关于小口径钻探工作的几个问题——任子翔同志在地质部小口径钻探工作座谈会结束时的讲话

这次小口径钻探工作座谈会，从五月九日开始，到今天结束了。会议开始时钮形平同志讲了话，他回顾了以往小口径钻探所取得的成绩和经验，指出了当前存在的问题。到会同志一致同意这个讲话。会议期间，有十多位同志在大会上介绍了经验，大家还参观了湖南局四○五队茶田矿区的施工现场，此后又分组进行了专题座谈讨论。通过会议，沟通了情况，交流了经验，商订了今后发展小口径钻探的初步规划，明确了有关技术政策，从而统一了思想，坚定了信心，对这项新技术的推广必将产生很大的推动作用。这里，我根据会议讨论的情况，谈几个问题。     

我国水文测验技术的回顾与发展

简要回顾了水文测验发展的过程,介绍了中国测验工作的现状,总结了近二十余年水文测验业务建设的重大举措,评价了水文测验技术应用成果,指出了当前中国水文测验存在的主要问题和面临的挑战,提出了今后水文测验工作发展的具体建议。     

人工神经网络与金刚石钻头配方设计专家系统

介绍了人工神经网络的工作原理，分析了传统专家系统的局限性，阐述了神经网络专家系统的基本构成，设计了金刚石钻头配方设计专家系统的框架，论述了该系统所采用的神经学习算法和理机制，并给出了实际应用示例。     

辽西山区某厂泥石流调查

通过辽西某厂泥石流灾害的实地调查,阐述了泥石流发生的条件,介绍了泥石流危害,分析了泥石流的现状并预测了发展趋势,提出了防治措施。     

紧紧围绕地矿事业发展与改革全面加强基层党组织建设

近年来,地矿系统党建工作得到了加强,可以概括为:摆上了位子,加强了班子,摸出了路子.在党的思想建设上,初步树立了党建工作为实现党的中心工作服务的观念;在党的组织建设上,围绕经济建设这个中心,调整、充实了各级领导班子,培养了后备人才,加强了基层党组织的建设;在作风建设、廉政建设上,采取了一些切实步骤,取得了很大成效,在制度建设上,建立了民主评议党员、民主生活会制度、目标责任制,有些党组织还建立了党委议事规则等等.较之前些年,确实是上了一个台阶.但同时还应看到问题的另一面,对     

山东省地面塌陷现状,发展趋势及防治

本文简要介绍了山东省的地层分布特点,对采空塌陷和岩溶塌陷的发生,发展过程进行了全面介绍,对产生塌陷的原因进行了分析。根据山东具体情况,确定了影响岩溶塌陷的主导因素,采用打分法进行了分区评价,对岩溶塌陷的发展趋势进行了预测,提出了防治岩溶塌陷灾害的具体措施。     

人工神经网络在铀矿测井解释中的应用

本文探讨了运用人工神经网络方法完成铀矿测井解释任务的有关问题。采用了改进的BP算法，提高了网络收敛速度，优化了网络结构。研究使用了一种基于统计的学习样本生成方法，提高了样本的质量。实际应用网络进行岩性识别和孔隙度预测，取得了令人满意的结果。     

某深基坑支护设计方案实施过程中的优化

通过徐州锦绣大厦深基坑开挖过程中的变形情况,分析该工程基坑变形的根本原因,及时对设计方案进行了合理的优化,有效地限制了基坑的变形,不仅保证了基坑周边建筑物的安全,还节约了造价、方便了施工、缩短了工期。     

浅议地铁环保节约建设与施工新技术

对目前国内地铁建设概况进行了介绍,指出了地铁传统施工方法存在的问题,简述了新时期地铁施工领域的几种新技术,引入了环保节约型的工程施工理念,提出了解决施工影响城市环境问题的设想,为地铁设计和施工人员提供了参考。     

非饱和土的应力-含水率-应变关系试验研究

引入含水率,研究了非饱和土的强度和应力-含水率-应变关系。进行了非饱和土的强度和变形试验,模拟了实际工程施工期气压能够迅速消散而水压变化不大的特点;研究了强度随含水率的变化,建立了非饱和土总应力强度公式;研究含水率对非饱和土变形的影响,建立了引入含水率的实用非线性模型。算例分析表明了方法的合理性。引入工程中易确定的含水率,完全绕开了吸力,避免了吸力量测和计算的困难,为非饱和土理论成果难以实用化的问题提供了有效的解决途径。     

Expert System for Applicability of Tunnel Boring Machines in Japan

Summary ¶This paper outlines the development of a new expert system for assessing the applicability of tunnel boring machine (TBM) tunneling in Japan. Although a great deal of research on TBMs has been published, and the applicability of TBMs has been discussed, considerable differences in opinion still exist between authors. In this paper, we review previous studies and outline the present situation with particular focus on disc-cutter TBMs. Based on the knowledge acquired, we present an expert system for the applicability of TBMs, for use in pre-feasibility studies. Originally, we planned to construct the expert system on the basis of unified knowledge or rules without contradictions. However, it was found after several attempts that it is very difficult to unify knowledge because opinions vary considerably and TBMs are under continuous development. As a result, the expert system was divided into three stages. In stage A, the fulfillment of fundamental requirements is checked. Stage B is a simple expert system consisting of a minimal set of suitable rules as judged by the authors. Stage C incorporates the opinions of various other experts and the over-simplified and omitted points in stage B. The system is applied to 18 tunnels in Japan, and while the results provided by the expert system can certainly be improved, the method for accumulating knowledge and rules makes the system simple and easy to use, with very large scope for improvement and expansion.Received July 1, 2001; accepted December 9, 2002 Published online April 29, 2003     

砂土中隧道施工对相邻垂直连续管线位移影响的模型试验研究

隧道施工会对邻近管线造成危害,但目前对土体位移与管线位移两者之间的关系还没有清晰的认识。针对这一问题,设计砂土中考虑不同管线管径、埋深及抗弯刚度的3组隧道施工模型试验,分析垂直下穿隧道施工过程中砂土和管线位移规律。研究结果表明,Vorster修正高斯公式能较好地拟合砂土沉降分布,其控制参数?值在0.2～1.0之间变化,且与地层埋深成正比;土体沉降槽宽度系数i对管线变形有较大影响,埋深相同的条件下管线抗弯刚度与沉降值成反比;深埋管线的变形主要受上拱效应支配,且管径越大上拱效应越明显,而下拉效应主要支配着浅埋管线的位移;Smax /i为影响管土相对位移一个关键参数,在此基础上提出了修正的管土相对刚度计算公式。     

Complementary Entropy and Wavelet Analysis of Drilling-Ability Data

The paper combines wavelet and entropy analysis of nonstationary drilling-ability data in order to obtain optimum information on the mechanical behavior of different geological formations. Both methods are multiscale in nature, and while entropy analysis provides information on stationary subdomains, wavelet analysis identifies dominant scales or range of scales at which the entropy analysis is most useful. The combination of the techniques yields relatively simple results that can aid the drilling process by providing information on delays to be expected.     

Pile responses to side-by-side twin tunnelling in stiff clay: Effects of different tunnel depths relative to pile

In densely built areas, the development of underground transportation systems often involves twin tunnels, which are sometimes unavoidably constructed adjacent to existing piled foundations. Because soil stiffness degrades with induced stress release and shear strain during tunnelling, it is vital to investigate the pile responses to subsequent tunnels after the first tunnel in a twin-tunnel transportation system. To gain new insights into single pile responses to side-by-side twin tunnelling in saturated stiff clay, a three-dimensional coupled-consolidation numerical parametric study is carried out. An advanced hypoplasticity (clay) constitutive model with small-strain stiffness is adopted. The effects of each tunnel depth relative to pile are investigated by simulating the twin tunnels either near the mid-depth of the pile shaft or adjacent to or below the pile toe. The model parameters are calibrated against centrifuge test results in stiff clay reported in literature. It is found the second tunnelling in each case resulted in larger settlement than that due to the first tunnelling with a maximum percentage difference of 175% in the case of twin tunnelling near the mid-depth of the shaft. This is because of the degradation of clay stiffness around the pile during the first tunnelling. Conversely, the first tunnelling-induced bending moment was reduced substantially during the second tunnelling. The most critical location of twin tunnels relative to the pile was found to be the tunnels below the pile toe. This is because the entire pile was located within the major influence zone of the twin tunnelling. Two distinct load transfer mechanisms can be identified in the pile, namely downward load transfer in case of tunnels near mid-depth of the pile shaft and next to the pile toe and upward load transfer in case of twin-tunnelling below the pile toe. These two transfer mechanisms can be useful for practitioner to assess the pile performance due to twin tunnelling.     

Tunnelling in soils – ground movements, and damage to buildings in Workington, UK

Tunnelling through soils results in ground loss, causing surface settlements and transverse movements. Where the tunnel drive passes below an existing structure, it is important to estimate the effects upon the structure. However, the free ground deformations should not simply be imposed upon a structure, because the structure contributes to stiffening of the ground. A computational soil-structure interaction analysis is required, to otain detailed stress–deformation response. First, linear finite element and Lagrangian finite difference methods are used to estimate ground movements due to a tunnel in free ground, and the results are compared with values based on empirical equations. The two linear methods and an additional hybrid FE method are then used to assess with soil-structure interaction; two cases of a typical short wall and a long wall lying across the route of tunnels of different depths. The results support the validity of the hybrid method which is used to estimate interactive ground settlements for comparison with a reported case of tunnelling below a building in central London. A more detailed case study is then undertaken to assess building damage caused by gross settlements during tunnelling in mixed soils, at a site in Workington, west Cumbria. A survey allowed estimation of free ground movements. Analysis by the hybrid method on the soils plus uncracked structures indicated intolerable horizontal stresses. Re-analysis with major cracks introduced into the structures resulted in close agreement between measured and computed settlements.     

Applications of numerical modelling in underground mining and construction

Numerical modelling has been used to investigate a variety of problems in underground mining and tunnelling: subsidence induced by longwall coal mining; stresses generated when an open stope is filled cemented backfill and the stability of exposures created during subsequent mining of adjacent stopes; the interaction of two tunnels; and the effects of under-mining a pre-existing tunnel and shaft. In each case, results from nonlinear stress analyses can be used to guide the design of excavations and rock support mechanisms.     

浙江苍岭隧道岩爆工程地质特征分析与防治措施研究

根据在浙江苍岭隧道施工中发生的岩爆,通过现场地质观测资料,具体地分析了其形成的规模、位置、诱发因素以及地质条件,从地质工程的角度,对岩爆发生地段隧道的岩石组成、地质构造、地应力特征以及地下水情况进行了探讨,发现在苍岭隧道施工中发生岩爆的岩石具有岩体结构面发育适中、弹性模量大、P波波速高、地质构造简单、现代水平构造应力强且主压应力轴σ1大角度相交于隧道中轴线和地下水不发育的特征,并在此基础上,提出了掌子面喷水、布设释放地应力锚杆、减少隧道壁聚能结构等有效的岩爆防治措施。     

我国隧道及地下工程的新进展

简述了我国隧道及地下工程的发展,介绍了当前隧道及地下工程的施工方法、辅助工法,并提出了施工中应注意的有关重要问题。     

盾构隧道掘进全过程三维模拟方法及重叠段近接分区研究

合理地模拟盾构隧道掘进的全过程及盾构隧道重叠段近接分区是一个难点。依托深圳地铁3号线红岭中路－老街－晒布段区间重叠隧道工程进行研究,建立了能全面反映盾构隧道掘进全过程的三维模拟方法,并采用摩尔-库仑屈服准则对盾构隧道重叠段进行了横向近接分区,同时采用位移变化速率准则对盾构隧道重叠段进行了纵向近接分区。研究结果表明,盾构隧道重叠段横向近接分区为：F≤F? 时为无影响区,F?＜F＜0时为弱影响区,当F≥0时为强影响区;纵向近接分区为：小于0.3 mm/d为无影响区,0.3～1.5 mm/d为弱影响区,大于1.5 mm/d为强影响区。研究成果应用于红岭中路－老街－晒布段区间重叠隧道取得了良好的效果,并为盾构隧道掘进全过程的数值模拟以及盾构隧道重叠段区间隧道的设计与施工提供了理论支撑,同时亦可为相似工程提供参考。