Global civil society? The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development

In the face of mounting environmental degradation and persistent poverty over the previous decade, Johannesburg’s World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) of August and September 2002 inherited a number of unmet accords from the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit. Consequently, the United Nations Stakeholder Forum Implementation Conference (IC) was convened to integrate civil society stakeholders into global deliberations on sustainable development and to marshal their forces in the implementation of WSSD accords. Given the importance of the IC as the first civil society forum at a major global summit on environment and poverty, intriguing questions emerge as to its effectiveness in achieving civil society objectives. As a first attempt in exploring this topic, we examine three fundamental aspects of the IC. Specifically, we examine the relative “civility” of the IC forum in terms of (a) fidelity of representation of the community of global environment and development stakeholders; (b) autonomy of the IC agenda from state and institutional interests; and (c) interpretations of space and place as reflected in deliberative processes and outcomes. The paper begins with a review of the civil society literature with a particular emphasis on civil society representation in UN meetings since Rio. The paper concludes with a discussion of IC participation at the Johannesburg summit, and considers implications for future civil society participation in global decision-making forums.     

Party organisation and democracy – A comparison of Les Verts and the British Green Party

The environment is the issue most closely identified with the Green movement. However, a commitment to the rejuvenation of political practices has been equally important in the development of their partisan organisations. Green party members share the conviction that democracy is the best way to attain a sustainable society. They aspire to a more participatory politics and have translated their ideals of equality and individual fulfilment into alternative party structures. Many of their practices demonstrate that they share values and attitudes which inspire their behaviours and intra-party regulations. However, Green parties are also influenced by the national structure of political opportunities. The practical arrangements French and British Greens have developed reflect their relative integration within the political system as well as the influence of national political culture on conceptions of equality and participation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Against ourselves – Local activists and the management of contradicting political loyalties: The case of Phiri,Johannesburg

In spite of continued mass urban protests in post-apartheid South Africa, few are the social movements or individuals which openly disengage from the dominant and former liberation party, the African National Congress. Many authors have analysed this paradox as a two-pronged strategy, ‘the brick’ and ‘the ballot’, to try and influence public policy. However, these two political positions become increasingly contradictory and difficult to hold together, as the ANC becomes more and more intolerant towards social movements. This paper, using the example of women’s contention about water commodification in Phiri (Soweto), examines how activists shape their opposition whilst still stating their affiliation to the ruling party. They manage these contradicting political loyalties through a variety of tactics exonerating the ANC from the blame of urban mismanagement: contrasting the current ANC with the ‘real’ ANC of the past – to which they remain faithful; and blaming the ‘deployees’ of the ANC at the local level for betraying the ‘real’ ANC at the national level. These tactics however may be short-lived as social movements upscale their action to the national level.     

The Wrath of Capital: Neoliberalism and Climate Change Politics – Reflections

In this article the author responds to the criticism that The Wrath of Capital: Neoliberalism and Climate Change Politics does not provide solutions to problems the book identifies. The author argues for the importance of developing a deep understanding of how neoliberalism has become the standard against which all social, economic, cultural, and political responses to climate change are measured. She goes onto re-iterate the main thesis of The Wrath of Capital, namely that this does not constitute an effective or equitable response to the challenges climate change presents. In her view understanding and thinking are important ingredients in developing a sustainable and equitable solution to climate change.     

Moving from rhetoric into action: effectiveness of state–civil society synergy for healthcare delivery in rural Ghana

The issue of extending healthcare to marginalized underserved rural population remains a cardinal rhetoric policy of the Ghana Government. Meanwhile we note a growing inequity in terms of access and utilization of quality and affordable healthcare between urban and rural areas of the country. The Government of Ghana through its various policy initiatives in 2002 collaborated with civil societies with the aim of bringing healthcare to the doorsteps of rural folks in the country. Using a mixed method approach through a semi structured interviews and questionnaire administration, and focusing on the Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) programme in Nsanfo community in the Mfanstiman municipal area, this study assesses the effectiveness and challenges confronting state–civil society partnership in co-producing a public good (healthcare). We found that synergy between the state (Mfanstiman Municipal Health Directorate) and the civil society (community health volunteers) has yielded positive results in bringing healthcare to the door steps as well as improving the health conditions of the local people in the study area. Nonetheless, certain challenges such as lack of volunteer motivation, deplorable state of the CHPS compound and logistics threaten the very existence of this collaboration. Our study has far reaching implications for healthcare planning in Ghana.     

“Progressive port Elizabeth”: Liberal politics,local economic development and the territorial basis of racial domination, 1923–1935

The growth of state capacity with respect to African people in South Africa's cities, while an ambition of many local and central state managers, was secured only in the face of conflicts within the state and between the state and the people. This paper examines some of the specific social processes which shaped the segregated form of African settlement and administration in Port Elizabeth between 1923–35. The aim is to interpret how the unique configuration of social and economic conditions in Port Elizabeth both fed into and depended upon an as yet imperfectly implemented strategy for the government and control of the city's African populace. Issues of concern include the nature of the administration in the New Brighton Location, the influence of liberal politics on Location strategy and the impact of the local council's efforts at place entrepreneurialism on residential development and urban government.     

Barremian ammonite faunas from the western High Atlas,Morocco – biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

An analysis of the stratigraphic distribution of ammonite faunas collected from several sections in the Essaouira-Agadir area (western High Atlas, Morocco) has enabled the establishment of a detailed succession of assemblages for the uppermost Hauterivian to lower Upper Barremian interval. All Mediterranean standard zones of this interval have been identified. The correlation potential of bioevents which define and characterise these units is discussed. Two significant regional hiatuses, one at the Hauterivian/Barremian boundary, the other involving the lower part of the Kotetishvilia nicklesi Zone, are related to third-order sea level falls. Moreover, the upper part of the succession corresponding to the upper Toxancyloceras vandenheckii Zone and the entire Heinzia sartousiana Zone is markedly condensed. The taxonomic composition of the ammonite assemblage reveals a strong Mediterranean character, yet, it shows some peculiar features as well.     

Ideological and volume politics behind cloud water resource governance – Weather modification in China

Weather modification operations are the intentional alteration of weather and cloud water conditions using technologies such as cloud seeding. Post-socialist authoritarian China is the world’s leading user of state power for rainfall enhancement through weather modification, with diverse purposes including agriculture production, water security, ecological preservation, and mega events. We argue that weather modification in China needs to be understood as a facet of ecological modernization, in which the authoritarian state believes that precipitation can be controlled through the use of advanced technologies, thus transforming clouds into a kind of cloud water resource. Two political dimensions are highlighted to understand precipitation control and utilization of cloud water: the first is a new ideological politics of the changing human-weather relationship from ‘adaptation to the weather’ to ‘taming the weather”; the second is volume politics that presents unique characteristics of airborne water as opposed to terrestrial and groundwater.     

Chemistry of magnetite-apatite from albitite and carbonate-hosted Bhukia Gold Deposit,Rajasthan, western India – An IOCG-IOA analogue from Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Supergroup: Evidence from petrographic,LA-ICP-MS and EPMA studies

The Bhukia gold (+copper) deposit hosted by albitite and carbonates that occur within the Paleoproterozoic Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt (ADFB) in western India consists of magnetite, graphite, apatite and tourmaline along with sulfide mineralization. Ubiquitous presence of magnetite and apatite in gold-sulfide association, alteration patterns and shear controlled mineralization suggest it to be IOCG (Iron-oxide copper gold) type deposits. The detailed mineral chemistry of magnetite and apatite are generated and interpreted in terms of their genetic significance, hydrothermal and magmatic origin vis-à-vis their affiliation with IOCG deposition. The data suggest that the magnetite has hydrothermal affiliation. The Ni/Cr ratio is greater than 1, which is explained by differences in solubility and mobility of Ni and Cr in hydrothermal fluids and is corroborated with other key evidences including that of wide ranging Mg concentration further supports a strong hydrothermal input that is envisaged for the deposition of magnetite. Concentration of vanadium in magnetite is generally <1000 ppm in case of barren hydrothermal occurrences while in the study area, it is relatively higher as it is attributed to the gold-sulfide-Cu mineralization. Ti vs Ni/Cr, Ni/(Cr+Mn) vs Ti+V, Ca+Al+Mn vs Ti+V and Al+Mn vs Ti+V variations are interpreted in terms of magnetite genesis. EPMA data suggests that apatite present in Bhukia is of fluorapatite variety with F content >1 wt% and F/Cl >1. Higher concentration of F and moderate Mn along with lower concentration of Cl attests their magmatic hydrothermal character and its derivation from meta-volcano sedimentary source. REE patterns obtained from LA-ICP-MS analysis suggest enrichment of LREE relative to MREE and HREE with negative Eu anomaly. Y/∑REE, La/Sm, Ce/Th and Eu/Eu¹ vs Ce/Ce¹ values of apatite is indicative of their origin in a highly oxidized environment. Presence of magnetite along with apatite is a common feature in IOCG-IOA (Iron-Oxide Apatite) association. Bhukia Gold Deposit has many similarities with Kiruna type Iron-Oxide Apatite (IOA) deposits particularly with respect to their similar tectonic setting, alteration patterns, mineral assemblages such as abundance of magnetite, apatite and presence of late stage sulfides based on EPMA and Laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) studies. Lithological, petro-mineralogical and geochemical signatures of magnetite and apatite infer that the Bhukia is a possible IOCG-IOA type gold deposit typically associated with sulfides and graphite which may be used as petrogenetic indicators and pathfinders for exploration.     

Households’ experience of local government during recovery from cyclones in coastal Bangladesh: resilience,equity, and corruption

Households’ links with local Government provide important support for disaster resilience and recovery on the Bangladeshi coast. Few previous studies of disaster resilience and recovery have explored how linking social networks—and in particular local government—contribute. Using household surveys, focus groups, and key informant interviews, we examine strengths and weaknesses of local government’s contribution, using two cyclone-affected coastal villages as case studies. The findings show that local government provides important support, for example relief distribution, livelihood assistance, and reconstruction of major community services. However, patronage relationships (notably favouring political supporters) and bribery play a substantial role in how those responsibilities are discharged. The equity and efficiency of these contributions to recovery are markedly diminished by corruption. Reducing corruption in UP’s contributions to disaster recovery could significantly improve resilience; however, general reform of governance in Bangladesh would needed to bring this about.     

Deformation inside a paleosubduction channel – Insights from microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientations of eclogites and metasediments from the Tauern Window,Austria

The Eclogite Zone, of the Tauern Window is an exhumed subduction channel comprising eclogites with different grades of retrogression in a matrix of high-pressure metasediments. The rocks were exposed to 600 °C and 20–25 kbars, and then retrogressed during their exhumation, first under blueschist facies and later under amphibolite facies metamorphism. To gain insights into the deformation within the subduction channel during subduction and exhumation, both fresh and retrogressed eclogites, as well as the surrounding metasediments were investigated with respect to their deformation microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs). Pristine and retrogressed eclogites show grain boundary migration and subgrain rotation recrystallization microstructures in omphacite. A misorientation axes analysis reveals the activity of complementary deformation mechanisms including grain boundary sliding and dislocation creep. The omphacite CPOs of the eclogites correspond to dominant SL-fabrics characteristic of plane strain deformation, though there are local variations towards flattening or constriction within the paleosubduction channel. The glaucophane CPOs in retrogressed eclogites match those of omphacite, suggesting that a constant strain geometry persisted during exhumation at blueschist facies conditions. Plastic deformation of the host high-pressure metasediments outlasted that of the eclogites, as indicated by white mica fabrics and quartz CPO. The latter is consistently asymmetric, pointing to the operation of non-coaxial deformation. The microstructures and CPO data indicate a continuous plastic deformation cycle with eclogite and blueschist facies metamorphism related to subduction and exhumation of the different rock units.     

Community resilience,latent resources and resource scarcity after an earthquake: Is society really three meals away from anarchy?

Immediately after an earthquake event, how long people survive in place using their limited resources is relatively unknown, as is the behavioural response to resource scarcity. Computer-aided personal interviews were conducted with 172 householders to examine how many days people believed they were able to shelter in place without official aid in a simulated earthquake event, taking into account not only the water, food and medicine they had stockpiled, but also the availability of less obvious sources (such as water in the hot water cylinder or food from gardens). Based on recommended daily resource allowances, after a 3-day period without aid, 46 % of people had run out of at least one of these necessary resources and this increased to 90 % of people after 7 days. After a 7-day period without official aid, there is an increase in people’s perceived willingness to (1) ask for assistance from neighbours (but a reduction in people’s willingness to offer aid to others), (2) commit less socially acceptable acts (such as breaking into an empty house to take food and water) and (3) commit unsafe acts (such as drinking unpurified water). The results are discussed with regard to particular post-disaster social behaviours and how social norms shift as people adapt to survive.     

Roman Law and political control — from a primitive society to the dawn of the Modern World

The purpose of this paper is to survey the history of Roman Law in order to shed light upon processes whereby society may grow more dynamic. Roman Law is the only one whose development can be traced for over thousand years, a time during which two main epochal crises brought about far-reaching changes to Roman society. The first was a consequence of the second Carthaginian war (218-200 BC), when the raw inhabitants of Latium, in a mere space of sixty years, attained supremacy over the ancient world. The second followed closely upon the death of Emperor Alexander Severus (235 AD), when the growing strength of alien populations was becoming a serious threat to the Empire.These two historical watersheds mark three different ages and three correspondingly quite different law systems that can be named: (i) the Quiritarian or strictly Roman Law, (ii) the Universal-Roman Law, (iii) the Greek-Roman Law. The legal sytem of the first epoch was suitable to a narrow rural society. The law system of the second age was suitable to the ends and values of an open civilised society. The last stage of Roman Law unfolded in the Eastern Empire, and the well-known Code of Emperor Justinian (527–29) marked the climax of this process.As a result of cautious reforms lasting several centuries, the political structures of primitive Roman society(familiae, gentes, tribus) declined, a powerful central authority was built, the nuclear family became the basic building block of society displacing extended family and clan structures, the condition of women was freed from obnoxious tutelage.Traditionally, the Roman estate of thefamilia was nearly a territorial State. Primitive buildings, often mere huts, were independent from each other. The drive to an increasingly civilised urbanisation inevitably brought about a closer spatial integration of the built-up area, and therefore made it necessary the establishment of more and more frequent praedial servitudes. To allow the organisation of urban space to emerge, the builder had to be granted a right to hold the building thus erected, for a limited time or in perpetuity, by lease or sale, against the territorial pretence of extended family or clan authority. Usucaption, pledges, mortgages, initially used in provincial lands, replaced the traditional Roman land transfer procedure(fiducia). In the time of the late Empire, slavery declined and was to some extent replaced by serfdom(colonatus). Roman citizenship was granted to all (212 AD), but the commoners(humiliores) suffered under heavy disabilities. Powerful families(honestiores) often retreated to the countryside, while the rest of the urban population was left to her own devices under an oppressive taxation system. Many luckless heads of families had to become tax proctors: they were held responsible for the gathering of taxes to the extent of their whole estate, and even on pain of torture. The State increasingly took control over most features of social and economic activity, from agriculture to the prices of foodstuffs; while individual enterprise, progress and creativity became more and more stagnant. All these are indicators of an increasingly static society. Oriental despotism became the dominant form of political organisation.Thus, while private law became more and more modernised, paving the way to the present legal systems, the social structure and the spatial organisation became more rigid and less open to innovation. Therefore a very incomplete modernisation occurred. The emergence of more open and dynamic societies was to take place many centuries after the fall of the Western Empire, precisely in the same geographical space that had belonged to it, mainly under the impulse of the more efficient and civilised among the new (Germanic) peoples (Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Franks, Longobards, etc.) who immigrated there with theVölkerwanderung and injected fresh blood into the lands of the former Western Empire, thereby ending oriental despotism. The heritage left by the evolution of Roman Law, however, was to be felt and assimilated by these peoples: it was to become a considerable part of their own cultural and legal heritage, and one of the many factors paving the way to the eventual emergence of dynamic Western societies.The age-long process of change of Roman Law can provide useful glimpses on how attitudes and cultural values not hostile to development may arise and grow to full maturity. Its study can help — though by no means alone — to understand how that part of Europe which came under its direct influence was able to achieve cultural traits open to socio-economic innovations and development.Though each social and spatial system follows its own distinctive path to development (or stagnation), some necessary cultural preconditions are broadly similar for any society. Stress upon individual values is doubtless one such inescapable precondition to the emergence of a dynamic society capable of endogenous development. Unfortunately, utterly opposite values are firmly entrenched in many Third World countries, and social evolution there is, under this viewpoint, exceedingly slow — if any.Centuries had still to elapse for individual values to prevail in Europe after the age of Justinian, and more centuries went by between the triumph of these individual values and the actual take-off stage, which only came about with the industrial revolution. Bearing in mind these facts, the inescapable conclusion arises that the apparent lack of significant cultural change leading towards a dynamic society in many countries must necessarily be a matter of the deepest concern. This is aggravated by other disquieting features of the Third World, such as the propensity to authoritarian regimes — a propensity which in its own turn is closely related to poorly developed individual values.     

The characteristics of minerals in civil coal and its combustion products in Xuanwei County, Yunnan, China

Background:The combustion of bituminous coal resulted in the high incidence of lung cancer of peasants in Xuanwei and Fuyuan counties of Yunnan Province because of particulate matter (PM) absorbing a great deal of heavy metal elements and organic matter s…     

Origin and evolution of geothermal fluids from Las Tres Vírgenes and Cerro Prieto fields,Mexico – Co-genetic volcanic activity and paleoclimatic constraints

Major and trace elements, noble gases, and stable (δD, δ¹⁸O) and cosmogenic (³H, ¹⁴C) isotopes were measured from geothermal fluids in two adjacent geothermal areas in NW-Mexico, Las Tres Vírgenes (LTV) and Cerro Prieto (CP). The goal is to trace the origin of reservoir fluids and to place paleoclimate and structural-volcanic constraints in the region. Measured ³He/⁴He (R) ratios normalized to the atmospheric value (R_a = 1.386 × 10⁻⁶) vary between 2.73 and 4.77 and are compatible with mixing between a mantle component varying between 42 and 77% of mantle helium and a crustal, radiogenic He component with contributions varying between 23% and 58%. Apparent U–Th/⁴He ages for CP fluids (0.7–7 Ma) suggest the presence of a sustained ⁴He flux from a granitic basement or from mixing with connate brines, deposited during the Colorado River delta formation (1.5–3 Ma). Radiogenic in situ ⁴He production age modeling at LTV, combined with the presence of radiogenic carbon (1.89 ± 0.11 pmC – 35.61 ± 0.28 pmC) and the absence of tritium strongly suggest the Quaternary infiltration of meteoric water into the LTV geothermal reservoir, ranging between 4 and 31 ka BP. The present geochemical heterogeneity of LTV fluids can be reconstructed by mixing Late Pleistocene – Early Holocene meteoric water (58–75%) with a fossil seawater component (25–42%), as evidenced by Br/Cl and stable isotope trends. CP geothermal water is composed of infiltrated Colorado River water with a minor impact by halite dissolution, whereas a vapor-dominated sample is composed of Colorado River water and vapor from deeper levels. δD values for the LTV meteoric end-member, which are 20‰–44‰ depleted with respect to present-day precipitation, as well as calculated annual paleotemperatures 6.9–13.6 °C lower than present average temperatures in Baja California point to the presence of humid and cooler climatic conditions in the Baja California peninsula during the final stage of the Last Glacial Pluvial period. Quaternary recharge of the LTV geothermal reservoir is related to elevated precipitation rates during cooler-humid climate intervals in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. The probable replacement of connate water or pore fluids by infiltrating surface water might have been triggered by enhanced fracture and fault permeability through contemporaneous tectonic–volcanic activity in the Las Tres Vírgenes region. Fast hydrothermal alteration processes caused a secondary, positive δ¹⁸O-shift from 4‰ to 6‰ for LTV and from 2‰ to 4‰ for CP geothermal fluids since the Late Glacial infiltration.     

What has happened in Spain? The real estate bubble,corruption and housing development: A view from the local level

How have the recent real estate, mortgage and financial crises affected different countries, territories and cities? How have the different public and private stakeholders behaved and how accountable have they been for the origin and development thereof? What links are there among the local, national and global contexts in the crises? Recent geographic research ought to attempt to answer these questions, but there have, however, been few in-depth studies on the link between urbanisation, financial markets and the global crisis. The present paper analyses one of the principal causes of Spain’s recent evolution: urbanisation of the territory, the start and consequences of housing bubble; our study emphasises the differential elements in relation to the crisis in other countries. We study in greater depth the municipality of Torrelodones, which constitutes a reference due to the appearance of a residents’ movement opposed to the development process and which is a perfect example of the dynamics that led to the economic and social crisis. We describe in detail the lack of any strategic vision, participation or transparency in town planning decision-making, the processes by which reports and inspections were doctored, and the mechanisms of corruption of public decision-making in town planning. Finally, we analyse the concrete manner in which huge losses in mortgage markets occurred, with the collapse of the real estate bubble and the financial markets, which subsequently forced a State bailout.     

Anthropogenic and impact spherules: Morphological similarity and chemical distinction – A case study from India and its implications

This paper provides first report of silica-rich anthropogenic spherules of varying colour, shape, size, surface texture and chemical composition found in road-deposited sediments (RDS) of Allahabad city, Uttar Pradesh, India. Morphological details and lithophile elemental composition of the silica-rich spherules are compared to microtektites and impact spherules from India to demonstrate their striking morphological similarities and chemical variability. This study suggests the need to use spherule data carefully while assigning an impact origin to spherule-finds or spherule-bearing lithological horizons.     

Clay-smear continuity and normal fault zone geometry – First results from excavated sandbox models

The continuity of clay-rich fault gouge has a large effect on fluid transmissibility of faults in sand–clay sequences, but clay gouge continuity and composition in 3D are not well known. We report observations of 3D clay smear continuity in water-saturated sandbox experiments where the sheared clay layers were excavated after deformation. The experiments build on existing work on the evolution of clay gouge in similar 2D experiments where interpretations were made in profile view.We used well-known model materials (“Benchmark” sand and uncemented kaolinite–sand mixtures) that were further characterized using standardized geotechnical tests and triaxial compression experiments at effective pressures corresponding to the sandbox experiments. Results show a nonlinear failure envelope of the sand, in agreement with existing models. Unconfined compression experiments with the clay show cohesion around 50 Pa and brittle behavior.A sheared, ductile clay layer embedded in sand above a 70° dipping basement fault reveals a complex, natural-looking clay gouge architecture with relay ramps, breached relays and fault lenses. The clay gouge shows clear variations in composition and thickness and becomes locally discontinuous at throw-thickness ratios above 7, in contrast to our earlier 2D observations where discontinuous clay-gouge only formed in cemented clay layers. In addition to tectonic telescoping in the relays, the thin, continuous parts of the clay gouge were transformed from an initial pure clay by mechanical mixing of sand and clay.We also discuss the applicability of these results to the evolution of normal fault zones and deformation bands in sand–clay sequences at effective pressures below the onset of cataclasis and conclude that in fault zones a higher degree of internal segmentation reduces the probability of the formation of discontinuities.     

Cr-rich megacrysts of clinopyroxene and garnet from Lac de Gras kimberlites,Slave Craton,Canada – implications for the origin of clinopyroxene and garnet in cratonic lherzolites

Kimberlites from the Diavik and Ekati diamond mines in the Lac de Gras kimberlite field contain abundant large (>1 cm) clinopyroxene (Cr-diopside) and garnet (Cr-pyrope) crystals. We present the first extensive mineral chemical dataset for these megacrysts from Diavik and Ekati and compare their compositions to cratonic peridotites and megacrysts from the Slave and other cratons. The Diavik and Ekati Cr-diopside and Cr-pyrope megacrysts are interpreted to belong to the Cr-rich megacryst suite. Evidence for textural, compositional, and isotopic disequilibrium suggests that they constitute xenocrysts in their host kimberlites. Nevertheless, their formation may be linked to extensive kimberlite magmatism and accompanying mantle metasomatism preceding the eruption of their host kimberlites. It is proposed that the formation of megacrysts may be linked to failed kimberlites. In this scheme, the Cr-rich megacrysts are formed by progressive interaction of percolating melts with the surrounding depleted mantle (originally harzburgite). As these melts percolate outwards, they may contribute to the introduction of clinopyroxene and garnet into the depleted mantle, thereby forming lherzolite. This model hinges on the observation that lherzolitic clinopyroxenes and garnets at Lac de Gras have compositions that are strikingly similar to those of the Cr-rich megacrysts, in terms of major and trace elements, as well as Sr isotopes. As such, the Cr-rich megacrysts may have implications for the origin of clinopyroxene and garnet in cratonic lherzolites worldwide.