全程探空记录数据分析

文章通过分析探空仪上升和下降这两个阶段所得资料,发现下降段温度元件的长波辐射误差、太阳辐射误差均比上升段的相应误差小,下降段温度元件的滞后误差比上升段相应误差大,但下降段温度元件总体测温误差并没有增加。外界温度变化速率的大小对现用探空气压传感器影响不大,同时从上升和下降两段观测到的等压面和对流层顶气压看,下降段气压观测误差几乎没有出现,不影响观测的可用性。湿度滞后误差与环境温度密切相关,测湿误差虽然较大,但其观测误差仍然远远好于过去的59型探空仪。雷达测风数据与探空仪上升或下降状态没有关系,因此探空仪下降段的资料可用。     

新一代高空探测系统使用技巧和故障处理方法

L波段二次测风雷达-电子探空仪高空气象探测系统是新一代高空气象探测系统,其性能、操作方法、业务流程等与59-701探测系统有所不同。文章介绍了杭州高空站2002~2004年3年中使用新一代高空气象探测系统的一些使用技巧和故障处理方法。内容包括雷达检查、探空仪基测、电池浸泡、仪器装配、瞬间观测及数据输入、气球施放、旁瓣抓球判断、探测中途丢球、放球软件出现非正常现象等。     

L波段雷达探空系统镁电池浸泡技术

新一代高空气象探测系统采用镁电池供给GTS1型探空仪电源,镁电池出现故障,GTS1型探空仪的智能转换板和发射机就不能正常工作,地面雷达就接收不到探空仪信号,影响探空球炸率、探测高度或造成探测高度不足500hPa重放球。因此镁电池的正确浸泡是新一代高空气象探测系统成功运行的关键因素。对镁电池的浸泡技术进行总结,指导探空观测员正确浸泡该电池,保证探空施放成功率。     

高空探测中应重视仪器准备工作

在高空气象探测工作中,应重视探测仪器的准备工作,例如使用59型机械探空仪的探空站,只要重视、认真准备好探空仪和电池,就能不断克服各种仪器故障,提高施放成功率,保证及时、准确、完整、高效地获取第一手高空气象资料,为天气预报、国防和国民经济建设提供优质服务.     

探空观测中特殊天气的基测

1　大风天的基测　　由于风速大 ,使探空仪感应器对气象要素感应较快 ,为减少沙尘对仪器的污染 ,在基测前 2 0min将仪器拿出室外感应 ,且不宜在电码筒上涂防冻油 ,以免沾上沙尘使信号不清。2　日出日没时的基测　　日出日没时 ,由于大气温度变化大 ,温度感应器易产生滞后误差 ,操作时要迅速 ,必要时应采取基测前后读数法 ,即基测开始前先将通风干湿表上水、上发条 ,待稳定后 ,先读取一次干湿球温度再听取探空仪信号 ,然后再次读取干湿球温度。先听取信号的探空仪用前面的干湿球温度 ,后面仪器用后读取的干湿球温度做基测 ,从减小误差。3　需…     

探空温度观测与ERA-interim再分析资料的对比分析

在观测资料同化系统中,探空资料是重要的资料之一。为了解探空温度观测资料的误差特征、合理使用观测,选用欧洲中心再分析场为参照场,针对从国家气象信息中心资料库中检索到的探空资料,按着仪器类型和太阳高度角统计探空温度观测资料的平均偏差和均方差。统计时段分别为夏季(2014年6—8月)和冬季(2014年12月—2015年2月)两个季节。统计结果显示,检索到的全球探空站总数约有680个,使用的探空仪共有三十多种(有仪器标识)。其中约275个探空站使用Vaisala系列探空仪,90个探空站使用中国上海生产的探空仪,约80个探空站使用美国生产的探空仪。不同类型的探空仪器在不同太阳高度角,探空温度观测相对欧洲中心再分析场的偏差差别很大。而有些探空仪器无论是平均偏差(一般低于0.5℃),还是均方差都较小,且随太阳高度角变化不大;有些探空仪器探测温度偏差较大(在高层绝对值大于2℃)。     

701-400MHz电子探空仪系统

新一代的高空气象探测系统,其性能、操作方法、业务流程等与59-701探测系统有所不同.本文介绍了伊宁高空站在2006-2007年使用新一代高空气象探测系统的一些使用技巧和故障处理方法.内容包括雷达常规检查、探空仪基测、电池浸泡、仪器装配、瞬间观测及数据输入、气球施放、旁瓣抓球判断、探测中途无探空信号、放球软件出现非正常现象等.     

高空探测中应重视仪器准备工作

在高空气象探测工作中，应重视探测仪器的准备工作，例如使用59型机械探空仪的探空站，只要重视、认真准备好探空仪和电池。就能不断克服各种仪器故障，提高施放成功率，保证及时、准确、完整、高效地获取第一手高空气象资料，为天气预报、国防和国民经济建设提供优质服务。     

日本的高空气象观测

一、前言所谓高空气象观测就是用火箭或气球等将气象仪器带到高空,观测自由大气中的气象现象。现在,高空观测的概念还不包括从地面或卫星观测高空云等。区别前者和后者的最大特征,可以说高空观测是现场观测,后者在于遥测。本稿只介绍一直使用于高空观测的手段和仪器(探空仪)的概要。     

探空仪一般故障的排除

在探空观测中,由于探空仪故障没有及时发现和排除,容易产生人为的重放球事故,还会因仪器故障,而影响施放高度。因此,探空仪故障的及早排除是提高高空气象探测质量的重要一环。下面就这方面谈一些体会。 探空仪的一般故障 探空仪出现的故障,一般有: 1.探空仪电码简转不动或转速慢,电流>120毫安;     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted