矽卡岩型钨矿床成矿相关岩体识别——以江西景德镇朱溪超大型矽卡岩型钨矿床为例

钨矿往往与酸性或中酸性侵入岩相关,对于复式岩体通常仅与某一特定期次岩浆相关,如何确定成矿相关岩体是找矿勘查的一道难题。朱溪矽卡岩型钨矿床位于江南古陆钨矿带,是一个世界级钨矿床。该矿床的形成主要与黑云母二长花岗岩和细粒花岗岩密切相关,此次研究发现黑云母二长花岗岩中的黑云母发生蚀变、分解过程中形成了大量含W金红石(w(WO_3)为0.01%~0.96%)。这类含W次生金红石同样出现在华南地区多个钨矿床的成矿相关岩体中,并且其WO_3含量显著高于与岩浆作用相关的锡矿床和斑岩型铜(金)矿床中的次生金红石的WO_3含量。此外,朱溪矿床中岩浆演化晚期形成的细粒花岗岩中结晶了一些自形板状的原生金红石,这些金红石同样显著富集W元素(w(WO_3)为0.06%~1.12%)。金红石中的Ti容易被W所替代,导致(岩浆)热液体系所经历的W元素富集过程会被结晶的金红石所记录。因此,通过花岗质岩体中黑云母发生蚀变或分解后形成的次生金红石,或岩浆演化晚阶段形成的细晶岩脉中的原生金红石的W元素含量,可以判断岩浆结晶演化过程中是否经历过W元素的富集及相应的富集程度,从而判断花岗质岩体是否具备形成钨矿床的潜力。     

Relationship between primary iron sulphide species,sulphur source,depth of formation and age of submarine exhalative sulphide deposits

Older and deeper-water submarine exhalative ore deposits tend to be pyrrhotite-bearing whereas pyrite is favoured in recent and shallow-water deposits. It is proposed that increases in sea water sulphur concentrations and Eh through geologic time and at shallower sea water depths, and also the tendency for solutions exhaled at greater water depths to be hotter may account for this observed relationship. Available sulphur isotope data for submarine exhalative deposits are compatible with this hypothesis. Many exceptions are noted to the commonly held view that pyrite breaks down to pyrrhotite at higher grades of metamorphism. Pyrrhotite bearing deposits tend to be older and formed in deep water tectonically active zones and are therefore more often metamorphosed. A loose correlation between metamorphism and pyrrhotite occurrence has thus resulted.     

四川省冕宁县泸沽—喜德县冕山地区铁锡矿成矿规律分析

文章简述了四川冕宁县泸沽—喜德县冕山地区猴子崖铁锡矿、铁矿山铁矿、大顶山铁锡矿、下山堡—黑林子锡矿和拉克铁矿等矿床的成矿地质特征,分析了铁锡成矿与岩浆岩、地层及构造的时空关系,对铁锡矿的成矿地质背景、成矿作用和成矿过程进行了总结。壳源泥质岩类重熔形成的A型花岗岩体为成矿提供了Sn、W等成矿元素,泸沽花岗岩和中酸性火山岩的热能和挥发组分大量逸出形成成矿热液,并使幔源基性岩墙（脉）产生强烈蚀变,释放出大量的Fe质进入成矿热液,为铁锡矿的形成提供了主要的物质组分;中-新元古界登相营群的Fe元素丰度较高,在构造-岩浆活动中部分Fe元素被热液萃取,为成矿提供出部分成矿元素;区域性NNE向断裂、岩体构造、局部性褶皱（曲）构造、沿层和切层的滑动断裂（裂隙）带均可以控制矿床（体）的产出部位、形态特征和矿化类型;本区铁锡矿床包括矽卡岩型铁锡矿和云英岩型锡矿2种类型,分别受大理岩层与变质砂岩（或千枚岩）的岩性转换界面（钙-硅质岩界面）和变质砂岩（千枚岩）岩性界面（隔水界面）的控制。该区铁锡矿床为与新元古代复合岩浆热液作用有关的矽卡岩型-云英岩型铁锡矿床,具有成矿物质多源、成矿岩体多个、控矿构造多样、矿化多型（式）的特点。     

南岭地区成钨、成锡花岗岩组合的几个判别标志

南岭地区钨锡多金属成矿作用和区内中酸性-酸性花岗岩有着密切的成因联系。利用已发表的和野外收集的地质资料,本文尝试对区内成钨锡花岗岩组合(包括与钨锡矿相关的含钨锡花岗岩和成钨锡花岗岩)进行宏观地质判别。判别过程采用循序渐进的方式,首先将成钨锡花岗岩组合与不成矿花岗岩相区别,然后将含锡花岗岩和含钨花岗岩互相区别开来。相对于不成矿花岗岩,成钨锡花岗岩组合通常具有W、Sn、F、B化探组合异常、多期多阶段演化特点、适度的构造叠加(即存在明显的热液活动)等共同特点,且三者缺一不可。不成矿花岗岩一般具有W、Sn、F、B化探组合为背景值,岩性单一,少见晚期岩株、岩脉(演化不充分)及蚀变的特征。在野外地质工作中,含锡花岗岩一般为花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩-二云母花岗岩岩性组合。基性端元以普遍发育暗色微粒包体、常见角闪石、含较多的黑云母为鉴别特征。酸性端元中可以含有少量白云母。而含钨花岗岩以黑云母二长花岗岩-二云母花岗岩-白云母花岗岩岩性组合为主,常见含B矿物电气石,基性端元少见或不见角闪石、含较少的黑云母,仅见变质岩、围岩捕掳体和黑云母团块,酸性端元白云母含量较高等组合特征可以与含锡花岗岩相区别。     

The association of tourmalinite with stratiform scheelite deposits

Three types of stratiform scheelite deposits are recognised. They all commonly have a close spatial association with tourmalinite. Regional prograde calc-silicate rocks in Precambrian rift settings commonly contain >100 ppm WO₃ with enrichment to 0.5–1% WO₃ in retrograde metamorphic assemblages at fold hinges, joints, faults, shears and granite and pegmatite dyke contacts. The calc-silicate progenitor was probably a impure dolomitic carbonate sediment. Amphibolite-hosted scheelite deposits occur in metamorphosed altered mafic volcanics formed in a narrow rift graben. Scheelite occurs both as stratiform and stratabound footwall stringer ore which has undergone minor remobilization during tectonism. Tourmalinites are rarely the host for stratabound quartz-scheelite±wolframite veins remobilized from the host tourmalinite and associated metavolcanics during tectonism.Tourmaline associated with stratiform scheelite deposits comprise zoned schorl-dravite and are no different from other tourmalines associated with submarine exhalative ores. Tourmalinites are characterized by high SiO₂, Al₂O₃, B₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ and, although they are commonly stratigraphically equivalent to submarine exhalative base metal deposits, they are depleted in P₂O₅, BaO and MnO.It is suggested that soft base-soft acid ligand complexes transported W from the mantle or leached crust for surficial submarine hot spring deposition. Enrichment during tectonism, especially in calc-silicate hosted deposits, took place at the sites of fluid focussing where , and pH were high. This enrichment by up to 10² derives from dissolution of scheelite by chloride solutions resulting in redeposition of scheelite in retrograde metamorphic assemblages.     

Stratiform and stratabound tungsten mineralisation in the Broken Hill Block,N.S.W.

The Early‐Middle Proterozoic Broken Hill Block contains three types of W occurrences, which show close stratigraphic control. All three types occur within a relatively narrow stratigraphic interval (the ‘Mine Sequence’ Suite of Stevens et al., 1980) comprising a highly variable group of metamorphosed silicic and mafic volcanics, clastic sediments, and exhalative and chemical sediments containing base metals. The first type includes occurrences of W and base metals in bedded calc‐silicate rocks. In the second type, W occurs in layered to non‐layered calcsilicate rocks associated with amphibolite; these are intimately associated in a narrow stratigraphic interval containing abundant, small, Broken Hill type deposits. The third type comprises stratabound, W‐bearing pegmatites, which have been remobilised from quartz‐feldspar‐biotite gneiss and bedded quartz‐tourmaline rocks. Tungsten has been mined only from the third type and only in small quantities. The three types of tungsten deposits show a close spatial relationship with stratiform and stratabound Pb‐Zn mineralisation, including the Broken Hill type. The Pb‐Zn and W deposits are inferred to be genetically related.     

REE geochemistry and petrogenesis of some granite bodies related to tin-polymetallic deposits in Nanling region,South China

Tin-polymetallic deposits, with a characteristic elemental association of Sn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag and sometimes Fe, W and Mo, are widespread in the Nanling region, South China. Like W-Sn-Nb-Ta-Be(REE) deposits, they are commonly associated with acid granites. Therefore, it has long been considered that tin-bearing granitic magma derived from anatexis in the tin-rich belt in the sial crust is the only source of primary tin mineralization, including the tin-polymetallic deposits discussed in this paper. Genetically they are related to the continental crust-reworked (I-type and S-type) granites. Based on geologic and geochemical features and, particularly, REE geochemical features, it is proposed that the granite bodies related to tin-polymetallic deposits in this region are products of the derived acid magma generated by partial melting and fractional crystallization from basaltic-andesitic rocks plus a small amount of sial rocks in the lower crust.     

Metallogeny and tectonic development of the tasman fold belt system in tasmania

In western Tasmania, Precambrian sedimentary sequences form the basement for narrow trough accumulations of Eocambrian and younger sequences. The main trough, the meridional Dundas Trough, is flanked to the west by the Rocky Cape region of Precambrian rocks within which major, apparently stratiform, exhalative magnetite-pyrite deposits are intercalated with metabasaltic volcanics and ultramafic bodies.The Eocambrian-Cambrian troughs apparently developed during extension of Precambrian continental crust. Early shallow-water deposition includes thick dolomite units in some troughs. Deepening of the troughs was accompanied by turbidite sedimentation, with minor limestone, and submarine basaltic volcanism with associated minor disseminated native copper. Ultramafic and related igneous rocks were tectonically emplaced in some troughs during a mild compressional phase. They contain only minor platinoids, copper-nickel sulphides and asbestos, but are source rocks for Tertiary secondary deposits of platinoids, chromite and lateritic nickel.In the Dundas Trough, Eocambrian-Early Cambrian rocks are separated by an inferred erosional surface from structurally conformable overlying Middle to Late Cambrian fossiliferous turbidite sequences. The structural conformity continues through overlying Ordovician to Early Devonian terrestrial and shallow-marine stable shelf deposits.A considerable pile of probable Middle Cambrian felsic volcanics accumulated between the sedimentary deposits of the Dundas Trough and the Tyennan region of Precambrian rocks to the east. A lava-dominated belt within the volcanics hosts major volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits, including those of the exhalative type, which in the south are enriched in copper, gold and silver, whereas in the north they are rich in zine, lead, copper, gold and silver. Cambrian movements along faults near the margin of the Tyennan region resulted in erosion of the mineralized volcanics, locally exposing sub-volcanic granitoids. Above the local unconformities occur unmineralized volcaniclastic sequences that pass conformably into Ordovician to Early Devonian shelf deposits. Ordovician limestone locally hosts stratabound disseminated and veined base metal sulphide deposits.Pre-Middle Devonian rocks of western Tasmania differ, for most part, from those in the northeast where deeper marine turbidite quartz-wacke sequences were deposited during the Ordovician and Early Devonian.The Eocambrian to Early Devonian rocks of Tasmania were extensively deformed in the mid-Devonian. The Precambrian regions of western Tasmania behaved as relatively competent blocks controlling early fold patterns. In northeastern Tasmania, folding is of similar age but resulted from movements inconsistent with those affecting rocks of equivalent age in western Tasmania.The final metallogenic event is associated with high-level granitoid masses emplaced throughout Tasmania during the Middle to Late Devonian. In northeastern Tasmania, extensive I-type granodiorite and S-type granite, with alkali-feldspar granites, are associated with mainly endogranitic stanniferous grelsens and wolframite ± cassiterite vein deposits. In contrast, scheelite-bearing skarns and cassiterite stannite pyrrhotite carbonate replacement deposits are dominant in western Tasmania, associated mainly with S-type granites. Several argentiferous lead-zinc vein deposits occur in haloes around tin-tungsten deposits. A number of gold deposits are apparently associated with I-type granodiorite, but some have uncertain genesis.The contrasting regions of western and northeastern Tasmania have probably been brought together by lateral movement along an inferred fracture. Flat-lying, Late Carboniferous and younger deposits rest on the older rocks, and the only known post-Devonian primary mineralization is gold associated with Creta ceous syenite.     

湘南地区钨锡多金属矿床矿石矿物组合、矿化蚀变特征及成矿流体组成

采用岩矿鉴定、扫描电镜和电子探针等手段,对湘南地区多个钨锡多金属矿床的矿化蚀变进行了研究和总结.结果 表明,湘南地区钨锡多金属矿化蚀变矿物组成复杂,但各矿区普遍存在锡石、黄铜矿、黑钨矿(或白钨矿)、闪锌矿、方铅矿等金属矿物,萤石和黄玉常见,云母化、钾长石化、绿泥石化、尖晶石化等热液蚀变普遍,表明成矿流体具有类似或相同的来源及组分;各矿田(或矿床)的成矿流体均富含B和F等挥发分及Fe和Mn,钨、锡和铜矿化密切共生,钨锡多金属矿石中可见Nb和Be矿化,表明Li、Be、Nb、Ta、W、Sn、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn等矿化为类似成矿流体的产物;初步研究认为湘南地区的钨锡多金属矿化是同一岩浆房分异演化的成矿流体的产物,提出了成矿的概念模型.     

Metallogeny and tectonic development of the Tasman Fold Belt System in Victoria

Current evidence suggests that most of Victoria is underlain by a relatively thick (20 km +) basement of sialic composition of assumed Proterozoic age. This basement is nowhere exposed and its structural relationship with exposed Palaeozoic rocks is conjectural. This uncertainty has resulted in both ensimatic and ensialic tectonic models being proposed for Victoria during the Cambrian.Mineralization associated with Cambrian igneous activity shows a variety of styles from minor orthomagmatic chromite deposits, through Au and Cu deposits of syngenetic or epigenetic origin, to Fe---Mn, Ba occurrences of exhalative volcanogenic affiliation.Cambrian volcanism and associated sedimentation was followed by the deposition of dominantly quartz-rich turbidites with interbedded shale and siliceous units. Subsequent to the epi-Ordovician Benambran Orogeny, late Silurian crustal extension caused several rifts to open along roughly orthogonal NW and NE aligned fractures. Within these fault-bounded depressions, thick acid volcanic sequences were deposited in close association with shallow-marine sediments. Mineralization in these Upper Silurian rocks comprises polymetallic base-metal sulphide lenses and minor disseminations, at least some of which are of exhalative volcanogenic affiliation.The Silurian rifts were obliterated and their rocks strongly deformed during the Bindian (Bowning) deformation during late Silurian to early Devonian time. This in turn was followed by another episode of crustal extension and rifting, during which the formation of a broad meridional trough marks the Buchan Rift. A very thick sequence of largely subaerial bimodal volcanics is overlain by shelf limestone and mudstone. A variety of minor base metal, barite, manganese, and iron mineralization is hosted by these volcanics and shelf sediments.The mid-Devonian Tabberabberan Orogeny was followed in the Late Devonian by bimodal volcanism and granite intrusion, and “red-bed”-type non-marine sedimentation. In Central Victoria, thick bimodal volcanics were erupted into a series of cauldron subsidences and intruded by comagmatic granites. Bimodal volcanism also occurred in the Mount Howitt Province farther east, but was followed by deposition of extensive fluviatile and lacustrine sediments (mainly mudstone, sandstone, and minor conglomerate). In the Mansfield Basin, these contain minor sedimentary copper occurrences.There are four distinct episodes of granite emplacement in Victoria, namely Late Cambrian -Early Ordovician (Delamerian) in the Glenelg Zone; Early Silurian (Benambran) in the Highlands Zone; Early Devonian (Bindian) in the Grampians, Ararat-Bendigo, Highlands, and Mallacoota Zones; and Middle Devonian-Carboniferous (post Tabberabberan) in the Ararat- Bendigo, Melbourne, Howqua, and Highlands Zones. Data for the Delamerian granitoids are sketchy, but in the remaining groups S-type granitoids predominate with the exception of eastern Victoria, east of the Yalmy Fault (I-S line), where only I- and A-type granitoids occur. A variety of Sn, Mo, W deposits and prospects are associated with the Benambran and younger intrusive phases.Victoria is a major gold province which has produced nearly 2.5 × 10⁶ kg gold. Primary gold occurs in a number of geological settings including veins and disseminations spatially associated with mafic Cambrian volcanism, vein deposits in turbiditic sequences of central and eastern Victoria, veins associated with mafic and intermediate intrusives of Mid to Late Devonian age, and minor amounts associated with a variety of granitoids and porphyry dykes.     

柿竹园和香炉山W多金属矿床中硫化物微量元素特征:来自原位LA-ICP-MS分析

华南包括两个世界级的W矿带,分别是南岭和江南造山带W成矿带。柿竹园W多金属矿床位于南岭地区,香炉山W矿床位于江南造山带东北部。两个矽卡岩W矿床都发育硫化物成矿阶段。但硫化物和成矿元素组成存在显著的差异。前者由含Pb、Zn、Ag硫化物和黝铜矿、银黝铜矿、含Ag斜方辉铅铋矿和铁硫锡铜矿硫盐组成;后者主要为磁黄铁矿。柿竹园远接触带Pb-Zn-Ag矿脉中硫化物(闪锌矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿和磁黄铁矿)较富集B、Mn、Cr、Sb、Sn和Hg,香炉山似层状矽卡岩和硫化物-白钨矿矿体中硫化物(磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿)较富集W、Se和Bi。两个矿床中黄铜矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿较富集Ag,黄铜矿、闪锌矿富集In和Sn,闪锌矿还富集Cd。两个矿床中的硫化物微量元素分析表明与矽卡岩W矿成矿相关的硫化物可载有多种微量元素。这些元素参与到硫化物中程度由多种因素控制。具体如下,硫化物中B含量高低与成矿相关岩体中B含量相关;在相对高温和还原条件下,硫化物中W含量较高;闪锌矿中Mn和Cd与Zn发生取代作用; Cr可以一定程度进入到硫化物中,并受成矿流体中Cr含量影响; Se与S发生了一定程度的取代进入硫化物,并受流体中它的含量控制; Bi在闪锌矿与黄铜矿易形成固溶体;硫化物中Sb含量受初始流体中它的含量影响,方铅矿中易包裹一定的辉锑矿(Sb_2S_3)或含Sb的硫盐矿物; Ag是否形成独立的矿物相和进入哪些硫化物中,取决于流体中Ag的初始含量和硫化物的沉淀次序;硫化物中Hg的含量受温度影响。     

与花岗质岩浆系统有关的石英脉型钨矿和斑岩型铜矿成矿流体特征比较

文中对比了与S型花岗岩有关的石英脉型钨矿和与I型（及少数A型）花岗岩类有关的斑岩型铜矿床的成矿流体特征。它们的共同点在于成矿流体都由岩浆流体演化而来,在后期逐渐有大气降水的加入。差异性在于：（1）石英脉型钨矿成矿流体主要属于中—中高温、中—中低盐度的NaCl-H2O±CO2体系,而斑岩型铜矿属于中高-高温、高盐度的Na...     

安徽枞县拨茅山-牛头山铜矿床地质特征及找矿方向

拨茅山—牛头山铜矿床的的赋矿岩石为中生代的火成岩系。侵入岩一潜火山岩一火山岩构成完整的侵入—喷发系列。该矿床可分为火山气液—沉积铜矿床和斑岩型铜矿床两种类型。在成矿前期，陆相火山岩在湖底发生火山喷气、火山热泉以及火山热水沉积。潜火山岩的侵入，伴有长期热液循环活动，在张性断裂为主的赋矿空间生成与斑岩有关的各类型矿床。     

新疆西南天山金矿床主要类型、特征及成矿作用

文章在总结前人研究成果的基础上,综合论述了西南天山金矿的成矿地质背景、金矿床的时空分布和基本特征。根据矿床地质特征和控矿因素,将西南天山的金矿划分为与剪切带有关的金矿床、与侵入岩有关的金矿床(包括斑岩型)、石英-重晶石脉型金矿床、与火山岩有关的金矿床和矽卡岩型金矿床5类,其中与剪切带有关的金矿床是最重要的矿床类型。探讨了西南天山金矿的成矿时代、成矿物质和成矿流体来源,以及成矿地球动力学机制。提出与剪切带有关的金矿床成矿物质主要来源于岩浆和海相碳酸盐岩,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水或主要来自大气降水,混合少量岩浆水。石英-重晶石脉型金矿床成矿物质来自容矿地层,成矿流体主要来源于沉积建造水。与剪切带有关的金矿、与侵入岩有关的金矿、石英重晶石脉型金矿和矽卡岩型金矿成矿时代主要集中在二叠纪—三叠纪,形成于后碰撞构造演化阶段。斑岩型和浅成低温热液型金矿床形成于岛弧挤压环境。     

大义山矿田岩体型锡矿地质特征及矿床成因

大义山岩体型锡矿产于汤市铺超单元的晚期介头单元（J2J)，品位中等偏低，易选，规模大，形成于局限封闭环境，具垂直分带。区域性构造，岩浆岩，围岩及局限环境联合控制了岩体型锡矿的产出及规模，笔者分析研究了岩体型锡矿的成因；岩浆在局限环境下分异演化。成矿元素不均匀分配，使介头单元侵入体富含W,Sn，在侵入体前峰或上拱部位形成岩体型锡矿的理想成矿模式和岩体型锡矿床垂向上由上而下，具由高温至低温的蚀变与矿化分带特征。     

Borosilicate alteration associated with U-Mo-Zn and Ag-Au-Zn deposits in volcanic rocks

Borosilicate alteration is developed in many uranium-molybdenum-zinc deposits in volcanic piles such as at Novazza (Italy), Novoveska Huta (Slovakia), Ben Lomond (Queensland, Australia), the Saar-Nahe basin (Germany), the Shengyuan district (China), and at many deposits in Russia. These uranium-molybdenum-zinc deposits share similar styles of alteration with silver-gold-zinc deposits in volcanic rocks, like those of the Humboldt Range (Nevada, USA), the Basin district (Montana, USA) and Equity Mine (British Columbia, Canada). In thick volcanic piles, fluid-rock interaction commonly develops under the influence of convective hydrothermal systems. In borosilicate-bearing systems the alteration is characterized by changes in borosilicate mineralogy and chemistry under mesothermal conditions. Zonal distribution of different compositions of tourmaline can be observed including regular increases of alkali deficiency in the X(3a) site from peripheral (chlorite-epidote-prehnite) to internal (sericite and/or pyrophyllite) alteration zones. In the central part of these systems tourmaline is absent and the alteration assemblage is characterized by an andalusitedumortierite-quartz association. Such changes in mineral assemblage are related to an increase in temperature from 250 to 350–400 °C and to decreases in pH and Eh, from the outer toward the inner parts of the hydrothermal system. The zonation of the borosilicate-bearing alteration systems is similar to that of aluminosilicate-bearing hydrothermal systems (muscovite, pyrophyllite, andalusite) developed in volcanic rocks. A kaolinite-alunitejasperoid assemblage is generally associated with the borosilicate alteration, and seems related to a late hydrothermal phase mainly located in graben structures.     

论华南喷流—沉积块状硫化物矿床

现代海底喷流－沉积硫化物矿床的发现极大地推动了海底热液成矿理论的发展,也大大地提高了对古代海底喷流块充化物矿术的研究水平。本文指出喷流－沉积是重要的成矿作用,提出喷流－沉积矿床是华南Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｎ、Ａｇ、Ａｕ等矿产资源的重要来源,形成了一批超大型矿床,并将华南许多曾被认为属夕卡岩矿床重新确认为喷流－沉积岩床。文章还论述了华南喷流－沉积块状硫化物矿床的特征、分类、时空分布及其成矿特点等问题,提出断裂拗陷带型喷流－沉积块状硫化物矿床是华南具有特色的类型,而陆相断陷盆地中喷流－沉积矿床值得进一步深入研究。     

Two zoning patterns in tin deposits

Two zoning patterns in tin deposits are proposed according to geochemical environments.

1. Acidic zoning pattern is characteristic of tin deposits associated with sialic rocks and tin-bearing veins in carbonate rocks. Six zones may be recognized from the granite mass outwards: (1) Nb?Ta?(Li?Be?Mo), (2) Sn, (3) W?(Sn), (4) Cu?Pb?Zn?(Bi), (5) Sb?Hg, and (6) Au?Ag. This kind of zoning is related with the temperature difference involved in the deposition of various ore minerals in an acidic (or neutral) geochemical enviroment. From the granite outwards, the temperature decreases gradually with increasing distance from the heat source.
2. Alkaline zoning pattern is typical of tin deposits occurring in calcareous and magnesian carbonate rocks. Three zones can be recognized from the granite mass outwards: (1) Cu?Zn?Bi, (2) Sn, and (3) Fe?Pb?Zn?Cu. A calcium-and magnesium-rich alkaline environment is responsible for this zoning pattern. In this case the normal sequence of mineral formation will be greatly changed owing to neutralization when an acidic ore-forming solution enters the alkaline environment.

Zoning structure in tin deposits is very complex and highly variable, depending on: (1) the geochemical environment in which the deposits are formed, (2) the type of shield beds, and (3) the character of ore-forming solutions. However, there are some known examples showing similar zoning patterns for the deposits that are similar in these three aspects.     

塔里木北缘与碱性岩有关的稀有—稀土矿床成矿作用研究

塔里木克拉通北缘是我国重要的稀有—稀土金属成矿带,近年来稀有—稀土矿床勘查工作不断取得重大进展,相继勘查和发现了瓦吉里塔格、波孜果儿、依兰里克、阔格塔格、且干布拉克和上户等多个稀有—稀土矿床,使该地区成为我国重要的大型稀有—稀土矿床后备基地。这些稀有—稀土矿床普遍赋存于碱性岩或碱性碳酸岩中,规模多数达到大中型,品位较高。然而,对该区的稀有—稀土矿床的研究程度普遍很低,成矿环境和成矿规律认识不清,缺乏综合性的总体研究。文章在已有的研究成果基础上,结合笔者研究小组近3年的大量野外调研和室内的综合研究,综述了塔里木克拉通北缘主要稀有—稀土矿床的地质特征、分布规律和矿化类型。根据碱性岩形成的不同构造环境将与碱性岩有关的稀有—稀土矿床划分为3种构造类型,即活动陆缘型、板边型和板内型;根据矿化类型将该区矿床进一步划分为与超基性—碱性杂岩有关的稀土矿床、碱性正长岩型稀土—铌-钽-锆矿床、碱性花岗岩型稀土—铌-钽-锆矿床和碱性伟晶岩型稀土—铌-钽-锆矿床4个亚类。在对典型矿床研究的基础之上,初步讨论了研究区碱性岩有关的稀有—稀土矿床的成矿动力学背景、地球化学特征和成矿动力学过程,认为该碱性岩带形成于造山拉张性的构造环境。     

Aeolian granule ripple deposits, Namibia

Granule ripples are a common feature of most dunefields, yet they have seldom been recognized in ancient deposits. Although granule ripples are common in erosional settings, such as windward slopes of dunes, or scour surfaces in interdunes, they nevertheless migrate laterally and leave distinctive deposits that can be recognized in ancient rocks. These deposits have characteristics of ‘type B’sand sheet deposits, including: ‘poured-in’texture; curving ripple trough; tangential, coarse-grained foresets; irregular silty layers; well-sorted coarse and fine layers (either horizontal or within foresets); and fine layers in ripple troughs. Wind tunnel experiments suggest that under low-velocity wind conditions, granule ripples grow to a significant degree as parasites dependent on saltation of fine sand grains whose impact moves the larger grains of the granule ripple. Although the depositional surface of granule ripples is commonly coated with a layer of coarse grains, this is in most places only a few grains thick. Underlying deposits commonly have a poorly sorted, or ‘poured-in’texture. This texture results from an admixture of fine grains that fall among the spaces between the larger grains during deposition.