Cheniers on the east coastal plain of China

Three to four cheniers are found in the coastal areas of the Bohai Sea and west Yellow Sea. They are formed in the sheltered low tidal flat coast with low to medium wave energy, large quantity of fine sediment supply and shells, and a coastal slope of 0.9–3.0 ‰. The Huanghe River played a major role in controlling the chenier development by either providing sediment supply or cutting off the supply through shifting of its course. Cheniers may be used to determine the coastal development and dynamic processes.     

An overview of marine fisheries management in China

China is the world's largest country in terms of fish production, yet its fisheries management is comparatively unknown outside the country. This article gives an overview of the current management system and highlights some of its challenges. In the past 30 years, the Department of Fishery Administration has formulated and organized a series of conservation and management regimes and measures. The most important tools are minimum mesh size regulation and a range of input control measures, including seasonal closures and attempts to control fishing capacity through licensing and limiting total engine power. However, fisheries output is only controlled through a nation-wide total catch limit. Certain progress has been achieved, but there are still problems as the resource situation is poor. While the existing measures could, in principle, improve sustainability, their enforcement is insufficient, and they do not limit fishing effort in a way that would allow recovery.     

ARABESQUE: An overview

This special issue reports the results of ARABESQUE, an UK-led, international programme of upper-ocean biogeochemistry in the Arabian Sea region, conducted during two contrasting seasons. The seasons studied were the waning of the southwest monsoon in August/September and the intermonsoon-northeast monsoon transition in November/December 1994. Biogeochemical studies were carried out along three transects in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. The main ARABESQUE transect, 1590 km in length, lay orthogonal to the southern Oman coast and spanned a range of conditions that encompassed coastal seasonal upwelling through to oceanic aseasonal oligotrophy of the central Arabian Sea. Surface mixed-layer hydrography, PAR, wind speed and direction fields, and research results obtained during the two seasonal studies are summarised in this paper, which also serves as an introductory overview to ARABESQUE.     

Expert systems: An overview

"Expert systems" is a phrase that is widely used in today's literature to describe a technology that provides for emulating human reasoning processes in a computer. This paper attempts to clarify what the phrase expert systems means and briefly describes the underlying technology that is used to implement expert systems.     

Uncertainty and asymmetric information: An overview

This paper provides an overview of the literature on fisheries economics related to uncertainty and asymmetric information. It is argued that uncertainty is relevant in connection with present and future stock sizes and prices, while asymmetric information is important for cost functions, catches, catch per unit of effort, and effort. The literature on uncertainty and asymmetric information can be seen as providing the basis of an argument for using taxes in fisheries management. It is, therefore, surprising that over 55 countries regulate their fisheries with individual quotas, while taxes are not used at all.     

我国淤泥质海岸侵蚀研究现状与展望

系统总结了20世纪80年代以来我国淤泥质海岸侵蚀研究的新进展,着重对现代黄河三角洲、长江三角洲与杭州湾北岸以及苏北废黄河三角洲的侵蚀状况、机理、模式模型、灾害评价及防护对策等进行了综述,展望了今后我国淤泥质海岸侵蚀研究的主要内容,即加强对非周期性事件的野外现场观测及作用评估,加强侵蚀因素的定量研究,提高岸线判别精度,完善并推广数值计算模式模型,加强侵蚀灾害的综合评价等。     

海洋专题制图标准的发展与展望

海洋专题制图标准是规范海洋专题图制作、建立读图者一致认知, 以及实现海洋信息共享的基础。随着我国海洋科 学调查的逐步深入及大量制图成果的涌现, 制图标准化工作越来越受到重视。本文从定义与描述 、获取与处理 、检测与测 试 、成果与服务等 4 个方面梳理了国内外海洋制图标准的发展状况。结果表明： (1) 海洋专题地图的标准化尚待提高, 尤 其是与陆地基本比例尺地形图 、地质图 、航海图标准化相比, 发展较为缓慢; (2) 908 专项及全球变化与海气相互作用专 项在海洋制图标准方面的大力建设, 使得海洋专题要素分类 、表示方法 、图件类型和图面整饰等趋于成熟和一致; (3) 当 前海洋专题制图标准多以定义描述类的图式图例为主, 缺乏处理与分析、表达与管理、检查与评价、输出与共享等全链条的 标准支撑。今后, 除海洋调查、信息化之外海洋制图应加大其他领域如海洋生态、规划、灾害等海洋制图标准的编制, 注重 多要素、多维度、多时序海洋现象和规律的制图表达, 深化地图要素设计认知等方面的研究。     

An overview of SAX99: acoustic measurements

A high-frequency acoustic experiment was performed at a site 2 km from shore on the Florida Panhandle near Fort Walton Beach in water of 18-19 m depth. The goal of the experiment was, for high-frequency acoustic fields (mostly In the 10-300-kHz range), to quantify backscattering from the seafloor sediment, penetration into the sediment, and propagation within the sediment. In addition, spheres and other objects were used to gather data on acoustic detection of buried objects. The high-frequency acoustic interaction with the medium sand sediment was investigated at grazing angles both above and below the critical angle of about 30°. Detailed characterizations of the upper seafloor physical properties were made to aid in quantifying the acoustic interaction with the seafloor. Biological processes within the seabed and the water column were also investigated with the goal of understanding their impact on acoustic properties. This paper summarizes the topics that motivated the experiment, outlines the scope of the measurements done, and presents preliminary acoustics results     

Global trade in fish and fishery products: An overview

Global trade in fishery products plays a significant role in shaping the harvesting and use of fish, and therefore will be an important part of a transition to sustainable fisheries. This article provides an overview of global trade flows in fish and fishery products as well as future trends affecting the sector. It then moves on to review trade policy measures applied in major producing and importing countries, including tariff, non-tariff measures, and fisheries subsidies. It ends with an overview of recent developments in international frameworks governing trade in fish and fishery products at the global, regional and national levels.     

我国海滩养护修复的发展与技术创新

21世纪以来,海滩养护技术开始在我国得到应用并迅速发展。本研究基于对过去十几年来我国海滩养护技术的跟踪与深度研究,通过研读文献、资料收集和数据统计,分析了我国海滩养护发展现状及特征,总结归纳了我国在海滩养护技术方面的创新,最后展望了海滩养护的未来发展并提出了建议。研究发现,我国的海滩养护工程在2005年之前较少,此后快速持续增加;在3种养护目的中,滨海旅游占绝大多数,达61. 7%;修复海滩类型中,人造海滩和修复受损海滩的比例相当,同质养护和异质养护的占比分别为51. 1%和48. 9%;在养护海滩的平面形态中,岬湾形态的占比最高,达43. 6%。结果表明,我国在海滩修复养护技术中取得了一些创新,主要包括强潮海岸、强侵蚀海岸、淤泥质海岸等多种动力条件下的海滩修复理论和理念,以及海滩城市排水优化设计、海滩生态养护潜堤等技术方法。     

Salt Marsh Dieback: An overview of recent events in the US

This paper provides an overview of the marsh dieback events that have been observed along the east and gulf coasts of the U.S. over the past decade. It is likely that some of the recently reported changes in marsh vegetation were affected by physical or biotic disturbances that are known to generate bare areas, such as overgrazing or wrack smothering. Other areas may be experiencing a state change such as that caused by long-term changes in sea level. However, sites in many areas are not readily explained by these causes and are considered to have experienced “sudden dieback.” In such cases, there are observations that the above-ground plant material thinned or browned or, in some cases, failed to re-emerge in the spring; the dieback occurred over a period of months and usually affected multiple sites within the area; and there is evidence that these events are transient (through successful transplants or natural regrowth/recovery), although some areas take years to recover. We explored the potential linkage of dieback with drought (as characterized by the Palmer Severity Drought Index), and found that there is evidence for an association in the southeast (GA and SC) and the Gulf (LA), but not in the mid-Atlantic (DE, VA) or northeast (ME, RI, CT). We also review the evidence for potential causes of sudden dieback, including changes in soil chemistry, fungal pathogens, top–down consumer controls, and multiple stressors. There is currently no single explanation that can be applied to recent dieback. We highlight the need for the development of improved diagnostics that will allow us to better classify dieback areas and provide evidence for (or against) potential causes.     

渤海湾贝壳堤研究现状及意义

贝壳堤是渤海湾西岸、西北岸近五六千年以来成陆过程中的一类重要地质现象。它的发育规模、时间跨度和所包含的地质古环境信息在第四纪地质研究中占有重要的位置。在整理总结前人有关贝壳堤研究的基础上，介绍了贝壳堤研究的现状、方法和意义，并指出了研究中仍需探讨的问题。     

An overview of the Oyashio ecosystem

The Oyashio shelf region and the seasonally ice-covered areas north of Hokkaido are highly productive, supporting a wide range of species including marine mammals, seabirds and commercially important species in the western subarctic Pacific. The fishes include gadids, such as walleye pollock and Pacific cod, and subarctic migratory pelagic fishes such as chum salmon and pink salmon. It is also an important summer feeding ground for subtropical migrants such as the Japanese sardine, Japanese anchovy, Pacific saury, mackerels, Japanese common squid, whales and seabirds. In recent decades, some components of the Oyashio ecosystem (i.e., phytoplankton, mesozooplankton, gadid fish, and subtropical migrants) have shown changes in species abundance or distribution that are correlated with environmental changes such as the 1976/1977 and 1988/1989 regime shifts. The First Oyashio Intrusion moved northward from the mid-1960s until the late 1970s, when it moved southward until the 1980s, after which it returned to the north again after the mid-1990s. The sea-surface temperature in spring decreased after the late 1970s, increased after the late 1980s, and remained high during the 1990s. The extent of ice cover in the Sea of Okhostk also decreased during the latest warming in the 1980–1990s but has increased again since the late 1990s. This and other variabilities affect the Oyashio ecosystem and the surrounding region.     

An overview of Fiji's fisheries development

Development and societal changes in the twentieth century have transformed the nature of fishing in Fiji. This paper attempts to consolidate a large amount of decentralized work on the development of Fijian fisheries to address the long-term sustainability and economic viability of Fiji's marine resources. Taking a broad perspective, this paper provides an overview that connects the historic context of Fiji's fisheries development with economic policy to address overfishing. The analysis highlights the need for an overarching management approach that encompasses the integration of Fiji's offshore and inshore fisheries to ensure the achievement of long-term economic benefits.     

黄河三角洲贝壳堤的锶同位素特征

依据黄河三角洲王子岛海滩潮间带活贝壳、王子岛第 1道贝壳堤和邢家山子第 2道贝壳堤中贝壳样品的锶同位素记录 ,初步探讨渤海湾南部最近 60 0 0多年来海水锶同位素变化特征及其环境意义 ,发现 :①黄河三角洲贝壳堤的贝壳87Sr/ 86Sr变化较大 ,其范围在 0 70 92 1 5± 1 2～0 70 9489± 1 5之间 ,平均值 0 70 93 60 ;Δ87Sr范围在 0 0 2 1‰～ 0 40 8‰之间 ,平均 0 2 2 6‰ ,明显高于现在大洋海水的值。②渤海湾南部 1 5～ 2 0kaBP海水锶同位素87Sr/ 86Sr较目前的低 ,陆源物对渤海湾的输入较目前弱 ,而开阔海域海水对渤海湾的影响较目前强 ;4 5～ 6 0kaBP海水锶同位素87Sr/ 86Sr较 1 5～ 2 0kaBP的低 ,陆源物对渤海湾的输入比 1 5～ 2 0kaBP的还弱 ,而开阔海域海水对渤海湾的影响比 1 5～ 2 0kaBP的还强。③贝壳锶同位素记录了 4次陆源物对渤海湾的强输入事件和两次海退事件。     

Fine-grained sediments in deep water: An overview of processes and facies models

There appears to be a continuum of processes affecting the transport and deposition of fine-grained sediments in the deep sea. This results in a facies continuum within which we can recognize three broadly different facies groups: turbidites, contourites, and pelagites/hemipelagites. Several distinct facies models can be defined for each group on the basis of their chief structural, textural, and compositional attributes.     

The surface chemistry of calcium carbonate minerals in natural waters: An overview

The behavior of carbonates in natural waters is strongly influenced by surface chemistry. Such major aspects of carbonate behavior as the retention of supersaturation in the surface ocean, persistence of metastable phases, and carbonate accumulation in sediments overlain by undersaturated waters have been attributed to processes occurring on carbonate mineral surfaces. Adsorption on carbonate minerals is often strongly influenced by epitaxial considerations and dominated by strong chemical interactions which lead to irreversible behavior. It has been demonstrated for several inorganic ions that their adsorption onto carbonate mineral surfaces can lead to new surface phases, such as apatite and rhodochrosite. A variety of organic compounds have been found to strongly adsorb on carbonate mineral surfaces. However, our understanding of the role of organic matter in natural systems is significantly complicated by the biogenic nature of most marine carbonates.     

黄河三角洲贝壳堤的铅同位素特征

依据黄河三角洲王子岛海滩潮间带活贝壳和黄河三角洲贝壳堤中贝壳样品的铅同位素记录,初步探讨渤海湾南部最近6000多年来海水铅同位素变化特征及其环境意义,发现：①黄河三角洲贝壳堤中贝壳的铅同位素变化较大,^206Pb／^204Pb范围在18．207～18．648之间,平均值18．470;^207Pb／^204Pb在15．36～15．757之间,平均值15．619;^208Pb/^204Pb在37．947～38．945之间,平均值38．599。②渤海湾南部1．5～2．0kaBP海水放射性成因稳定铅同位素^206Pb、^207Pb、^208Pb相对于现在王子岛海滩潮间带海水亏损。③总体上讲,渤海湾南部4．5～6．0kaBP海水放射性成因稳定铅同位素相对于1．5～2．0kaBP的富集。④黄河三角洲贝壳堤中多数贝壳样品的铅同位素分布在海洋沉积物的范围内,但少数样品分布异常,其^206Ph／^204Pb、^207Pb/^204Pb,^208Pb/^204Pb偏低,可能是受陆地或相邻海区的玄武质中铅的输入的影响。     

Fishing for the future: An overview of challenges and opportunities

This paper surveys the current state and major trends in global fisheries; the environmental and social dimensions of fisheries; and explains how the international community has tried to meet the policy challenges associated with oceans and fisheries. The ocean and the freshwater ecosystems of the world make significant contributions to people's well-being via the many vital social and environmental services they provide (for example, food and nutrition, employment and incomes, carbon cycling and sequestration). The impact that the increase in fishing since the 1950s has had on wild fish stocks, and the significant increase in aquaculture production in the 20th century, have resulted in severe environmental impacts. This has significant effects on marine ecosystems and the health of oceans. The erosion of the resource undermines communities' long-term interests, including food security, employment, and income. Attempts by the global community to address challenges of sustainable production by improving the governance and management of fisheries resources range from national management of fisheries resources, to regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) for international fisheries stocks. These attempts have not always successfully met the challenge of balancing current and future use of fisheries.     

An overview of matched field methods in ocean acoustics

A short historical overview of matched-field processing (MFP) is followed by background material in both ocean acoustics and array processing needed for MFP. Specific algorithms involving both quadratic and adaptive methods are then introduced. The results of mismatch studies and several algorithms designed to be relatively robust against mismatch are discussed. The use of simulated MFP for range, depth and bearing location is examined, using data from a towed array that has been tilted to produce an effective vertical aperture. Several experiments using MFP are reviewed. One successfully demonstrated MFP at megameter ranges; this has important consequences for experiments in global tomography. Some unique applications of MFP, including how it can exploit ocean inhomogeneities and make tomographic measurements of environmental parameters, are considered