南海中南部上层的盐指与湍流混合过程

基于2012年8月12日至9月5日中国南海海洋湍流微结构剖面仪(Turbo Map)观测资料和温盐深剖面仪(CTD)资料,对南海中南部海域上层500m以浅的混合过程进行了分析。南海次表层高温高盐的水团和中层低温低盐的水团构成的垂向温盐环境,利于在该深度范围内盐指的发育。通过盐指与湍流相关参数的计算,评估了盐指在南海上层跨越等密面混合的作用。结果表明南海中部(18°N)相对于南海南部呈现高的温度耗散率(χ)、高的混合效率(Γ)、低湍动能耗散率(ε)及低浮性雷诺数(Rε)等特征,即中部盐指信号明显强于南部。但整体海域仍然呈现出"低Γ;高Rε"的湍流特征,表明盐指对混合的贡献较小,南海中南部的上层混合还是以湍流混合为主导。另外,南海南部的混合强于中部,且呈现出整体水柱均具有较强混合的特征,其原因可能和内潮与南部相对较浅而复杂的地形相互作用有关。     

南海南部上层的湍流混合特征

A turbulent microstructure experiment was undertaken at a low latitude of 10°N in the South China Sea in late August 2012. The characteristics of the eddy diffusivity above 650 m were analyzed, which is one order of magnitude larger than that in the open ocean at that low latitude. Enhanced eddy diffusivities by strong shears and sharp changes in topography were observed. The strongest eddy diffusivity occurred in the mixed layer, and it reached O(10–2 m2/s). Strong stratification in the thermocline inhibited the penetration of surface eddy diffusivities through the thermocline, where the mixing was weakest. Below the thermocline, where the background eddy diffusivity was approximately O(10–6 m2/s), the eddy diffusivity increased with depth, and its largest value was O(10–3 m2/s).     

南海北部陆架陆坡区海流观测研究

针对2006-2009年期间,南海北部陆架陆坡区3个站ADCP海流连续观测资料,采用功率谱分析、潮流调和分析方法,重点分析了陆架陆坡区100 m,200 m和1 200 m水深海域海流的垂向结构,探讨了环流的季节变化和空间分布特征,特别讨论了南海暖流和北陆坡流的时空变化特征。结果表明,陆架陆坡区潮流类型属于不规则日潮,深水站点中层表现为正规全日潮类型,垂向为"三层结构",甚至更加复杂。O₁,K₁,M₂,S₂等分潮总体上为顺时针旋转,在深水站点,基本表现为西北－东南走向的往复流形态。从能量角度看,表层和底层海流中,潮流所占份额较大,分别占30%~40%和40%~50%,中层较小,约为20%。对东沙群岛西南陆架陆坡区环流,观测计算结果证实了西向强流的存在,且垂向结构具有显著的季节变化,在200 m水深处没有明显的南海暖流,只是10~30 m以上层次存在逆风海流。海南岛以东海域连续15个月表层环流的结果表明,冬季明显受到南海暖流的影响,存在东北向的逆风海流,夏秋季的环流表现为西南向,流速较强,夏季也存在逆风情况,造成上述情形的原因可能是该地南海暖流的流轴具有季节性变化——冬季偏南,夏季偏北。     

南海北部双峰南陆坡区的构造层序及沉积充填过程

利用高分辨率二维地震反射剖面及钻井资料,对南海北部双峰南陆坡区的构造层序及沉积充填特征进行了研究。根据地震不整合界面、构造发育特征及地层组合情况,将研究区地层从下至上划分为下、中、上三个构造层序。研究分析表明,构造活动、海盆扩张、相对海平面变化、火山活动及物源供给等因素在不同阶段因时而异地共同控制着各构造层序的沉积充填过程及演化。下构造层(Tg-T6)形成于一系列的半地堑结构断陷盆地,在湖泊相的沉积环境下,沉积体系受同沉积断裂控制明显,发育了冲积扇-扇三角洲-半深湖相沉积;中构造层(T6-T4)形成于西北次海盆扩张沉降构造背景,在陆坡缓慢沉降和火山喷发的双重影响下,造就了陆坡区特殊的几何形态结构,影响着沉积体系的发育,陆坡区中上部为浅海陆架边缘三角洲沉积,在陆坡区则以斜坡扇等相关沉积为主;上构造层(T4-T0)形成于相对海平面总体上升、西北次海盆由缓慢进入相对快速的沉降阶段,沉积作用受控于物质供应充分程度和深水作用,发育了以深水水道和滑塌体为沉积特征的深水沉积体系。     

2012年夏季海南岛东岸上升流区的混合观测

The turbulent mixing in the upwelling region east of Hainan Island in the South China Sea is analyzed based on in situ microstructure observations made in July 2012. During the observation, strong upwelling appears in the coastal waters, which are 3℃ cooler than the offshore waters and have a salinity 1.0 greater than that of the offshore waters. The magnitude of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ε in the upwelling region is O(10–9 W/kg), which is comparable to the general oceanic dissipation. The inferred eddy diffusivity K_ρ is O(10–6 m~2/s), which is one order of magnitude lower than that in the open ocean. The values are elevated to K_ρ≈O(10–4 m~2/s) near the boundaries. Weak mixing in the upwelling region is consistent with weak instability as a result of moderate shears versus strong stratifications by the joint influence of surface heating and upwelling of cold water.The validity of two fine-scale structure mixing parameterization models are tested by comparison with the observed dissipation rates. The results indicate that the model developed by Mac Kinnon and Gregg in 2003 provides relatively better estimates with magnitudes close to the observations. Mixing parameterization models need to be further improved in the coastal upwelling region.     

深水沉积体系研究进展及其对南海北部陆坡区天然气水合物研究的启示

近年海域天然气水合物勘探和研究表明,水合物的形成、聚集和分布往往与浅层深水沉积体之间存在紧密联系,随着深水观测和钻探技术的提高以及高分辨三维地震资料的使用,深水沉积体系研究进入了一个快速发展的阶段,在水合物远景区域内对浅层深水沉积体进行精细刻画已成为海域天然气水合物勘探的热点和难点。通过分析国内外深水沉积体系研究现状,从浅层深水沉积体与海域天然气水合物的关系入手,对现有研究方法和手段、深水沉积体的发展趋势进行总结和分析,结合南海北部陆坡天然气水合物勘探研究现状和存在问题,提出应该在浅层深水沉积体发育类型和沉积背景、浅层深水沉积体的内部构成和空间分布、以及浅层深水沉积体与水合物耦合关系等三方面加强研究,以期为我国海域天然气水合物勘探和研究提供参考。     

南海北部中深层细结构混合研究

基于2007年8月获得的ADCP（声学多普勒流速剖面仪）海流资料和CTD（温盐深剖面仪）水文资料,应用Gregg模型对南海中深层内波尺度的混合进行估计,同时应用Thorpe尺度对中深层存在的垂向翻转及由此引起的混合进一步分析。两种方法均显示,吕宋海峡附近上层400m的耗散率及混合率均强于18°N断面,中深层两个区域的混合率并没有显著区别。这表明吕宋海峡上层400m,可能存在更活跃的内波活动,从而产生更强的内波混合和垂向水团翻转。Gregg模型估计的耗散率和混合率量级分别为10^-9W·kg^-1和10^-6m^2·s^-1。大部分CTD站位在中深层均存在垂向翻转,而且保持较高的发生率,翻转所对应的混合率并不随深度增加而减小。以上南海北部的细结构混合特征增强对南海中深层混合的认识。     

基于精细温度观测的南海东北部陆坡-深海盆底层湍流混合*

南海是存在强湍流混合的边缘海之一, 但前人对南海湍流混合的研究更多关注的是中上层, 对底层则鲜有关注。本文基于高分辨率温度传感器于2019年5月在南海东北部22个站位海底上方0.5m处持续观测4.4d的温度数据, 分析了2216~3200m深度范围内底层海水温度的时间变化特征, 并探讨了地形粗糙度和内潮对底层湍流混合的影响。分析结果表明, 南海东北部各站位底层海水的温度变化量级约为10^-4~10^-3℃; 温度变化趋势与正压潮变化趋势不同, 温度能谱显示多数站位在全日和半日频带区间出现谱峰, 温度变化更多地受斜压潮影响, 全日、半日内潮起主要调制作用。陆坡-深海盆过渡区及深海盆底层的湍动能耗散率量级为10^-10~10^-9m²∙s^-3, 涡扩散系数量级为10^-4~10^-3m²∙s^-1。观测数据未能显示底层湍流混合与地形粗糙度存在明显的相关性。底层湍流混合的空间分布与过去观测到的南海北部深海盆内潮的南北不对称性分布一致。     

渤海弱层化期湍流混合观测特征分析

利用2017年9月在渤海共享航次中取得的湍流混合直接观测数据,本文研究了渤海海域湍流混合的空间分布特征及有关的影响因素。9月观测海区水体垂向层结较弱,莱州湾受黄河冲淡水影响出现高温低盐结构,位于渤海中央浅滩南北两侧洼地的双中心冷水结构依旧存在。湍流观测结果表明湍动能耗散率在10^-9～10^-5W/kg之间变化,统计上满足对数正态分布。耗散率强值区出现在辽东湾及渤海湾湾口近岸处,相应的垂向湍扩散系数约为10^-6～10^-2m²/s。垂向上,水体表、底层混合较强,进一步研究发现弱层化水体的平均湍动能耗散率〈ε〉与风速和正压潮流速的大小存在正相关关系。另一方面,耗散率ε与浮性频率N近似满足ε=2.0×10^-8+3.0×10^-7(N²/N₀²)^-5的拟合函数关系,反映了层化对水体垂向混合的抑制作用。     

南海中部上层海洋湍流混合的空间分布特征及参数化模型

通过对2010年5月南海16°N和14.5°N断面的湍流微结构剖面观测资料分析,给出了南海海盆上层湍流混合空间分布特征:在16°N断面上,上层10~400m垂向平均湍动能耗散率ερ在东侧略大于西侧;相反,在14.5°N断面上,西侧ερ均值约是东侧ερ的4倍,其中,西侧110.5°~111°E的ερ的平均值为2.6×10-6 W/m3,东侧118.5°E的ερ仅为5.89×10-7 W/m3。通过分析细结构剪切和湍流混合的相关性,发现剪切是南海中部上层强湍流混合的主要驱动力,揭示了高模态内波破碎可能是湍流混合的主要机制。另外,研究了大洋中的3种参数化模型,发现适用于大洋近海的参数化MacKinnon-Gregg(MG)模型能较好地用浮频和剪切估算南海中部深海区上层湍流耗散率。     

Observing spectral characteristics over a continental shelf and slope in the South China Sea

Using in situ measurement data from May-June, 1998, and data from the Asian seas international acoustics experiment （ASIAEX） from 2001 in the South China Sea （SCS）, the spectral density function and the dissipa- tion spectrum function are estimated. In the inffa-gravity wave （IGW） band, the power spectra of velocity （u, v, w） are universal functions with respect to characteristic frequencies, which correspond to the peak fre- quencies of the dissipation spectrum （PFDS）. This suggests that high-frequency internal waves in the IGW band have similar dynamical characteristics. In addition, the evolution of these characteristic frequencies is explored and its highest value is 8.8 cph （cycles per hour, 1 cph=2.778× 10-3 Hz）.     

Large-scale seafloor stability evaluation of the northern continental slope of South China Sea

Abstract

With the continuous expansion of energy demand, the deep-water continental slope in the northern South China Sea has become one of the significant offshore oil and gas exploration regions. The frequent occurrence of marine geological hazards in this region, especially submarine landslides, can cause serious damage to engineering facilities. However, there have been few studies on the stability of the northern continental slope of the South China Sea; these studies mainly focused on a specific submarine slope or small-range evaluation, resulting in a lack of large-scale and quantitative understanding. Hence, considering the variation in the physical and mechanical properties of marine soils with depth, formulas for calculating the safety factor of submarine slopes by an infinite sliding model are established, and the factors affecting slope stability such as soil properties, slope gradient and horizontal seismic action are systematically investigated. Using GIS techniques, the terrain slope gradients and a historical seismic database of the northern South China Sea are obtained. Combined with soil mechanical parameters, a regional stability evaluation of the northern continental slope is carried out. Furthermore, the distribution of risk zones is given. On the whole, under strong seismic action, large-scale submarine slope instability occurs and must be highly considered when assessing risk. This achievement is of great significance to engineering sites, route selection and engineering risk assessment.     

南海北部中尺度反气旋涡的湍流混合空间分布特征

文章利用GHP细结构参数化方法和Thorpe-scale方法,分析水下滑翔机于2015年5月在南海北部采集的数据,估算了南海北部中尺度反气旋涡的湍流混合空间分布特征。结果显示该反气旋涡的混合具有明显的空间非对称性,混合率在其运动方向的后侧边缘明显增强达到O(10^-3 m²/s)量级;而在其运动方向的前侧边缘,平均混合率要小一个量级。这一混合非对称特征与中尺度的涡动能密切相关性。中尺度涡后侧边缘处存在高流速剪切,容易引起垂向剪切不稳定,可能是引起该处混合增强的主要因素。另外,中尺度涡后侧边缘发展的次中尺度过程同样导致了该处强混合。本研究结果有助于人们进一步认识南海北部的混合过程。     

南海北部陆坡中尺度涡的演化及传播规律分析

The continental slope in the northern South China Sea(SCS) is rich in mesoscale eddies which play an important role in transport and retention of nutrients and biota. In this study, we investigate the statistical properties of eddy distributions and propagation in a period of 24 years between 1993 and 2016 by using the altimeter data. A total of 147 eddies are found in the continental slope region(CSR), including 70 cyclonic eddies(CEs) and 77 anticyclonic eddies(ACEs). For those eddies that appear in the CSR, the surrounding areas of Dongsha Islands(DS) and southwest of Taiwan(SWT) are considered as the primary sources, where eddies generated contribute more than 60% of the total. According to the spatial distribution of eddy relative vorticity, eddies are weakening as propagating westward. Although both CEs and ACEs roughly propagate along the slope isobaths, there are discrepancies between CEs and ACEs. The ACEs move slightly faster in the zonal direction, while the CEs tend to cross the isobaths with large bottom depth change. The ACEs generally move further into the basin areas after leaving the CSR while CEs remain around the CSR. The eddy propagation on the continental slope is likely to be associated with mean flow at a certain degree because the eddy trajectories have notable seasonal signals that are consistent with the seasonal cycle of geostrophic current. The results indicate that the eddy translation speed is statistically consistent with geostrophic velocity in both magnitude and direction.