于１９９５,１９９６年鳗苗溯河期在九龙江口采集１０、１５尾鳗苗标本以脊椎骨数及量度性状进行进行了比较,确定九龙江口溯河鳗苗有三种,即日本鳗鲡,花鳗鲡和西里伯斯鳗鲡,西里伯斯鳗鲡为中国大陆沿海首次报道。文章对三鳗鱼的形态特征进行描述并讨论一些分类问题。     

长江口环境条件对日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)鳗苗溯河洄游的影响

长江口是日本鳗鲡鳗苗的手要产区,利用2007年1-5月在长江口的长兴岛、横沙和杭州湾小洋山4个取样点得到的日本鳗鲡鳗苗渔获量数据,初步研究了鳗苗的补充时间分布以及补充量与潮汐、月相等环境因素之间的关系.发现鳗苗在长江口的补.充时间从1月下旬开始到5月中旬结束,鳗苗日产量峰值出现日期从长江口外向内逐渐推迟,与其洄游路线致.长江口附近潮汐为半月潮,每月有两次涨落潮,鳗苗溯河量与潮汐周期呈现一定的节律性,每月有两次鳗苗峰值.河口区鳗苗溯河具有潮流选择性,长江口内鳗苗溯河量起汛潮多于落汛潮:长江口外鳗苗溯河量和潮汐振幅呈现正相关趋势.日本鳗鲡鳗苗的溯河量与月相变化也有一定的关系;朔月望月的平均单网捕捞量之和占总平均单网捕捞量的93.13%,而上下弦只占6.87%.经过方差检验,朔月鳗苗溯河量多于望月,且二者之间存在极显著差异(P<0.01).     

九龙江口ATP分布与环境因子的关系

本文根据１９９４年７月至１９９５年４月间４个航次调查资料而得。结果表明，九龙江口ＡＴＰ的含量平均值为２７８．４μｇ／ｍ＾３，变化范围在３２．４￣８５７．６μｇ／ｍ＾３之间。ＡＴＰ与叶绿素ａ和ＰＯＣ之间存在着正相关性。Ｃｈｌ－ａ／ＡＴＰ的高值区出现在盐度为２５￣３０间。ＰＯＣ（Ｂ）／ＰＯＣ的高温区出现在盐度为１５￣２５间。该区域颗粒碳含有最大比例的活体的有机碳约占６０％。     

牙鲆升温育苗及其苦干问题初探

牙鲆（Ｐａｒａｌｉｃｈｔｈｙｓ　ｏｌｉｖａｃｅｕｓ）的常温育苗已有过一些报道［１～３］。为了提高牙鲆苗种规格，增强苗种度夏能力，缩短养殖周期，１９９５年我们在荣成市马山渔业公司育苗场进行了牙鲆升温育苗生产。截至７月６日巳育出全长５～１０ｃｍ大规格牙鲆亩种３０００００尾，至自然水温达到最高值的８月下旬，部分鱼种全长已达１５ｃｍ以上，大大增强了苗种度更能力，提高了苗种度夏成活率。１亲鱼培育及产卵１．１亲鱼培育１９９６年第５期于１９９４年１１月份购入海上捕捞的牙鲆亲鱼３３尾，全长范围４０～７５ｃｍ，体…     

中华鲟于闽江的人工放流试验

１９９７年１０月２０日首次将中华鲟受精卵从中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所空运至福建省莆田市中华鲟繁育保护基地,２３日孵化出仔鲟,喂养至１９９８年１２月４日,选择全长７８￣９８ｃｍ,体重２￣５ｋｇ的１龄幼鲟４００尾,闽侯白沙镇的闽江段进行标志放流。１９９８年１２月２１日至１９９９年５月１０日分别在福清市、惠安县肖厝管区、福鼎县、长乐县和连江县沿海的流刺网作业中误行情流放标志和２尾丢失标志的中华鲟幼     

中草药添加剂应用于甲鱼养殖试验简报

中草药复方添加剂应用于甲鱼养殖,添加在甲鱼配合饲料中,按每１００ｋｇ甲鱼重添加６０ｇ实验。于１９９６年７月至１９９８年８月,２个甲鱼场的实验结果表明：稚鳖（３￣５０ｇ培育阶段）平均成活率９１．３％,幼鳖（５０￣１５０ｇ养殖阶段）平均成活率９２．６％,成鳖（１５０￣５００ｇ或以上养殖阶段）,平均成活率８８．７％,整个养殖过程成活率平均达到７５．０％。养殖周期缩短至１０￣１４个月,投入与产出比为１：１     

欧鳗黑仔饲料试养报告

１９９５年分别在邵武欣隆绿色养殖有限公司养殖池和诏安桥东溪雅鳗场对规格１１０ｐ／ｋｇ、７２ｐ／ｋｇ、７２／ｐｋ的欧鳗用我公司开发的欧鳗专用饲料－“海马”牌黑仔７＾＃饲养７１ｄ与６７ｄ的试验。结果表明，投饵率为１．２％－１．８％；成活率为９９％；饵料效率在８２．１％－８４．５％之间。     

真鲷仔鱼早期阶段的摄食能力──发育反应和功能反应

于１９９５年４月￣１９９６年５月在中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所小麦岛苗种基地,采用梯度试验方法在不同褶皱臂尾轮虫饵料密度下２￣１２日龄真鲷仔鱼的摄食率和摄食强度,通过拟合发育反应和功能反应模型模型的数据来评价真鲷仔鱼早期阶段的摄食能力。结果表明,从仔鱼开口２日龄至１２日龄,摄食强度从０．３１６μｇ／ｈ提高到１．３７４μｇ／ｈ;摄食成功率从５９％提高到７０％,平均摄食发生率从０．４６９μ ｇ／ｈ     

闽江口浮游桡足类生态研究

１９９０年５月至１９９１年１月对闽江口进行了调查，共鉴定浮游桡足类３７种，其中近岸类群的种类最多，河口种的数量占优势，并制约了桡足类总量的季节变化。数量密集区主要出现在调查区西部的岛屿及近岸水域，东部近岸水域的种类较西部丰富。多样性的分布趋势为由河口向海洋愈趋稳定。暖温带种虫肢歪水蚤和暖水种右突歪水蚤等分别在闽江口区和九龙江口区的分布，似可指示闽江口区的暖水性生态略弱于九龙江口区。     

岩鹭在厦门海岸带的分布及其生态考察

岩鹭是我国二级保护鸟类,处于稀有的濒危状态。１９９３年３￣５月,１９９３年９月至１９９４年９月和１９９５年５￣１０月的考察结果。证实岩鹭在厦门的居留时间为１０月上旬至６月上旬。厦门的岩鹭分布于东部海岸,该区域人为干扰和污染少,潮间带底质以砂砾,岩石为主,厦门的岩鹭为灰黑色型,单独活动,种群总数量只有３￣５只,本文根据岩鹭的生态需求、行为习怀和种群数量特点,对岩鹭的保护也进行了讨论。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.