HMP45D湿度传感器温度特性测试与分析

HMP45D型温湿一体化传感器,在我国气象部门被广泛用于测量空气湿度。由于我国地域辽阔,南方和北方气象台站环境温度差异较大,尤其是在寒冷的冬季,地处北部地区的台站,环境温度可达-40℃以下。为掌握环境温度的变化对湿度测量准确度的影响,本次试验随机选取3支HMP45D湿度传感器作为被测件,利用双压法湿度发生器发生的湿度值作为标准值,在不同温度点上,对3支湿度传感器进行了测量准确度的温度影响量测试。     

HMP45D湿度测量误差调整及校准

1引言 HMP45D是温湿一体化传感器,我国装备的自动气象站均利用该传感器测量空气中的相对湿度和空气温度值,由于传感器的测量部分总是要和空气中的灰尘和化学物质接触,从而使传感器在某些环境中产生漂移。而仪器的电气参数会随时间的推移、温度变化及机械冲击产生变化,因此传感器需要进行定期维护和校准。     

HMP45D温湿度传感器的电极污染及处理方法

针对HMP45D型温湿度传感器在中、高湿校准点出现超过最大允许误差的现象,在剖析湿敏电容结构的基础上,发现基本是因电极污染所致。除进行电路调整外,采用有效的处理方法对其进行清洁,使大部分复检的湿度传感器误差控制在允许范围内。     

CAWS600型自动气象站温湿度传感器故障诊断及维护

本文从内蒙古目前自动气象站采用的HMP45A和HMP45D温湿度传感器的构造和工作原理出发,详细阐述了温湿度传感器故障的诊断方法及日常维护。     

湿度传感器检定条件的影响

在湿度传感器检定过程中,除露点仪和温湿度箱引起检定结果的不确定度外,检定条件、操作不规范也会给检定结果带来附加误差。本文通过对标准器的各湿度点测得值标准偏差、露点仪工作时的热效应、掠过露点传感器的流量变化、露点仪最佳工作环境等进行了实际测试,结合湿度传感器测试历史资料,进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)露点仪露点传感器的过流孔正对气流方向时,同温度下露点温度测得值偏高,露点仪测量的相对湿度偏小,否则会偏大。(2)在环境温度为20℃时,露点仪在各个湿度点上的n次测量值的标准偏差(离散性)最小。(3)露点仪的温度传感器在吸入式温湿度箱中,安装于露点传感器前端4cm和后端4cm时,其后端测得值比安装在前端测得值的最大值偏高0.45℃,相对湿度偏高0.5%。(4)各湿度点上的稳定时间(当箱内湿度达到设定值并趋于稳定后)应大于或等于20s时,露点仪和被检湿度传感器采集到的标准值和测量值才真实。     

HMP45D温湿传感器校准前后质量分析

对2011年陕西省气象计量检定所撤换回来的温湿度传感器,采取随机抽样的方式抽取30台,依据《自动气象站现场校准方法》对其分别校准,通过比对分析校准前后的数据,总结出:温度校准点的选择最少需要三点,即0o C、零下低温点、高温点;湿度传感器需缩短校准周期;对温湿传感器进行校准并对测量数据进行修正,才能提高测量精度。     

自动气象站温湿度传感器工作原理及维护

比较详细地介绍了目前自动气象站中采用的HMP45A/D温湿度传感器的构造和工作原理,阐述了温湿度传感器日常维护工作的重点和注意事项.     

国产HS02型湿敏电容湿度传感器性能分析

采取同球比对施放方式,选择瑞士SNOWWHITE露点式湿度探空仪作为比对标准,使用29次同球比对数据,分白天与夜间,利用随高度变化、温度分段,以及高度、温度与湿度综合分段3种方法,对大桥HS02型湿度传感器进行评估。结果表明:(1)与国外先进湿度测量仪器相比,大桥HS02型湿度传感器在准确性与稳定性方面还存在一定差距,特别表现在低温性能方面;(2)除了白天20℃以上与-30℃以下温度段大桥HS02型湿度探测偏干外,其他均呈偏湿状态,夜间所有湿度段均呈偏湿状态;(3)大桥HS02型湿度探测基本上呈现中间湿度段随机误差偏大,而两端逐渐减小的趋势,近似于">"字型变化。     

半干旱区陆面过程观测试验的仪器精度和观测误差分析

利用定西试验基地2017年5月的平行对比观测资料,分析陆面过程观测试验的仪器精度和观测误差。结果表明：HMP45D型空气温湿度传感器、107-L型土壤温度传感器、WAA151型风速仪、HFP01型土壤热通量板和涡动系统（CSAT3+Li-7500）观测数据的偏差较小,均在允许范围内,说明相同仪器之间的观测数据基本一致,但观测土壤湿度的CS616型仪器在使用时需要订正;不同型号仪器观测长短波辐射的一致性很高,其相关系数均近乎1;观测数据的偏差也直接影响能量闭合率,试验中湍流通量观测偏差造成地表能量闭合率0.61%～2.20%的不确定性,可利用能量观测偏差造成地表能量闭合率0.08%～1.67%的不确定性。     

露点测湿技术优势探究

湿度测量技术繁多,露点测湿技术具有较大的优势,基于露点测湿技术设计的仪器能在全量程内达到较高准确度。本文以《气象仪器观测方法指南》中公布的饱和水汽压计算公式为基础,结合误差传递理论,计算得到不同等级露/霜点温度标准不确定度下的相对湿度标准不确定度,以此探究露点测湿技术在准确度上的优势。结果表明:在-60～60℃的全温度范围内,露点仪相对湿度测量标准不确定度在低温高湿情况下较大;当环境温度和露/霜点测量标准不确定度均为0.1℃时,相对湿度测量标准不确定度最大不超过2.0%,满足《气象仪器观测方法指南》中对湿度标准器标准不确定度最低要求;当环境温度和露/霜点测量标准不确定度分别为0.3℃(0.5℃)和0.1℃时,相对湿度测量标准不确定度最大不超过4.3%(7.0%)。可见低温情况下,露点仪相对湿度测量标准不确定度优势明显。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;