Preliminary study of the microstructure and mineralogy of 12th and 13th century ceramics,Samsat, Southeastern Turkey

The mineralogy and microstructure of 12th and 13th century ceramics from Samsat, Turkey were examined with an X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope. There is a highly vitrified interlayer between the glaze and body in these sherds that probably accounts for the high durability of these ceramics. the lower vitrification and uniformity of the body in these ceramics suggests that leftover glaze was not mixed with paste during manufacture. Finally, the presence of tabular forsterite in the pores of the body points to the use of magnesium rich raw materials.     

材料科学和地质学的发展及前景(英文)

材料科学可定义为一门涉及化学、物理学、矿物学、地质学、冶金学和合成材料等领域的科学。“工具制造者的人类” ,主要是使用石器 ,并由此而增进了其智能的发育。燧石、石灰岩中氧化硅富集体提供了制作武器和工具的材料 ,土壤则可用于制陶业和陶瓷业。材料科学主要是由研究工业矿物演化而来 ,它与地质学的关系密切 ;合成材料以其特殊的性能满足了人们的需求。火和压力在处理天然材料的工艺发展中起着头等作用 ;金银铜铁及其它金属能用作装饰品、防御武器和制造工具。有些金属的使用显示了人类各历史时期的特点。人们后来发现某些结晶体具有特殊的性质 ,如石英的压电性、红宝石激光 ,钻石和刚玉的高硬度 (可用作磨料 ,将来仍具开发潜力 )。合成材料和在太空合成的材料具有远大前景 (如碳的同素异形体carbyne car bynoid)。在材料科学中 ,特种玻璃 ,硬而防火的陶瓷、磨料、特殊耐火材料 ,只不过是材料科学中业已开发的几种工艺矿物而已。材料科学的发展对于现代文明和解决人类当今和未来所遇到的各种问题都极其重要。与世界人口增长相关的问题 ,可以通过科学、绿色革命和生物技术 ,以及一切天然资源的合理开发来解决 ,这将有助于避免“南北对抗”。肯定地说 ,材料科学及其未来的发展 ,会有助于人类去应付     

Optical dating studies of quartz and feldspar sediment extracts

Continuing developmental work into optical dating has led to some clarification of the optical behaviour of quartz and feldspar sediment extracts. We have verified the key assumption intrinsic to the method — that the optical signal is zeroed completely upon exposure to daylight. We also show that the rate of zeroing in optical dating is much more rapid than it is in TL dating.Studies concerned with the extraction of the thermally stable signal from laboratory-irradiated samples showed that problems may arise from medium-to-high-temperature preheating of young samples. Optical alternatives to thermal stabilization were tested using dye and krypton lasers. Using a krypton laser we have succeeded in obtaining an equivalent dose of 0.0 ± 0.7 Gy for the quartz from a modern intertidal sand, and an average dose of 120 ± 22 Gy for the feldspar extract of a 70 ka sand unit. Both were obtained using six wavelengths, from the infrared to the violet, and no dependence on wavelength was found. We found that the photon energies of infrared and deep red light can stimulate luminescence in unirradiated quartz and feldspar extracts of sediments. This was not expected, and suggests that the process of trap emptying is more complex than we had envisioned, but implies a far greater than expected degree of technical flexibility for the optical dating method.     

Petrographic and geochemical characterization of Archaic‐Hellenistic tableware production at Solunto,Sicily

A selected assortment of Archaic‐Hellenistic tableware samples from Solunto, a Phoenician‐Punic site located 20 km east of Palermo (Sicily), has been subjected to thin‐section petrography and chemical analysis (XRF). In this settlement several ceramic kilns remained operative over a long time period (7th to 3rd century B.C.). The main goal of this analytical study is to distinguish the ceramics manufactured locally from regional and off‐island imports. Analytical results were matched to similar data concerning local natural clay sources and to coeval tableware productions from other sites in the same area. The ceramic pastes used by the ancient craftsmen of Solunto in the case of this class of pottery could be differentiated clearly by their petrochemical characteristics. We conclude that ceramics were locally produced far beyond satisfying just internal consumption needs, indicating interaction of Solunto with neighboring Greek colonies, indigenous people, and Phoenician‐Punic colonies of Sicily. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Curium-doped stannate pyrochlore: Durability under radiation and leaching in water

The radiation resistance of the phase (Gd,Cm)₂Sn₂O₇ with a pyrochlore-type structure containing 3.0 wt % ²⁴⁴Cm was studied. It was established that amorphization occurs at a dose of 10¹⁹ α-decay/g (1.52 displacements per atom), which is 2–5 times higher than that needed for amorphization of titanate and titanate–zirconate pyrochlore phases with a similar structure. The heating of the amorphous ceramics restores the structure of the pyrochlore. The restoration process begins in the temperature interval of 600–700°C. This allows us to estimate the critical amorphization temperature as 650°C. On the 14th day, the rate of Cm leaching from the initial sample in water at 90°C is 10^–1; Gd, 10^–2; and Sn, 10^–3 g/(m2 day). After amorphization the leaching rate increases by an order of magnitude (Cm) and two orders of magnitude (Gd), but it does not change for Sn. Compared to the zirconate and titanate–zirconate phases, stannate pyrochlore is markedly less resistant in water and cannot be regarded as a matrix for the immobilization of REE-actinide fraction wastes.     

19世纪以来全球蛇绿岩研究综述

蛇绿岩普遍被发现在碰撞型和增生型两种造山带缝合线上,因此经常被用来确定板块边界。自从欧洲地质学家在19世纪早期提出蛇绿岩的概念以来,蛇绿岩的研究经历了几个发展阶段。早期研究认为蛇绿岩是侵入地槽的一套侵入岩;板块构造理论兴起后,蛇绿岩被认为是产生于大洋中脊的洋壳;在1972年的Penrose会议上,科学家们将蛇绿岩定义为一套从基性岩到超基性岩的,可以区分的复式岩体。此后,蛇绿岩的起源(构造背景),侵位机制,特征等研究都取得了很多进展。进入21世纪,出现了一些较好的蛇绿岩形成模式和划分方法。     

Composition,Technology of Manufacture,and Circulation of Hellenistic Pottery from the Eastern Adriatic: A Case Study of Three Archaeological Sites along the Dalmatian Coast,Croatia

Archaeological excavations in Dalmatia have yielded a large amount of Hellenistic pottery that has yet to be archaeometrically analyzed. Stylistic analyses suggest that some vessels were imported, but the bulk of the material must have been produced locally. Our objectives are to demonstrate local ceramic production in both Greek colonies and native settlements in Dalmatia, and also to report on the composition and manufacture technology associated with this pottery. We examine 36 Hellenistic potsherds recovered from the coast of Croatia: a sanctuary on Cape Ploča, the native settlement of Resnik, and the Greek colony Issa. For the first time, archaeometric evidence supporting local production in Resnik is presented, while two local manufacturing centers are proposed for the bulk of the Cape Ploča pottery. The term Dalmatian production is suggested here to describe these indigenous ceramics. Material characteristics of the Issa samples suggest local colonial production and sophisticated ceramic technology.     

磷处理粉煤灰可作农业土壤磷源

粉煤灰(简称CCP或ash)具有改良土壤,增加植物产量的功能。此外,由于它特殊的多孔结构,也可用作吸纳并承载植物养分的载体。用NaH2PO4配制成含磷0.10mol/L浓度的溶液,对采自加拿大西安大略省Sarnia地区Lambton电厂的底灰(bottomash)进行振荡浸渍处理。结果表明,振荡浸渍66h后的粉煤灰中磷含量可达784×10-6。以磷处理粉煤灰、未进行磷处理的粉煤灰和石英砂按比例混合,作为基本生长介质进行玉米种植实验,其中实验配方设计为生长介质中含磷量分别为标准含磷浓度(50×10-6)的10%、25%、50%、75%和100%。生长26、34和46d后分别与不含磷的空白配方、施加含氮-磷-钾为0-20-0标准磷肥并控制磷含量为标准浓度(50×10-6)配方进行生物产量对比。生长实验结果表明,以磷处理粉煤灰供磷的生长介质,当含磷量为标准浓度的25%至100%时,其植物生长量就比添加标准浓度磷肥的配方好。种植46d后的生物生长量统计结果显示,含磷分别为标准浓度50%、75%和100%的实验介质中,玉米杆的鲜重较施标准磷肥介质中玉米分别增长39.46%、42.73%和46.13%;玉米杆干重依次增加29.71%、13.39%和28.87%;根鲜重平均增加16.62%;根干重平均增加14.03%。上述实验结果启示,粉煤灰可以很好地吸纳承载磷养分,并持续供给植物吸收生长,如果采用吸纳磷(或其他养分)的粉煤灰改良砂质土壤将有重要意义。     

Prehistoric Warfare in Central Arizona,USA: Assessing Its Scale with Ceramic Chemistry

The scale of warfare and alliance in the ancient American Southwest is hotly debated for the interval from A.D. 1100 to 1450. Some archaeologists posit conflict persistently waged in central Arizona, which thereby promoted the emergence of region‐sized polities, including the so‐called Verde Confederacy. Relying largely on settlement‐pattern data, these theorists have hypothesized warfare and alliance practiced at a regional scale, apparently larger than anywhere else in the prehistoric American Southwest. Other evidence, however, has challenged the Verde Confederacy model and the level at which hostilities raged in central Arizona. It calls into question the organizational capabilities of hostile tribal groups and their strategic goals. In this paper, we add a new line of complementary information based on the compositional analysis of phyllite‐tempered plain ware ceramics. By reconstructing the pottery's movement and exchange across the region, we outline patterns of interaction useful for evaluating the scale of alliance and warfare in central Arizona. We find, contrary to the expectations of regional scale alliances, that the ceramic exchange networks segregated some populations previously proposed to have been aligned, while integrating groups thought previously to have been enemies. The ceramic data indicate alliances and hostilities at a relatively local scale.     

Thermoluminescence screening of non‐diagnostic sherds from stream sediments to obtain a preliminary alluvial chronology: An example from Cyprus

In this paper, simple thermoluminescence (TL) dating procedures utilizing non‐diagnostic sherds from fluvial deposits are described. This approach may provide preliminary insights into the chronology of fluvial sequences in areas where transported ceramics are common, but alluvial chronologies are not well developed. Our method deviates from conventional TL‐ dating methods in that simple screening measurements are made from small, heavily abraded sherds, and dose rates are estimated rather than being measured from each sample. This results in rapid and inexpensive laboratory measurements, which can be used to support field surveys. The limitations in precision and accuracy relative to quantitative luminescence procedures are discussed. It is argued that the results can be used to estimate an approximate maximum age of alluvial deposition events. The approach is illustrated with results from a geoarchaeological survey in Cyprus. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

释光技术在水成沉积物测年中的应用进展

准确获得水成沉积物的年龄是第四纪年代学重要的前沿问题之一。随着释光技术的发展,水成沉积物释光测年在如下方面有新的进展：具体释光技术的选择、释光测量方法、测年矿物的种类、矿物的粒级和获得等效剂量的统计方法等。线性调整光释光技术能够提取光释光信号中衰退快的组分;单片再生法应用广泛;单颗粒技术在挑选沉积时晒退充分的颗粒方面具有一定的优势;水成沉积物中的石英比长石更易晒退;较多的实验表明水成沉积物中的粗颗粒比细颗粒更易晒退;获得等效剂量的统计模型很多,但尚无一种统计模型适用于所有样品。在此基础上探讨了水成沉积物释光测年在气候、构造运动、冰川进退历史和人类活动主导的土壤侵蚀量变化研究中的意义及今后的研究方向,为全面了解该领域的最新研究进展提供参考。     

Importance of Experimental Testing for Damage Identification of Existing Buildings in Egypt

Population increase and development plans in Egypt require the establishment of many new cities near Cairo. One of these cities is the 15th of May City located about 30 km south of Cairo. The site of this city is very near from two quarries belonging to two cement companies. The inhabitants used to complain from the blastings in these quarries. At a certain stage some buildings have suffered different levels of damage. Upon the request of official authorities a study program has been performed to identify the causes and the safety of five chosen buildings. The program included experimental testing to measure the vibration of the chosen buildings during blasting operations. Three-dimensional structural analysis has been also performed. Results have showed that the damage was due to Dahshour Earthquake of Oct. 12th, 1992 and not due to quarry blastings. Many other useful conclusions have been obtained.     

Ceramic production during the Middle Horizon: Wari and Tiwanaku clay procurement in the Moquegua Valley,Peru

As the only place simultaneously occupied by the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600–1000) Andean states, the Tiwanaku and the Wari, the Moquegua Valley in southern Peru is of critical importance to understanding relations between the two states. Visual studies of Tiwanaku and Wari ceramics in the valley have elucidated differences in form and decoration. The procurement of raw clays was central to the production of these ceramics, and understanding where people procured their clay may provide insight into the social and economic interactions between these two states. Survey of the Moquegua Valley indicates the extensive availability of raw clays. Results of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) analyses of clays indicate that there is heterogeneity in the chemical signature of the valley's clays and that at least five different clay groups can be distinguished. Comparison of these clays with LA‐ICP‐MS analysis of ceramics from a Tiwanaku site and a Wari site demonstrates that although Tiwanaku and Wari colonists in Moquegua used locally available clays during the Middle Horizon, the clay sources exploited by potters from each state were different and derived from areas located within their respective middle and upper valley territories. This information provides a basis for future chemical analysis of ceramics from the Moquegua Valley and improved understanding of past social and economic interactions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Investigation of Islamic ceramics from Tell Tuneinir using X‐ray diffraction

In this study, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) is applied to select ceramics, particularly dating to the Ayyoubid (A.D. 1174–1250) period from Tell Tuneinir in Syria. Because XRD has not been commonly applied to archaeological ceramics, a thorough background of the technique is given, with emphasis on quantitative measurements of quartz and calcite tempers. Several compositional groups based on raw materials and firing conditions emerge. While most ceramic samples are of local manufacture, Islamic stonepaste wares, and the “grenade” sample emerge as likely imports. We conclude that XRD is a powerful tool in characterizing archaeological ceramics and may be used to semi‐quantitatively gauge the amount of quartz, calcite, and feldspars in a sample. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Luminescence dating of well-sorted marine terrace sediments on the southeastern coast of Korea

Along the southeastern coastline of the Korean peninsula, well-developed marine terraces are found at various elevations. The ages of these terraces, and the time of deposition of the terrace sediments are important to our understanding of the geological history of this area during the Quaternary period, and represent a unique record of the regional tectonic activity. Previous efforts to establish a chronology using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) methods have produced controversial results, particularly because of stratigraphic inconsistency and poor reproducibility. In this paper, the application of OSL dating based on the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol for quartz is investigated. The dependence of equivalent dose on the preheat and cut-heat temperatures (thermal treatment of the regeneration and test-doses, respectively) are examined. Linearly modulated luminescence signals from chemically cleaned quartz samples are used to identify the presence of a thermally unstable component with a large optical cross-section (component A′), which in part affects the ability to correct for sensitivity changes during measurements, and thus the reliability of the equivalent dose estimates. In some samples, a higher heat treatment after the test-dose is shown to improve our ability to measure a dose given in the laboratory before any heat treatment (dose recovery test). This higher temperature treatment effectively removes component A′, and hence improves sensitivity correction. Furthermore, the samples were broadly divided into poorly sorted and well-sorted, based on field evidence. The poorly sorted samples contain friable, weathered gravel clasts, which is a likely post-depositional source of quartz grains. In general, these grains will not have been zeroed prior to deposition, and so the poorly sorted samples are rejected from further age studies. Results obtained from the well-sorted samples are reproducible at each sampling location, and give ages grouping broadly into 50–70 and 110–120 ka, but laterally discontinuous on a scale of tens of km. Our OSL results for the younger group are supported by radiocarbon ages from overlying terrestrial deposits. It is concluded that these results point to considerable tectonic activity in the southeast of Korea during the Late Pleistocene.     

Spherical particles as tracers of atmospheric ceramic industry

Castellón province houses the nucleus of ceramics production in Spain (93%). This nucleus, located around in the villages of Castellón, Villarreal, Alcora and Onda, has gone through a special process of industrial expansion. The emissions, most of them of particulate material, can constitute a real environmental problem. A study designed to identify the crystalline and glassy phases in the depositable particulate material has been carried out by SEM/EDX and X-ray diffraction methods. Quartz, calcite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, and feldspars have been the main crystalline phases identified. The number of spherical morphology particles found in the depositable material is remarkable. The vitreous material found was spherical nodules. Due to the shape, size (1–10 μm), and chemical composition of these particles, they can be excellent tracers of the ceramics industry emissions.The presence of Zn, Ba, or Fe are due to the massive use of these substances as opacifying and pigmentation agents in many ceramics frits and glaze compositions. This fact gives a valuable information that will facilitate the studies guided to obtain important aims such as: toxicology, average size of a particle, formation mechanisms, etc.     

小冰期气候的研究

本文总结分析了近年来国内外对小冰期气候的研究，对亚洲、欧洲、北美、南美、非洲、北极地区及南极洲的各种重建气温序列进行了整理。所有序列均取１０００－１９８９年每５０年的平均值(最后一个仅有４０年)，并统一对近千年平均求距平。发现１７世纪及１９世纪的冷期有很大普遍性。平均比２０世纪后半低１．０℃左右。火山活动与太阳活动(¹⁴Ｃ)指数及平均气温序列的相关系数分别为－０．４９及－０．７３，说明这两个因素可能是小冰期形成的原因。     

Geologic and hydrologic hazards in glacierized basins in North America resulting from 19th and 20th century global warming

Alpine glacier retreat resulting from global warming since the close of the Little Ice Age in the 19th and 20th centuries has increased the risk and incidence of some geologic and hydrologic hazards in mountainous alpine regions of North America. Abundant loose debris in recently deglaciated areas at the toe of alpine glaciers provides a ready source of sediment during rainstorms or outburst floods. This sediment can cause debris flows and sedimentation problems in downstream areas. Moraines built during the Little Ice Age can trap and store large volumes of water. These natural dams have no controlled outlets and can fail without warning. Many glacier-dammed lakes have grown in size, while ice dams have shrunk, resulting in greater risks of ice-dam failure. The retreat and thinning of glacier ice has left oversteepened, unstable valley walls and has led to increased incidence of rock and debris avalanches.     

Mineralogy and micromorphology of chalcolithic and early bronze age Ikiztepe ceramics

The mineralogy and micromorphology of ceramics from the Ikiztepe site (Chalcolithic and Early Bronze) have firing characteristics that indicate low temperature levels and oxidizing conditions. Stress phenomena indicated by cracks most probably indicate a process of shrinkage. Illuviated clay suggests the occurrence of humid periods with vigorous precipitation, pluvials during the Holocene. Provenance of clays used for production of ceramics is determined to be of nearby surface soils.     

Kaolin Deposits of Weathering-Residual in the Coastal Area of Guangdong Province

Kaolin deposits of weathering-residual type make up a large proportion in different types of kaolin depos-its and are widely used in ceramics, electron ceramics, rubber and paper industries. This paper discusses sys-tematically this type of kaolin deposit with respect to their features of occurrence, mineralogical and chemicalcomposition and transformation of minerals during supergene processes, thus providing some basic data forthe rational exploitation and utilization of the kaolin resources.