H+与Cl-缔合作用的进一步探讨

众所周知,在电解质溶液及电化学研究中,人们总是把通常浓度的盐酸和高氯酸当作非缔合电解质[1-6]。近期,继文献[7]报道了用电导法测定Cl-与Na+和K+的缔合常数以后,K.S.Johnson和R.M.Pytkowicz认为H+与Cl-有缔合,他们求算了其化学计量缔合常数,并在其改进的海水化学模型中考虑了H+、Na+、K+与Cl-的缔合作用[8,9]。然而,苏联作者对在海水中形成MgCl+和CaCl+离子对提出了异议[10]。我们用有液界电池电动势法和无液界电池电动势法试图测定HCl°的化学计量缔合常数,根据实验结果着重探讨了H+与Cl-有无缔合的问题。     

海洋化学中的直线自由能关系——Ⅱ.海水中元素的液-固分配

本文第1部分中,我们用一种比较简捷的方法,导出了海洋化学中直线自由能关系。通过海洋化学中若干重要体系的实验数据,验证了海洋化学中直线自由能关系的客观存在。它们是海水元素溶存形式(海水化学模型)中A-Cl,A-OH,A-SO_3,A-CO,A-F等离子对稳定常数之间的直线自由能关系,海水中金属和有机物质(hum)相互作用的稳定常数与海水化学模型的稳定常数之间的直线自由能关系。本文中我们进一步研究海水     

高氯酸水溶液活度系数和水的渗透系数的测定

近代发展的离子选择电极为电化学研究提供了方便,用其组成无液界电池可测定一些电解质溶液的活度系数。通常浓度的高氯酸具有非缔合电解质的性质,它对于电化学溶液理论及电分析化学实验研究均有一定的意义。在海水化学模型专题研究中,曾利用其非缔合性质探讨一些离子的缔合作用。高氯酸的活度系数已有报道,但早期用     

海水中碳酸根与固体粒子的相互作用

本文研究了海水中碳酸根在固体粒子上的吸附。碳酸根在各种因素颗粒物上的吸附程度上大小顺序为：赤铁矿〉δ－ＭｎＯ２〉水锰矿〉ＳｉＯ２,最大吸附量可达到约２ｍｇＣ／ｇ吸附剂,且最大吸附值均在天然海水ｐＨ（ｐＨ８）左右。在低ＰＨ时,碳酸根对ＮａＣｌ介质中砷酸根的吸附没有影响,在高ｐＨ时,则降低了砷酸根在固体颗粒物上的吸附量,因此碳酸根的存在对其他阴离子的吸附会产生竞争作用。     

高氯酸水溶液活度系数和水的渗透系数的测定

近代发展的离子选择电极为电化学研究提供了方便，用其组成无液界电池可测定一些电解质溶液的活度系数。通常浓度的高氯酸具有非缔合电解质的性质，它对于电化学溶液理论及电分析化学实验研究均有一定的意义。在海水化学模型专题研究中，曾利用其非缔合性质探讨一些离子的缔合作用[1]。     

浮游有孔虫壳体重量的古海洋学应用

海洋沉积物中浮游有孔虫壳体重量同时受到上层海洋钙化过程和深海碳酸钙溶解作用的影响，是一种潜在的古海洋代用指标。基于全球大洋表层沉积物的指标现代过程校准，发现当深海碳酸根离子饱和度<20μmol·kg^-1，溶解作用开始显著影响浮游有孔虫壳体重量。易溶种的壳体重量对碳酸根离子饱和度的响应更加敏感，可以作为可靠的深海碳酸根离子饱和度代用指标。当深海碳酸根离子饱和度>20μmol·kg^-1，浮游有孔虫壳体重量可反映其钙化程度。基于该指标的古海洋学研究揭示了冰期旋回中浮游有孔虫钙化过程主要响应海水碳酸盐系统和温度变化；上新世以来太平洋深海碳酸根离子饱和度演化主要受控于海平面、南大洋冰盖/海冰和全球温盐环流变化。浮游有孔虫壳体重量指标为探索海洋碳循环演化提供了有力工具。     

南海东北部海区碳酸钙的饱和面、溶跃面和补偿深度

南海东北部碳酸钙地球化学研究得出:上层海水中方解石饱和度450—550％,文石饱和度250—350％.300m以深下层海水方解石与文石饱和度和深度的对数直线相关.深层水中二氧化碳含量0.03mmo1·dm~-3,碳酸根含量0.094mmol·dm~(-3),碳酸氢根含量2.35mmol·dm~(-3)总二氧化碳2.48mmo1·dm~(-3);方解石的饱和面1630m,溶跃面3000m,补偿深度4600m,文石饱和面435m,补偿深度1000m.     

近十年来我国海洋化学研究的若干进展

本文对近十年来海洋化学的若干新进展作了总结,主要包括下述7方面:(1)海洋调查,包括中国近海、太平洋和南极等;(2)海水中微量元素-固体粒子的相互作用和界面分级离子/配位子交换理论;(3)有机物对液-固界面交换的影响和S-型曲线左右移动规律;(4)海水化学模型发展的三个新趋势;(5)海水中金属的络合容量和金属-天然有机配位体络合物的条件稳定常数;(6)海洋有机化学和海洋生物化学;(7)结论,对海洋化学发展的四个特点作了分析和讨论。     

海水中银-卤化银固溶体参比电极

根据化学海洋学中海水组成保守性和固-液平衡原理,以及海水中银的溶存形式,计算并合成了与天然海水中卤离子呈热力学平衡的卤化银固溶体。以该固溶体作为活性材料制成的全固态银-卤化银电极,对海水中氯离子活度具有理想的Nernst响应。在天然海水中浸泡近四年(1986.1—1989.11)的结果表明,该电极具有良好的化学稳定性和电化学稳定性且不存在电势漂移和光敏现象,是比常规的银-氯化银电极更为理想的参比电极,已成功地用作海洋构筑物阴极保护系统的长寿命参比电极。     

海水中微量元素存在形式的模拟计算

本文用模拟数值方法，引用Ｄａｖｉｅｓ离子强度校正方程和热力学稳定常数，计算了海水中Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ和Ｈｇ的无机和有机络合物的百分比含量，从理论上探讨了重金属化学形式的规律。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.