低洼盐碱地温棚培育五期幼蟹研究

2000年3月30日至5月6日,首次在低洼盐碱地进行了塑料大棚培育五期幼蟹试验。经过37天精心培育,在200m^2的土池中,1．5kg、19．5万只大眼幼体育出五期幼蟹36.7kg、8．81万只,蟹苗增重倍数24．5,成活率45．2％。实验的成功对于洼区解决蟹苗来源、推广河蟹养殖,改善养殖结构,提高经济效益将起到积极作用。     

锯缘青蟹人工繁育技术研究

锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)是我国南方地区主要的经济蟹类之一,名优养殖品种。随着青蟹养殖技术的改进和养殖规模的扩大,特别是虾池综合养殖模式迅速的推广,捕捞自然蟹苗已远不能满足生产的需求,青蟹苗种已成为养殖青蟹、甚至南方部分地区虾池养     

两次卵巢发育成熟拟穴青蟹卵巢与肝胰腺营养成分比较分析

为比较第一次和第二次卵巢发育成熟拟穴青蟹卵巢和肝胰腺营养成分的差异。作者选取一次卵巢发育成熟和二次卵巢发育成熟的拟穴青蟹（Scylla paramamosain）各5只,对其卵巢和肝胰腺的常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行检测和分析,比较两次卵巢发育青蟹卵巢和肝胰腺主要营养成分的异同,并对其营养价值进行的分析和评估。结果显示：卵巢二次发育青蟹性腺指数（GSI）为9.29±1.81,显著低于一次卵巢发育青蟹的15.46±1.81。C16：0（棕榈酸）、C18：0（硬脂酸）、C16：1（ω–7）（棕榈油酸）、C18：1（ω–9）（油酸）、C20：5（ω–3）（EPA）和C22：6（ω–3）（DHA）为卵巢和肝胰腺主要脂肪酸组成,卵巢中饱和脂肪酸（SFA）、多不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）、单不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）和总脂肪酸（TFA）在二次卵巢发育青蟹和一次卵巢发育青蟹均无显著差异（P>0.05）。而两次卵巢发育成熟青蟹肝胰腺中TFA、SFA、MUFA以及PUFA均显著差异（P<0.05）,主要的能量型脂肪酸C16：0、C18：0、C16：1、C18：1,DHA和EPA二次卵巢发育青蟹显著低于一次卵巢发育青蟹（P<0.05）。青蟹卵巢和肝胰腺中氨基酸组成相同,谷氨酸含量最高,其次为精氨酸,半胱氨酸含量最低。无论卵巢还是肝胰腺,卵巢二次发育青蟹的必需氨基酸（EAA）、非必需氨基酸（NEAA）、总氨基酸（TAA）含量与卵巢一次发育青蟹无显著差异（P>0.05）,青蟹卵巢中总氨基酸含量明显高于肝胰腺。二次卵巢发育的青蟹生殖力低于一次卵巢发育青蟹,尽管卵巢二次发育时间短,但青蟹卵巢中脂肪酸和氨基酸的含量和组成与一次卵巢发育青蟹相当,其生殖性能接近一次卵巢发育青蟹。而肝胰腺由于初次繁殖中能量消耗及二次卵巢发育过程对脂肪酸需求,而导致脂肪酸含量明显低于一次卵巢发育青蟹。     

青岛市锯缘青蟹试养喜获成功

据报道,青岛市从厦门空运岛城的13.3万只锯缘青蟹苗,在青岛市胶州、黄岛、胶南等6个沿海市区试养成功。试养的据缘青蟹长势良好,胶州不少池子每池出蟹600只,平均每只350余克,大的成蟹直径近20厘米。通过成功试养,青岛市已基本掌握了养殖锯缘青蟹的技术和经验。同时在青岛市近期召开的对虾养殖现场会上获悉,今年青岛市养殖的问万亩对虾喜获丰收。预计产量达6000多吨,是自1993年爆发虾病以来长势最好的一年。青岛市锯缘青蟹试养喜获成功@谭雪静     

氨氮胁迫对拟穴青蟹组织器官中SOD及GPX活性的影响

采用实验生态学的方法,探讨海水中分别添加氨氮（以氯化铵作为氨氮源）0（对照组,C0组）、10（C10组）、20（C20组）、30（C30组）、40 mg/dm3（C40组）,胁迫24、48、72、96 h对拟穴青蟹（Scylla paramamosain）各组织器官中SOD、GPX活性的影响.结果表明,拟穴青蟹鳃中SOD活性,除C40组外,其余各组在胁迫24、48 h随氨氮含量升高而升高,胁迫72、96 h则随氨氮含量升高而下降（p〈0.05）,C40组的则随胁迫时间延长而一直呈下降趋势;各组拟穴青蟹鳃、肝胰腺和肌肉的SOD活性变化趋势相同,鳃和肌肉SOD活性最高均出现在胁迫48 h,肝胰腺SOD活性最高则在胁迫72 h.各组拟穴青蟹鳃GPX活性在胁迫24、48和72 h随氨氮含量升高而下降,胁迫96 h随氨氮含量升高而增大;各组拟穴青蟹肝胰腺和肌肉GPX活性变化与肝胰腺SOD活性变化趋势相似,胁迫48 h,C40组拟穴青蟹肝胰腺GPX活性最高.氨氮胁迫显著影响拟穴青蟹生理效应.     

盐度胁迫对锯缘青蟹血清及组织、器官中PO和SOD活性的影响

采用酶学方法测定了盐度(5、15、25、35)胁迫下锯缘青蟹血清中酚氧化酶(PO)及其肌肉和肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化.结果表明,盐度胁迫显著影响青蟹血清PO活性(p＜0.05).S5、S15低盐度处理组青蟹血清中PO活性显著高于S25、S35高盐度处理组(p＜0.05),同一处理组青蟹血清中PO活性除S15处理组随胁迫时间延长而持续下降外,其余各组呈现出有升有降的变化.各处理组在盐度低于或高于25时,青蟹肌肉中SOD活性升高,且胁迫至72h前,随着胁迫时间延长,SOD活性下降;青蟹肝胰腺中SOD活性随着盐度升高而降低,且同一处理组青蟹肝胰腺中SOD活性则随着胁迫时间的延长而呈现出先降后升的趋势.这表明环境盐度胁迫对青蟹体内SOD活性影响显著,且表现出明显的时间效应性.由此可见,盐度胁迫显著影响青蟹的PO、SOD活性,进而影响青蟹免疫力.     

青蟹池塘生态育苗试验

2011年和2012年期间,在浙江省宁波象山港区域,利用两口池塘开展拟穴青蟹(Scyllapar amamosain)池塘生态育苗试验,自然条件下累计培育出青蟹苗(稚蟹Ⅰ至Ⅱ期)34.1×104只,幼体成活率最高为3.19%,单位水体育苗产量最高383.0只/m2,从蚤状幼体孵出至蟹苗销售的时间需要33~34 d,幼体生长呈曲线方程:y=0.14e0.497x。育苗池塘水质理化因子相对稳定,鉴定出浮游植物20种,大型浮游动物种类11种,原生动物12种,浮游植物群落以硅藻、小球藻和扁藻为优势,藻类细胞密度(1760.2×104±5119.4×104)个/L,浮游动物群落以桡足类和轮虫生物量最大,大型浮游动物密度(646.28±899.17)个/L,池塘饵料生物丰富,幼体可以获得更全面和优质的饵料营养。盐度过低和固着类纤毛虫、尖额真猛水蚤的危害,是影响青蟹幼体成活率的主要原因。     

长毛对虾Penaeus Penicillatus Alcock亲虾的再利用

本文报导了无论海捕,还是人工培育的越冬亲虾首次产卵后可通过切除眼柄来促进其性腺再发育、成熟并产卵。室内试验表明,切除眼柄后最快3天即成熟、产卵。人工越冬虾平均产卵量为4.6万,孵化率高于70％。在室内水泥池中,不切除眼柄诱导性成熟相当困难,而在室外土池中无须经切除眼柄处理,性腺也能良好发育。     

锯缘青蟹不同器官组织中ROS与ASAFR含里的研究

采用生化测定的方法,对锯缘青蟹(Scyllaserrata)鳃、肝胰腺和肌肉等不同器官组织中活性氧(ROS)与抗超氧阴离子自由基(ASAFR)含量进行了测定。　结果表明,　不同器官组织中活性氧与抗超氧阴离子自由基含量各异。　各器官组织中活性氧含量由高到低依次为:肝胰腺>肌肉>鳃,　分别为195.04U/mg±33.46U/mg, 64.03 U/mg±12.77 U/mg和44.84U/mg±10.44U/mg。而抗超氧阴离子自由基含量则是鳃>肝胰腺>肌肉,大小分别为439.62 U/g±64.73U/g,297.89 U/g±39.75 U/g和84.24 U/g±18.03 U/g。统计分析显示,锯缘青蟹各器官组织间的活性氧与抗超氧阴离子自由基含量均存在极显著性差异(P<0.01)。这是由于不同器官组织所执行的生理功能不同造成的。     

拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)血卵涡鞭虫病的流行病学分析

为解析拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)血卵涡鞭虫病的流行病学特征,于2012年4—11月采用跟踪监测和实地调查的方法,结合病原分离鉴定及病蟹的病理学观察,统计分析了浙江省温州地区养殖拟穴青蟹血卵涡鞭虫病的流行情况。结果表明,患病拟穴青蟹的肝胰腺、肌肉、鳃等组织病理显示有大量血卵涡鞭虫侵染,并能用PCR方法快速检出。温州地区养殖拟穴青蟹血卵涡鞭虫病在每年5—11月均有发生,7—9月为集中发病时间,死亡高峰出现于8—9月之间,年份间(2010—2012)与发病率无相关性,而不同月份对病害的发生有极显著影响(P0.01)。不同发育阶段以脱壳期的发病率相对较高,发病蟹的规格主要以50g以下的幼蟹和250g以上的成蟹为主。拟穴青蟹血卵涡鞭虫病的发生与水温(r=0.756)和盐度(r=0.631)变化关系较密切,夏、秋季节受梅雨、台风影响而引起水温和盐度的剧烈变化可能是暴发血卵涡鞭虫病的诱发因素。     

Cannibalistic interactions of juvenile mud crabs Scylla serrata: the effect of shelter and crab size

In the culture of mud crab Scylla serrata, cannibalism is often the greatest cause of mortality. A laboratory study was conducted to compare the influence of size class differences and shelter on cannibalism and limb loss in juvenile mud crabs (20–70 mm internal carapace width; ICW). Four size classes of juvenile crab (A: 21–30 mm, B: 31–40 mm, C: 41–50 mm and D: 51–70 mm ICW) were tested in all possible combinations using four different substrata with varying degree of shelter (seaweed, plastic strings, bamboo tubes and open sand substratum) in 48 h trials. Results suggest that cannibalistic interactions are heavily influenced both by size differences of crabs and the availability of shelter. Cannibalism on the smallest size class (20–30 mm ICW) increased about 10 times in the presence of the largest crab (51–70 mm ICW) compared with treatment with only same-size crabs (control treatment). Shelter provided little refuge for the smallest crabs, whereas cannibalism in larger size classes decreased by >50% in all the shelters compared with the sand substratum. The findings suggest that both size-grading and provision of shelter could minimise cannibalism in the culture of mud crabs.     

Trends in exploitation, development and management of artisanal mud crab (Scylla serrata-Forsskal-1775) fishery and small-scale culture in Kenya: An overview

Mud crab (Scylla serrata) is a delicacy for subsistence consumption in fisher communities and tourist hotels in the coast of Kenya while export demand to markets in China and Japan is expanding and provides competitively higher prices. Crab exploitation and degradation of the mangrove forests have increased over the last decades therefore threatening the capture fishery. The preferred market size crab has consistently decreased from more than 1 kg two decades ago to the current size of 0.5 kg therefore posing both management and livelihood threat to the critical ecosystem (mangrove) and coastal populations. To meet the increased tourist and export demand and provide surplus for the local community while conserving the critical crab ecosystem, small-scale aquaculture has been initiated in the concept of silvofisheries. Initial culture methods have targeted sub-adult crabs of 150–350 g for culture to market size (>0.5 kg) in drive-in cages and pens (mud crab fattening). These technology attained survival of between 50 and 70% and a market price of 5 dollars per kilogram. However, research is ongoing to assess viability of stocking juvenile seed crabs directly in ponds as practised in South East Asia (SEA) as opposed to stocking of sub-adults in drive-in cages. In comparison with other areas, crab capture fisheries in East Africa have limited management and enforcement frameworks/capabilities within the wider regional fisheries policies. Also there is limited understanding of wild mud crab resources and suitable management options to avoid over-exploitation as observed in SEA. The double-edged demand (wild market size capture and juvenile capture for aquaculture) for mud crabs in addition to mangrove degradation are likely to cause great challenges to stock exploitation and livelihoods of the coastal people dependent on the resource. This review paper provides an inside onto the tradition, trends and options for development of mud crab capture and culture in Kenya.     

Intertidal mangrove boundary zones as nursery grounds for the mud crab Scylla serrata

The demand for mud crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål 1775) in the global market has increased, hence there is growing momentum to farm the species in Africa. Aquaculture production in Kenya and elsewhere in East Africa currently relies on juvenile seeds sourced from the wild. Wild-seed collection calls for management of the juvenile crab industry founded on knowledge of the species’ ecology, so as to achieve a sustainable seed supply and recruitment to the capture fishery. This study investigated the tidal, diurnal and seasonal occurrence of juvenile crabs in three habitats (intertidal-flat boundary zones, inside the mangroves, and in channels) in small creeks (Mida, Kilifi and Mtwapa) and Gazi Bay, on the coast of Kenya. Sampling was done with scoop nets and seining at receding tides and via burrow searches at low spring tides (day and night). Juveniles in the mangrove/intertidal-flat boundary zone were found sheltered under mangrove leaves or debris, or in shallow burrows during low spring tides, whereas at receding tides they could be seen moving out with the tide or searching for sheltering substrate or burrows. Catch per unit effort at high-abundance sites varied between 59 and 68 crabs fisher^?1 day^?1. More juvenile crabs, sized 10–80 mm internal carapace width (ICW), occurred at night during the receding tide. Net-seining was effective in the collection of juvenile mud crabs <30 mm ICW, whereas burrow sampling was effective for gathering larger crabs. However, collection of juveniles by seining reduced the quality of the crabs caught due to frequent loss of chelipeds, as compared with retrieving individual crabs by searching burrows. Some juveniles collected in the intertidal-flat boundary-zone habitat were either in the process of moulting or had just moulted, indicating the significance of this habitat for mud crabs at this physically delicate life stage.     

盐度对中国鲎幼鲎生长、蜕壳、Na+-K+-ATP酶活性、免疫指标和抗氧化能力的影响

人工增殖放流是恢复鲎资源最有效、最迅速的方法, 而了解和掌握环境因子对中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)幼鲎生长状况的影响规律, 进而选择适宜放流的时间和海区, 是保证人工放流得以成功的关键。本文在实验室条件下, 研究了不同盐度(5‰、10‰、15‰、20‰、25‰、30‰、35‰、40‰)对中国鲎幼鲎成活率、蜕壳率、蜕壳增重率、Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活性、免疫酶活性、抗氧化酶活性等的影响, 探讨了不同盐度水平下中国鲎幼鲎生长、蜕壳、渗透调节能力、机体免疫力和抗氧化能力等的变化。养殖试验持续56d, 结果表明: 不同盐度对中国鲎幼鲎的成活率、蜕壳率、二龄幼鲎均重及蜕壳增重率均有显著影响(P<0.05), 且均随盐度升高呈先升高后降低的趋势; 蜕壳率和蜕壳增重率与盐度的回归分析均表明, 中国鲎幼鲎蜕壳与生长的最适盐度分别为24.10‰和24.94‰; 一龄和二龄幼鲎的Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活性均随盐度的升高呈先显著升高后显著降低趋势(P<0.05); 35‰和40‰盐度试验组一龄幼鲎的酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase, ACP)活性显著高于其他试验组, 而5‰盐度试验组一龄幼鲎的碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)活性显著低于25‰试验组(P<0.05) ; 盐度对二龄幼鲎的ACP、AKP和溶菌酶(lysozyme, LZM)活性均没有显著影响(P>0.05); 35‰和40‰试验组一龄幼鲎的过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性显著高于盐度较低试验组(P<0.05); 二龄幼鲎的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase)活性随着盐度的升高而升高, 盐度10‰试验组显著低于30‰和40‰试验组(P<0.05)。研究结果显示盐度对中国鲎幼鲎生长、蜕壳、Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活性、免疫指标和抗氧化能力均有显著影响, 蜕壳最适宜的盐度在24‰~25‰左右, 盐度过高或过低都将引起幼鲎生长率和成活率降低, 渗透调节能力、免疫力和抗氧化力显著下降。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)幼蟹饲料中胆固醇的适宜添加量研究

采用单因素实验设计方法, 以初始体重为20g左右的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)幼蟹为实验对象, 胆固醇添加量为0.003%、0.3339%、0.655%、0.986%、1.303%和1.628%的实验饲料投喂8周, 研究其胆固醇需求量。结果表明, 饲料中添加0.003%—1.628%胆固醇对各处理组的存 活率无显著性影响(P>0.05)。随饲料胆固醇水平的上升, 三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的增重率呈先上升后下降的趋势, 当饲料胆固醇水平≥0.655%时, 三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的增重率呈下降趋势。折线模型表明, 饲料中胆固醇添加量为0.6%时, 三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的增重率、性腺指数和壳宽增加达到最高值。根据增重率折线模型结果, 作者认为三疣梭子蟹幼蟹饲料中添加0.6%左右胆固醇较为适宜     

中华绒螯蟹幼蟹维生素C营养需求研究

在每100g等氮、等能纯化饲料中分别添加0,100,200,400,800,1 000mg维生素C(Vc)多聚磷酸酯(LAPP),用这样配制成的试验饲料饲喂已淡化5d的河蟹大眼幼体及后续幼蟹25d,探讨Vc对大眼幼体和幼蟹生长、存活、蜕壳频率及抗逆性的影响,同时探明幼蟹对Vc的适宜需求量,结果表明,饲料Vc添加量为100~400mg/100g时,可以保证幼蟹正常生长、存活和蜕皮,尤其以投喂添加Vc200mg/100g(C₂组)和400mg/100g(C₃组)饲料的Ⅲ期幼蟹增重率、存活率和平均蜕皮频率较高,其中C₂组(上述各指标值)分别为516.18%,62.83%,2.58,C₃组分别为458.89%,66.17%,2.61;饲料中缺少Vc时(如C₀组),Ⅲ期幼蟹的增重率、存活率和平均蜕皮频率最低,分别为265.31%,26.67%和2.26.饲料中Vc的添加量达到800mg/100g(C₄)和1 000mg/100g(C₅)时,幼蟹的蜕皮反而受到抑制,平均蜕皮频率降低,蜕皮周期延长,且存活率降低,到Ⅲ期幼蟹的增重率、存活率和平均蜕皮频率在C₄组分别为355.7%,31.33%,2.39,在C₅组分别为307.53%,28.56%,2.19.此外,各处理组幼蟹对抗逆性影响的试验表明,在一定的范围内,饲料中添加Vc能提高幼蟹的耐低氧能力和耐pH突变能力,而对耐盐度突变能力没有明显的影响.综合上述结果可以得出,为保持幼蟹良好生产性能,饲料中添加的Vc?     

三疣梭子蟹与凡纳滨对虾混养实验研究

采用海水陆基围隔实验方法探讨三疣梭子蟹和凡纳滨对虾混养的适宜配比和水环境的变化,并比较其养殖效果.实验中对虾6个放养密度分别为0,15,45,75,105,135 尾/m~2;三疣梭子蟹的密度为6尾/m~2.实验结果表明,经过60 d的养殖,混养组梭子蟹的成活率、规格和净产量均优于梭子蟹单养组,其中,混养对虾密度为45尾/m~2组(45.71%,43.22 g/ind,1 191 kg/hm~2)最高,其次是75尾/m~2组(44.58%,39.13 g/ind,1 050 kg/hm~2),梭子蟹单养组(35.13%,32.87 g/ind,693 kg/hm~2)最低.混养6尾/m~2密度梭子蟹条件下,对虾的养成规格和成活率与对虾密度呈负相关.实验后期各混养组水体中总氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和总氮含量均显著高于单养组,且随对虾放养密度增高显著上升.水体总氨氮含量各混养组在养殖50 d后均超过500 μg/L.本实验表明:三疣梭子蟹与凡纳滨对虾混养的最佳配比为三疣梭子蟹6尾/m~2,对虾45～75尾/m~2.     

梭子蟹池塘沉箱式单养试验

一九九九年至二000年，我们分别在威海张村水产总公司养虾三场和崮山镇对虾养殖场进行了三疣梭子蟹池塘沉箱式单养试验，试验选择甲幅达4cm的暂养苗进行分隔式养殖，避免了蟹间的相互残杀，平均成活率达85．4％，养成平均体重303．5g，平均亩产商品蟹318．8kg，平均亩利税7229．42元。     

Recruitment variation of eastern Bering Sea crabs: Climate-forcing or top-down effects?

During the last three decades, population abundances of eastern Bering Sea (EBS) crab stocks fluctuated greatly, driven by highly variable recruitment. In recent years, abundances of these stocks have been very low compared to historical levels. This study aims to understand recruitment variation of six stocks of red king (Paralithodes camtschaticus), blue king (P. platypus), Tanner (Chionoecetes bairdi), and snow (C. opilio) crabs in the EBS. Most crab recruitment time series are not significantly correlated with each other. Spatial distributions of three broadly distributed crab stocks (EBS snow and Tanner crabs and Bristol Bay red king crab) have changed considerably over time, possibly related in part to the regime shift in climate and physical oceanography in 1976–1977. Three climate-forcing hypotheses on larval survival have been proposed to explain crab recruitment variation of Bristol Bay red king crab and EBS Tanner and snow crabs. Some empirical evidence supports speculation that groundfish predation may play an important role in crab recruitment success in the EBS. However, spatial dynamics in the geographic distributions of groundfish and crabs over time make it difficult to relate crab recruitment strength to groundfish biomass. Comprehensive field and spatially explicit modeling studies are needed to test the hypotheses and better understand the relative importance and compound effects of bottom-up and top-down controls on crab recruitment.     

Effect of reproductive toxicants on lipovitellin in female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus

Changes in the concentration of lipovitellin, a lipoprotein that is the major protein in mature oocytes of crustaceans, were determined during ovarian development in female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus. To test the effects of reproductive toxins on vitellogenesis, crabs were fed food containing cadmium or injected with the juvenile hormone antagonist, precocene II. Monoclonal antibodies prepared against one of the lipovitellin peptides (peptide A—107 kDa) were used in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to determine lipovitellin concentrations. Recently molted female crabs fed food containing cadmium (0.02 mg/g) for 18 days had oocytes with the same lipovitellin concentration as controls, but after 24 days the oocytes in cadmium treated crabs had significantly lower lipoprotein contents than controls (30 ± 4 ng/oocyte—cadmium treated; 45 ± 4 ng/oocyte—control). Precocene II-treated crabs had significantiy lower lipovitellin concentrations after 18 and 24 days. Diameters of oocytes were the same in both treated and control crabs. The results suggest that some pollutants may affect reproduction by acting during secondary vitellogenesis i.e., period when there is a large increase in lipovitellin synthesis. Since lipovitellins serve many of the nutritional needs of recently emerged crab embryos, poor larval survival may occur as a result of lower lipovitellin content.