Traction rheological properties of simulative soil for deep-sea sediment

The traction capacity of the mining machine is greatly in?uenced by the traction rheological properties of the deep-sea sediments. The best simulative soil was prepared for substituting the deep-sea sediment based on the deep-sea sediment collected from the Paci?c C-C mining area. Traction rheological properties of the simulative soil were studied by a home-made test apparatus. In order to accurately describe the traction rheological properties and determine traction rheological parameters, the Newtonian dashpot in Maxwell body of Burgers model was replaced by a self-similarity spring-dashpot fractance and a new rheological constitutive model was deduced by fractional derivative theory. The results show the simulative soil has obvious non-attenuate rheological properties. The transient creep and stable creep rate increase with the traction, but they decrease with ground pressure. The fractional derivative Burgers model are better in describing non-attenuate rheological properties of the simulative soil than the classical Burgers model. For the new traction rheological constitutive equation of the simulative soil, the traction rheological parameters can be obtained by ?tting the tested traction creep data with the traction creep constitutive equation. The ground contact length of track and walking velocity of the mining machine predicted by the traction rheological constitutive equation can be used to take full advantages of the maximum traction provided by the soil and safely improve mining effciency.     

中国沿海中华白海豚种群的分布区

中华白海豚Sousa chinensis(Osbeck,1765)首先在我国发现,是我国沿海仅有的定居性海洋鲸豚类.本文根据中华白海豚目击事件和研究报道,分析了中华白海豚在中国的分布、种群隔离及其差异.认为我国南方福建、广东以南沿海为中华白海豚种群的主要分布区,明确指出我国沿海存在5个主要的中华白海豚种群栖息地.通过分析,划分出中华白海豚活动的边缘区和栖息地两个部分.由于中华白海豚种群不断缩小,在保护中华白海豚栖息地的基础上,加强对中华白海豚栖息地外的边缘区的保护显得尤为重要.本文分析将为科学划定中华白海豚保护区提供依据.     

Study of the Bearing Capacity at the Variable Cross-Section of A Riser-Surface Casing Composite Pile

Reducing the cost of offshore platform construction is an urgent issue for marginal oilfield development.The offshore oil well structure includes a riser and a surface casing.The riser,surface casing and oil well cement can be considered special variable cross-section piles.Replacing or partially replacing the steel pipe pile foundation with a variable cross-section pile to provide the required bearing capacity for an offshore oil platform can reduce the cost of foundation construction and improve the economic efficiency of production.In this paper,the finite element analysis method is used to investigate the variable cross-section bearing mode of composite piles composed of a riser and a surface casing in saturated clay under a vertical load.The calculation formula of the bearing capacity at the variable section is derived based on the theory of spherical cavity expansion,the influencing factors of the bearing capacity coefficient N_c are revealed,and the calculation method of N_c is proposed.By comparing the calculation results with the results of the centrifuge test,the accuracy and applicability of the calculation method are verified.The results show that the riser composite pile has a rigid core in the soil under the variable cross-section,which increases the bearing capacity at the variable cross-section.     

Optimization Design of Fairings for VIV Suppression Based on Data-Driven Models and Genetic Algorithm

Vortex induced vibration(VIV)is a challenge in ocean engineering.Several devices including fairings have been designed to suppress VIV.However,how to optimize the design of suppression devices is still a problem to be solved.In this paper,an optimization design methodology is presented based on data-driven models and genetic algorithm(GA).Data-driven models are introduced to substitute complex physics-based equations.GA is used to rapidly search for the optimal suppression device from all possible solutions.Taking fairings as example,VIV response database for different fairings is established based on parameterized models in which model sections of fairings are controlled by several control points and Bezier curves.Then a data-driven model,which can predict the VIV response of fairings with different sections accurately and efficiently,is trained through BP neural network.Finally,a comprehensive optimization method and process is proposed based on GA and the data-driven model.The proposed method is demonstrated by its application to a case.It turns out that the proposed method can perform the optimization design of fairings effectively.VIV can be reduced obviously through the optimization design.     

Specific oceanographic characteristics and phytoplankton responses influencing the primary production around the Ulleung Basin area in spring

The East Sea(Sea of Japan)is a marginal,semi-closed sea in the northwestern Pacific.The Ulleung Basin area,which is located near the subpolar front of the East Sea,is known to have high primary production and good fisheries in spring season.After episodic wind-driven events during the spring of 2017,horizontal and vertical profiles of physical chemical biological factors were investigated at 29 stations located in the Ulleung Basin area.In addition,growth responses of phytoplankton communities to nutrient additions were evaluated by bioassay experiments to understand the fluctuation of phytoplankton biomass.Because of strong northwestern wind,phytoplankton biomass was scattered and upwelling phenomenon might be suppressed in this season.The phytoplankton abundances in the coastal stations were significantly higher than offshore and island stations.In contrast,the nutrient and chlorophyll a(Chl a)concentrations and the phytoplankton biomass were quite low in all locations.Bacillariophyceae was dominated group(>75.1%for coastal,40.0%for offshore and 43.6%for island stations).In the algal bioassays,the phytoplankton production was stimulated by N availability.The in vivo Chl a values in the+N and+NP treatments were significantly higher than the values in the control and the+P treatments.Based on the field survey,the higher nutrients in coastal waters affected the growth of diatom assemblages,however,little prosperity of phytoplankton was observed in the offshore waters despite the injection of sufficient nutrients in bioassay experiments.The growth of phytoplankton depended on the initial cell density.All of results indicated that a dominant northwestern wind led to a limited nutrients condition at euphotic layers,and the low level of biomass supply from the coasts resulted in low primary production.Both supplying nutrients and introducing phytoplankton through the currents are critical to maintain the high productivity in the Ulleung Basin area of the East Sea.     

Offspring of aged mothers of rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus shows lower sexual propensity than their elder siblings under crowded conditions

Maternal eff ects are one of the most interesting topics in evolutionary ecology as they can aff ect the rate of evolution and population dynamics by phenotypic manipulation of off spring related to fi tness. At present, studies examining the interaction between maternal environment eff ects and maternal age (birth order) eff ects are scarce. We designed an experiment to reveal whether environmentally induced maternal manipulation works equally on off spring across birth orders in rotifer Brachionus calycifl orus. In the experiment, newborn amictic mothers (F0) were cultured parallelly in low (LD) and high (HD) population density. Off spring (F1) of young (YF0) and old (OF0) mothers in both LD and HD groups were cultured under a crowded condition and the mixis ratios of both F1 and F2 were examined. Results show that F1 from HD-YF0 had a signifi cantly higher mixis ratio and those amictic ones produced daughters (F2 ) with higher mixis ratio in response to crowding than those from HD-OF0. In contrast, no such diff erences among F1 siblings were found in the LD-F0 group. Therefore, the eff ect of maternal age on the sexual propensity of the off spring can be aff ected independently by the maternal population density.     

江苏盐城自然保护区核心区环境动态的遥感分析

根据江苏盐城自然保护区核心区两个时相陆地卫星影像资料的分析和对比,研究了 10 a 内核心区的植被演替、人工开发及潮沟系统演化,探讨自然及人为因素对整个原生湿地生态系统的影响.分析结果表明,互花米草滩的面积 10 a 间扩展了 10 倍以上,而作为珍禽的主要栖息地的盐蒿滩、草滩和芦苇滩的面积 10 a 内均有所下降,其中草滩面积的下降尤为明显.10 a 间芦苇田和水禽湖这两种人工湿地的面积增长显著.潮沟系统呈减少和萎缩趋势,在一定程度上是海岸开发活动和互花米草盐沼扩展的结果.保护区核心区的原生生态系统已有退化迹象,珍禽的原生栖息地的面积有所下降,因此建议保护区将工作重点放在保护和重建原生湿地上.     

她的深度(上)——美国先锋派海洋学者席薇亚·厄尔

席薇亚·厄尔,于1935年8月30日出生于新泽西的吉布斯汤。她被《纽约客》和《纽约时报》称为深海女王,被美国国会图书馆称为活生生的传奇人物,更被时代周刊誉为地球的英雄。她是一位海洋学家、探险家、作家以及深入的致力于通过个人探索而进行研究的学者。     

0418号台风"艾利"路径转折的多普勒速度特征模拟分析

2004年18号热带风暴"艾利"在移动过程中先后发生两次转折,这种路径在历史上极为罕见.本文重点分析了"艾利"台风在靠近福建东部海岸线发生第二次转折时的多普勒速度特征,并与多普勒正负速度区的对称性及极值变化的模拟结果进行比较,说明了通过对多普勒正负极值区变化的分析可以判断环境风的风向,进而判断台风未来的走向,且环境风风向的变化对于台风未来移向变化的影响有1～2 h的提前量.这有助于我们提高预报时效,对台风的预报有一定的指导意义.     

Difference of planktonic ciliate communities of the tropical West Pacific, the Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean

Ciliates are important components in planktonic food webs,but our understanding of their community structures in different oceanic water masses is limited.We report pelagic ciliate community characteristics in three seas:the tropical West Pacific,the Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean.Planktonic ciliate abundance had"bimodal-peak","surface-peak"and"DCM(deep chlorophyll a maximum layer)-peak"vertical distribution patterns in the tropical West Pacific,the Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean,respectively.The abundance proportion of tintinnid to total ciliate in the Bering Sea(42.6%)was higher than both the tropical West Pacific(7.8%)and the Arctic Ocean(2.0%).The abundance proportion of small aloricate ciliates(10–20μm size-fraction)in the tropical West Pacific was highest in these three seas.The Arctic Ocean had higher abundance proportion of tintinnids in larger LOD(lorica oral diameter)size-class.Proportion of redundant species increased from the Arctic Ocean to the tropical West Pacific.Our result provided useful data to further understand ecology roles of planktonic ciliates in different marine habitats.     

关于日本主张以“中间线”划分东海的几点思考

日本新任首相安倍晋三于2006年10月8日访华。他就任后第一次出访就到中国,说明很重视与中国和亚洲的外交关系,旨在改变小泉时代留下的政治后遗症——中日关系冷淡,日本亚洲外交危机。安倍访华期间中日发表联合公报,其内容包括坚持东海磋商,加快共同开发步伐,寻求双方都能接受的方案等。安倍访华标志着中日紧张关系开始缓和,但并不等于中日东海问题就此迎刃而解。中日东海问题是长期形成的,错综复杂的,不可能通过一两次首脑访问就能解决根本问题,充其量只能起到遏制势头恶化的作用。以笔者之见,在东海问题上日方仍然掌握着主动权,海上保安厅出动武装舰船和飞机始终控制着我国固有领土——钓鱼岛及其周边海域。至今没有任何迹象表明日本政府要收回授权民间企业在东海试开采的成命,强行试钻的可能性依然存在。中日双方虽然就东海共同开发达成继续进行磋商的一致意见,但从发展趋势分析最终仍有利日方。     

海洋节肢动物细胞及组织培养研究进展

细胞培养是生物工程中重要手段和常用方法之一,已广泛应用于染色体分析、细胞代谢、基因表达、免疫、癌变机制、病毒培养、分离、鉴定和药物筛选等研究领域。作为生物学领域中的一项重要技术,动物组织和细胞培养已广泛应用于哺乳动物和鱼类的研究中,并取得了丰硕成果。但由于海洋节肢动物的     

波罗的海地震的危险性

俄罗斯等国积累了地震分区和评价地震高危地区的重要经验。地台属于地震程度较小的地区,更不用说在地台范围内的海区了。但波罗的海及其东部,实际上处于专家们的视线之外。在2004年9月21日,加里宁格勒强度(I)为6·5的4·9级(M)地震发生之后,这个工作上的不到位特别明显地暴露出     

洋底的地球物理学研究

在参加国际“Inter Margins”计划的匡架内,美国学者在2004年夏季详细研究了位于马利亚纳岛弧西北岸边的罗塔海底活火山。太平洋的这个海区不仅因为该区海底发生着强烈的气体、气液和熔岩喷发,并且以其对研究裂谷生成过程的重要性而具有重要意义。纽约州哥伦比亚大学拉蒙物·多     

火星土壤与酸性海洋

尽管古塞夫环形山(Gusev Crater)和子午线平原(Meridiani Planum)相距数千公里,但已经证实:来自两地的火星土壤有些成分极其相似,均富含氯和硫磺.最近,高精度的测量结果显示:地球所有已知生命的重要能量载体磷,同样丰富地存在于这些大片的火星土壤中.根据发表在2006年第11期《地质学》(Geology)杂志上的一篇新论文的观点,完全不同的地方却拥有如此类似的土壤,对此惟一的解释是:火星上曾存在面积巨大的酸性海洋.     

紧扣海西灵魂 服务海洋经济强省建设

进入新时期新阶段,福建省委、省政府以科学发展观为指导,全面推动“建设对外开放、协调发展、全面繁荣的海峡西岸经济区”(以下称“海西”)战略的实施,进一步把福建的发展融入全国发展大局,有力地提升了区域经济竞争力。海西战略得到中央各部委办的大力支持,在海外华侨华人和台港澳同胞中产生巨大的影响。海西战略已成为福建发展的灵魂,也为福建建设海洋经济强省创造了有利的条件。     

极地科考文化初论

一、极地文化的内涵与特征自然环境因素一旦与社会人文因素相结合,便产生了文化。文化是历史进程中人与自然关系的物质和精神体现。不同的自然环境,决定着人类不同的活动方式,因而产生不同类型的文化。地球南北两极独特的地理环境在人类涉足后便     

11 Ma以来努比亚相对南极洲的运动

虽然非洲与南极洲之间的相对运动已经有很长的研究历史(如Le Pechon和Heirtzler,1968),但是只是最近才弄清了努比亚(西非)-南极洲和索马里(东非)-南极洲运动之间的区别.DeMets等(1988)认为西南印度洋海岭的数据不能说明努比亚-南极洲和索马里-南极洲运动;Jestin等(1994)证实了这个结果,认为努比亚-索马里边界与西南印度洋海岭呈相交状态.