国外长钻孔坑道钻机概况

本文对国外长钻孔钻机的产品使用情况作一简介,详细介绍了有关钻机在国内的使用情况,就我国长钻孔钻机及工艺方法提出设想。     

CJF—20型冲击反循环钻机的研制与试验

ＣＪＦ－２０型冲击反循环钻机具有连杆冲击与卷扬冲出两种功能，是国内最新形式的冲击反循环钻机。本文介绍了该机的主要技术参数和结构性能，以及桩基施工的试验情况。     

在冲击反循环钻机上使用的一种钻具

在冲击反循环钻机上使用的一种钻具地矿部张家口探矿机械总厂唐万聪冲击反循环工程钻机使用效果的好坏，与地层情况和钻进工艺有密切关系，以我厂生产的ＧＣＦ－１５００型冲击反循环工程钻机为例，这种钻机虽然适用地层较广，但就冲击反循环钻进工艺而言，则更适用于胶结...     

TGS－1型工程钻机的变速箱设计

ＴＧＳ－１型工程钻机的变速箱设计天津探矿机械总厂王毅变速箱是钻机的关键部件，变速箱的优劣直接影响着钻机的使用效果及寿命。所以，在其设计中能否综合考虑各种工况，参考国内钻机的使用情况，集各家之长，突出自已的特点，是衡量钻机设计水平的一个标准。以下仅就变...     

我国钻掘设备的发展趋势及几种最新机型

概括地介绍了近年来我国钻掘设备的最新进展与应用情况，主要从钻掘设备的基本性能和技术原理及基本结构等方面进行介绍。介绍的主要设备有全液压岩心钻机系列、轻便设备系列、地源热泵钻机、浅海及滩涂取样钻机、全套管钻机等。     

浅析地质岩心钻机发展趋势

在“八五”计划确定之际为正确选型并确定新型钻机的研制开发方向，必须对各类钻机进行科学的比较评价。而在比较时，一方面要考虑钻机技术性能的优劣、可靠性和机械化程度等；另一方面还需考虑不同时期各类钻机生产、销售的数量、比率及其变化，并要注意不同类别市场中各型钻机占有率的实际情况。本文介绍了有关液压钻机、动力头钻机的统计数字及交流变频驱动钻机的最新进展情况，据此对今后我国新型地质岩心钻机的研制方向提出了具体意见。     

MK—2型全液压坑道钻机

ＭＫ—２型全液压坑道钻机为一种轻便的井下浅孔钻凿设备,是吸取国外先进钻机优点并结合国内实际情况研制而成的,主要用于井下瓦斯抽放、超前探测及煤体注水的施工作业。本文介绍了该钻机的结构、技术参数和工业性试验情况。     

针对具体地质情况选择桩机的实践

结合工程实例，讨论了在大口径钻孔灌注桩施工中，如何针对具体地质情况选择不同的桩机的问题，从而提高施工效率。     

TSJ－1000型水源钻机改装成工程、水文两用钻机

ＴＳＪ－１０００型水源钻机改装成工程、水文两用钻机河北省城乡勘察院董书彬自１９９１年至今，根据工程需要，同时考虑节省开支，我们依次将本单位６台ＴＳＪ－１０００型水源钻机改装成了工程钻机。改装后的钻机具有以下特点：扭矩大（４５ｋＮｍ），转速低，如将改动...     

CJF-12型钻机在地下超薄连续墙工程中的应用

介绍了CJF－12型钻机反循环钻机在黄河堤岩荷泽段施工地下超薄连续墙的概况。根据工程实际情况，对钻机进行了改造，并设计了专用钻具，取得了较好效果。     

Taxonomical and Biogeochemical Investigation of Elements in Holocene Mollusk Shells in the South and Southwestern Marmara Basin, Turkey

Concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements such as Cr,Ga,Ni,Zn,Mo,Cu, Pb,Yb,Y,Nb,Ti,Sr,Ba,Mn,Sc,Co,V,Zr,Fe,Al,W,Se,Bi,Sb,As,Cd in recent mollusk shells and factors affecting their distribution and deposits collected from various depths in the southern and southwestern parts of the Marmara Sea are investigated.The distribution of the elements in the shells is categorized into four groups.Of these,concentrations of 12 elements(As,Bi,Cd,Co,Ga,Mo,Nb, Sb,Se,Sc,W and Yb)are below zero [(0.053-0.79)×10~(-6)];concentrations of seven elements(Cr,Ni, Pb,V,Y,Zr and Cu)are(1.0-6.0)×10~(-6);concentrations of four elements(Ti,Mn,Ba and Zn)are 10- 20×10~(-6);and concentrations of five elements(Si,Al,Fe,Mg and Sr)are(47.44-268.11)×10~(-6).The taxonomic characteristics of the 29 elements were studied separately in mollusk shells such as Chamalea gallina(Linné),Pitar-rudis(Poll),Nassarius reticulatus(Linné),Venerupis senescens (Coocconi),Mytilus galloprovincialis(Lamarck),Mytilaster lineatus(Gemelin in Linné)and Chlamys glabra.It was found that,in mollusk taxonomy,the elements have unique values.In other words, element concentrations in various mollusk shells depend mainly on the taxonomic characteristics of mollusks.In various bionomic environments different element distributions of the same species are attributed to the different geochemical characters of the each environment.Data obtained in this study indicate that the organisms are the most active and deterministic factors of the environment.     

中国煤中的九种金属元素

在煤的加工利用过程中,煤中金属元素进入大气、水体和土壤,以致污染环境,这是人们关心的事。本文将介绍镉、钴、铬、铜、锰、钼、镍、铅、锌等九种元素在我国煤中的分布和赋存情况。     

Determination of major and trace elements in European bottled mineral water — Analytical methods

A total of 1785 European bottled water samples were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. The bottled water samples were purchased in 2008 at supermarkets throughout 40 European countries. The samples were analyzed for 71 chemical parameters (As, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr, Br⁻, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, F⁻, NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, PO₄³⁻, SO₄²⁻, SiO₂, pH, and EC) by quadrupole inductively coupled emission spectroscopy (ICP-QMS, trace elements), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, major elements), ion chromatography (IC, anions), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS, Hg), titration (alkalinity), photometric methods (NH₄⁺), potentiometric methods (pH), and conductometric methods (specific electrical conductivity, EC). A very strict quality control procedure was followed by analysing blanks, international reference materials, an internal project standard, and duplicate analyses, as well as by analysing 23 elements by both ICP-QMS and ICP-AES. Analysis of marketed bottled water from springs, wells or boreholes, apart from the evaluation of its quality with respect to inorganic elements, it may provide a cheap alternative to obtain a first impression about groundwater chemistry at the European scale.     

Fe–Al–organic Colloids Control of Trace Elements in Peat Soil Solutions: Results of Ultrafiltration and Dialysis

Size fractionation of ~40 major and trace elements (TE) in peat soil solutions from the Tverskaya region (Russia) has been studied using frontal filtration and ultrafiltration through a progressively decreasing pore size (5, 2.5, 0.22 μm, 100, 10, 5, and 1 kD) and in situ dialysis through 6–8 and 1 kD membranes with subsequent analysis by ICP-MS. In (ultra) filter-passed permeates and dialysates of soil solutions, Fe, Al, and organic carbon (OC) are well correlated, indicating the presence of mixed organo-mineral colloids. All major anions and silica are present in “dissolved” forms passed through 1 kD membrane. According to their behavior during filtration and dialysis and association with mineral or organic components, three groups of elements can be distinguished: (i) species that are weakly affected by size separation operations and largely (>50–80%) present in the form of dissolved inorganic species (Ca, Mg, Li, Na, K, Sr, Ba, Rb, Cs, As, Mn) with some proportion of small (1–10 kD) organic complexes (Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba), (ii) biologically essential elements (Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd) mainly present in the fraction smaller than 1 kD and known to form strong organic complexes with fulvic acids, and, (iii) elements strongly associated with aluminum, iron and OC in all ultrafiltrates and dialysates with 30–50% being concentrated in large (>10 kD) colloids (Ga, Y, REEs, Pb, Cd, V, Nb, Sn, Ti, Zr, Hf, Th, U). For most trace metals, the proportion in the colloidal fraction correlates with their first hydrolysis constant. This implies a strong control of negatively charged oxygen donors present in inorganic/organic colloids on TE distribution between aqueous solution and colloid particles. It is suggested that these colloids are formed during plant uptake of Al, Fe, and TE from mineral matrix of deep soil horizons and their subsequent release in surface horizons after litter degradation and oxygenation on redox or acid/base fronts. Dissolved organic matter stabilizes Al/Fe colloids and thus enhances trace elements transport in soil solutions.     

岩溶地下河污染物运移特征及自净能力 ——以广西里湖地下河为例

以广西里湖地下河为研究对象,通过观测地下河系统中污染物的运移行为来研究其自净过程。于不同季节沿着地下河的径流方向进行一个水文年的调查取样。结果发现地下河主要受到NO₂-N、NH₄+-N、COD和As、Cd、Hg等重金属的污染。污染物从地表进入岩溶含水层,到达地下河出口时部分污染物浓度衰减明显,说明一些离子有明显的自净能力。因地下河的结构和部分管道半充水状态、明暗流交替等水文地质条件,地下河的自净机制主要是物理过程的稀释作用和化学过程的氧化还原反应。通过对比地下河主要离子的衰减量和衰减速率,发现衰减比例最高的为铵态氮,最低为保守元素氯离子。根据衰减速率,将水中的离子和微量元素分为4种衰减特征类型:TFe、Al和Zn一旦进入岩溶含水层后全部衰减;K、Na、Mg、F、Cl、HPO₄和TP在洞穴伏流段具有最高的衰减速率;来自生活和工业污染的NH₄-N、COD_Cr、BOD₅从上游至下游逐渐减少;Mn、 Ba和Hg从明流转为伏流时衰减速率最快,但在洞穴伏流内存在二次悬浮。     

生物标志物在海洋和湖泊古生态系统和生产力重建中的应用

海洋和湖泊具有重要的气候环境和生态调节功能。研究地质历史时期海洋和湖泊生态系统的生物群落的组成、结构和演变,将为解决当前面临的环境问题,评估可持续发展提供科学依据。生物标志物具有生物专属性,提供了使我们能够从分子水平上研究地质历史中各种生物演变的工具。本文初步总结了海洋和湖泊生态系统中的生物标志物(烷烃、酸类、醇类、酮类、酯类、甾类、藿类、萜类和甘油四醚类等)的特征和来源。陆生高等植物来源的生物标志物,以长链的烷烃、脂肪酸、脂肪醇和木质素、萜类等较为常见;水生微藻来源的生物标志物有长链烯酮、烷基二醇和高度支链类异戊二烯类化合物(HBIs)等;微生物来源的生物标志物有细菌藿烷多元醇(BHPs)、异形胞糖脂和支链烷烃类等。今后结合生物标志物单体同位素分析和基因、蛋白质组学等现代分子生物学研究,加强不同生物标志物对应的生物种属的生态学研究,古今生态研究相结合,可以为某些生物标志物的分子来源研究提供新的可行途径。本文还综述了生物标志物指标在重建海洋和湖泊生态系统的组成、结构、生产力和营养状况方面的应用。未来的研究将偏向于从定性向定量化重建转变,在海洋研究中应用较成熟的指标将越来越多的被用于湖泊环境中。此外,多指标结合使用将提高重建古生态系统的可靠度。     

Abundance, Sources and Speciation of Trace Elements in Humus-Rich Streams Affected by Acid Sulphate Soils

The behaviour of trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr,Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zn) was studied in five humus-richstreams (dissolved organic carbon = 14–40 mg/L)impacted by acid sulphate soils developed in marinesulphide-bearing fine-grained sediments. During heavyrainfalls in autumn, on which the study focusses, themetals Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn are extensivelyleached from these acidic soils (pH = 2.5–4.5), whileAs, Cr, Fe and V are not leached more strongly fromthis soil type than from areas of till and peat. Aspeciation experiment, based on anion and cationexchange of the stream waters in the field, showedthat (1) the metals Al, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni and Zn aretransported in the streams mainly as inorganiccations, (2) Cu exists mainly in cationic form but isalso to a significant extent associated with dissolvedhumic substances, (3) Fe occurs mainly in the anionicfraction explained by organic coating on colloidal Feoxyhydoxides and (4) the hydrochemistry of As, Cr andV is complex as these elements may exist in severalunquantified anionic fractions and to a minor extentin cationic species/forms. Whereas the proportion ofacid sulphate soils in the catchments had a largeimpact on concentrations levels of several elements inthe stream waters, these soils did not have a largeaffect on the speciation of elements in water.     

川南玄武岩晶洞中的沥青与铜矿物球粒研究

川南普格杏仁状玄武岩晶洞中产出大量石英、水晶、沥青、葡萄石以及铜矿物,根据其产状和矿物组合分为石英沥青、水晶-沥青及水晶-葡萄石球粒三种类型晶洞。水晶-葡萄石晶洞中矿物组合具明显球粒形貌特点,球粒由中心柱状 水晶及垂直水晶柱面生长的葡萄石球粒内圈与铜矿物球粒外圈组成。铜矿物球粒具有明显圈层结构,由自然铜核、黑铜矿 幔、硅孔雀石与孔雀石壳组成。野外及镜下观察显示,铜矿物集合体形态受自然铜形状和产出控制,铜矿物球粒主要分布 于多个葡萄石球粒边缘的汇聚处,核部自然铜为球粒状;脉状铜矿物由一向伸长自然铜与黑铜矿、硅孔雀石等矿物组成, 分布于晶洞裂隙中。碳同位素与红外光谱研究表明晶洞中的沥青为生物成因,属石油沥青,有机质可能来自下二叠统 （P13）碳酸盐。晶洞中矿物为含有机质成矿溶液依次结晶而成,其顺序为：玉髓或石英→水晶、沥青与自然铜→自然铜与 葡萄石→黑铜矿→硅孔雀石→孔雀石→方解石。沥青的螺旋生长花纹特征、水晶中包裹体均一化温度以及水晶中沥青与自 然铜之间的关系显示,沥青是有机质（原油）受热裂解转变而成,其形成温度约为290~230℃,自然铜的结晶温度为230~ 160℃。     

青海纳日贡玛始新世-渐新世含矿斑岩体地球化学特征

纳日贡玛一带的始新世—渐新世斑岩体多以不规则小岩株形式产出,由二长花岗斑岩组成;岩石化学类型为亚碱性的富钾钙碱性系列,SiO2、Al2O3、K2O、Na2O、LREE,Sr、Rb、Ba、Th、Ce、Mo、Cu、Au、Ag含量高,CaO、TiO2、HREE、Y、Yb、Cr、Sc、Co、Ni亏损。稀土分馏明显,Eu异常不明显。斑岩源岩为壳源,有洋壳物质的混染;其形成模式为陆内俯冲导致软流圈上涌,并向下地壳注入诱发下地壳物质熔融产生岩浆。     

黄锡矿-似黄锡矿-硫锡铁铜矿组合及其结构特征

黄锡矿-似黄锡矿-硫锡铁铜矿产于湖南大义山花岗岩与石炭、二叠系灰岩接触处的富斑铜矿夕卡岩铜矿床中。硫锡铁铜矿在国内属首次发现。它们的化学成分、物理性质、光学性质和晶体结构与国外相同矿物相似。它们都有两种产状,构成多种结构。