影响广东省中部沿海热带气旋大风气候特征和重现期分析

利用广东省中部沿海台站气象资料,统计分析了影响该地区的热带气旋频数、强度、发生源地、大风风速等气候特征及变化趋势,并进行了台站资料的重现期风速计算。结果表明,热带气旋影响广东省中部沿海多出现于6—9月,其中尤以8月最多;影响热带气旋以强热带风暴和台风最多,它们多生成于南海北部和菲律宾群岛以东洋面;在过去50年间影响热带气旋频数总体上略有下降,在1970和1980年代较多,1960年代和1995—2010年期间较少,影响热带气旋的强度有减弱的趋势。重现期风速极值分布总体上呈从沿岸向内陆迅速减小,以及西部略大、东部略小的特点。     

1953～2012年间影响浙江的热带气旋大风的气候特征及其影响因素分析

利用1953 ～2012年热带气旋资料、浙江大风实况资料和地面高空图资料,对60a来影响浙江的热带气旋大风进行统计分析;将热带气旋移动路径分为7种类型进行讨论,分析各种路径的热带气旋所产生极大风速的分布特征和强度特征.结果表明:1953 ～ 2012年60 a中影响浙江的热带气旋共有279个,平均每年影响浙江的热带气旋有4.7个,产生8级以上和12级以上大风分别有4.3个和1.9个,造成浙江大风的热带气旋主要发生在7～9月,占80％;登陆热带气旋产生的极大风速与近中心最大风速正相关,且产生的极大风速常比其近中心最大风速大;12级以上大风出现概率较大的依次是登陆浙江沿海、在浙闽边界到厦门之间沿海登陆、近海北上转向、在浙沪边界到鲁辽边界之间沿海登陆的热带气旋.对热带气旋产生大风时的高低空环流形势进行分析,发现副热带高压、大陆高压、地面冷高压常对浙江热带气旋大风有增幅作用.因此,热带气旋大风的预报,除考虑热带气旋自身因素外,也要考虑多系统之间的相互作用.     

历年影响广西沿海的热带气旋及其灾害成因分析(英文)

登陆或经过广西沿海的热带气旋是一种严重的自然灾害,每年热带气旋所伴随的大风、大雨、风暴潮等灾害造成沿海地区严重的财产损失或人员伤亡。通过对1950~2012年影响广西沿海的热带气旋的统计分析发现,影响广西沿海的热带气旋数量年际变化明显,最多的年份达9个,最少的年份为0个;热带气旋季节分布具有明显规律性,每年的7、8、9三个月为影响高峰月,其次为6、10月;热带气旋从菲律宾以东洋面进入南海后穿过海南省和雷州半岛再次登陆广西沿海的次数最多,该类热带气旋引起的风暴增水平均值为111.2 cm,到达非登陆台风增水的2.6倍。风暴潮灾害的形成与强台风天气系统、全日大潮、河流下泄洪水直接有关。强台风产生巨浪及降雨,使入海河口水位上升,与风暴潮叠加后产生明显的增水,造成巨大的潮灾。     

近50年登陆我国热带气旋时空特征及对农业影响研究综述

文章回顾并总结了近50年登陆我国热带气旋时空特征,并基于农业气象观测资料和部门数据信息初步探讨了登陆我国热带气旋对农业影响的时空特征。近50年登陆我国热带气旋登陆区域呈现出更为集中的趋势,年平均登陆强度、强台风数量均呈增加趋势;登陆频次华南呈减少趋势,华东则变化不明显;北上热带气旋略有上升趋势。我国受热带气旋影响地区的热带气旋降水大部呈波动下降的趋势;热带气旋平均风速最大值在全国呈现降低趋势。热带气旋暴雨和大风对农业的影响主要造成农田洪涝灾害、"雨洗禾花"、水土流失和耕地质量下降、作物倒伏和机械损伤等,其中农田洪涝灾害最重。我国农业生产受热带气旋影响存在较明显时空特征。秋季主要受影响区域为华南、江南东南部,大宗作物中晚稻受影响最大。盛夏受影响区域更为广泛,华南南部和东部、江南东部、江淮东部等地沿海受影响最重,南方受影响较大的大宗作物是早稻,其次为晚稻和一季稻等;盛夏季节热带气旋在带来暴雨洪涝和大风灾害的同时,也减少了南方盛夏季节性高温和干旱的发生;盛夏北上热带气旋因其带来的充沛降水对农业影响总体利大于弊。从农业生产防灾减灾的长效机制角度,在大数据基础上深入研究热带气旋对我国农业影响时空分布规律,积极发展避灾农业相关技术,是未来工作的重要方面。     

1949—2009年登陆和影响浙江的热带气旋分析

通过对1949—2009年61年间登陆和影响浙江的热带气旋的时空分布特征、主要影响路径等的分析,发现在7—9月份登陆浙江的热带气旋占登陆总数的92.5%,7—9月份影响浙江的热带气旋占影响总数的82%。影响浙江的热带气旋中登陆福建或在台湾海峡消失的热带气旋占的比重最多。虽然西北太平洋上热带气旋生成个数近年来大幅减少,但登陆浙江的强台风有明显增多的趋势。随着气候的变暖,海水温度的增高,热带气旋生成的时间提早,结束的时间偏迟。另外通过对热带气旋影响时各海岛、沿海和内陆站的大风、暴雨的分析,发现热带气旋影响期间容易引起大风天气的是大陈和嵊山站;容易引起暴雨天气的是温岭、临海和温州站。本文还分析了验潮站最大增水超过1m、2m、3m的时空分布特征。     

中国近海大风的天气学分型

利用2010—2014年地面观测站(包括288个海岛站、380个沿海气象站、28个浮标站、37个船舶站、53个气象观测塔、13个海上平台站、9个沿海风廓线仪等)和高空气象观测站资料,采用天气学分型和统计分析方法,对2010—2014年285次中国近海6级及以上大风天气个例进行了分析,将近海的大风天气过程归纳为冷空气型、温带气旋型和热带气旋型3种类型。其中冷空气型又分为小槽东移型、小槽发展型和横槽转竖型;温带气旋型又分为东海气旋型、黄渤海气旋型和蒙古气旋型。这些分型可为海上大风预报预警提供天气学背景参考依据。     

山东沿海偏北大风的天气学模型和物理量特征

应用观测资料和MICAPS3气象资料显示系统,分析研究了近十年山东沿海7级以上偏北大风的特征。对两年内36次区域性大风个例,以地面影响系统为主,把偏北大风分为四种类型:冷锋型、温带气旋型、回流冷空气型和北上热带气旋型,建立了偏北大风的天气学模型。分月份、分类型统计分析了偏北大风期间地面气压梯度、锋后冷高压强度、锋前低压强度、高低压之间的气压差、850 hPa锋区强度、850hPa偏北风风速、850hPa24h变温,给出了阈值和平均值;分析研究了各类型9级以上偏北大风气象要素的临界值。对各种类型偏北大风的物理量空间结构和形成机理进行了研究,结果表明:冷锋偏北大风在中低层为较强的下沉运动,低层辐散,有高空动量下传,偏北大风主要是快速南下的冷空气、下沉运动造成的辐散风和高空动量下传的共同作用;气旋型偏北大风在高空为正涡度、低层辐合、整层为上升运动,北大风主要取决于快速旋转的气旋性环流和向气旋中心的辐合运动;回流型偏北大风的中高空为上升,近地面层为下沉,偏北大风主要是低层快速南下的冷空气的水平运动。     

厄尔尼诺(El Nino)事件与东南沿海热带气旋活动的相关分析

统计分析了近50 a(1949～1998年)厄尔尼诺(ELNINO)事件以及我国东南沿海热带气旋历史资料,得出了厄尔尼诺(ELNINO)事件与我国东南沿海热带气旋的活动频数、移动路径、强度以及相关灾害的关系。     

影响湛江热带气旋的风雨分型

利用国家气象局编制的《热带气旋年鉴》和南海舰队海洋水文气象中心的天气图1981—2000年共20a资料，对影响湛江的热带气旋进行分析得出：(1)影响湛江热带气旋按其带来的不同风雨天气可分成4种类型：强型、弱型、风型和雨型；(2)影响湛江热带气旋的42.3％为弱型，其所带来的灾害天气并不明显，有危害性的为强型、风型和雨型；(3)影响湛江热带气旋的源地、出现月份、强度及移速与其分型有一定关系；(4)湛江历史上出现的大海潮，都是移速较快的风型和强型西太平洋台风在7月和9月造成的。     

2022年秋季海洋天气评述

2022年秋季(9—11月)北半球大气环流特征为：极涡呈偶极型,中高纬环流呈5波型分布,欧亚大陆西风带环流较为平直,西风带槽脊较弱,影响我国的冷空气势力较历史同期平均偏弱,9—10月热带气旋活动频繁。我国近海出现了14次8级以上大风过程,其中冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程为5次,冷空气和热带气旋共同影响的大风过程为5次,热带气旋大风过程为2次,冷空气大风过程为2次。西北太平洋和南海共生成13个热带气旋,全球其他海域生成22个热带气旋。我国出现2.0 m以上大浪过程的日数为80 d,约占秋季总日数的88%。秋季,我国近海海域海面温度逐月下降,北部海域海面温度较常年平均偏低,南部海域偏高。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.