China and the changing economic geography of coffee value chains

For the past three centuries, the economic geography of the global coffee sector has been characterized by the supply of beans from tropical countries for consumption in North America and Europe, with various modes of value chain coordination enacted by lead firms to ensure reliable and affordable supply. This pattern is now fundamentally changing, with growth in coffee consumption in emerging markets, including China, exceeding that in established markets. But China is not only a growing consumer market, it is less well known that rapidly increasing agricultural production in Yunnan province of southwest China has also inserted the country as an important source region for coffee, and this has been pivotal in facilitating the emergence of Chinese lead firms in the sector. This article presents the emergence of China, and Chinese firms, at a critical juncture for the structure and governance of the global value chain for coffee. The processes through which this is occurring are outlined, and the implications for regional development prospects across Southeast Asia are discussed. We argue that the changing economic geography of coffee value chains, and their increasing driven‐ness by Chinese actors, is starting to reshape the regional coffee industry in profoundly new ways.     

Context and contingency: the coffee crisis for conventional small-scale coffee farmers in Brazil

Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America and the world's leading producer and exporter of coffee. Smallholders are the predominant producers of Brazilian coffee and have been significantly impacted by post-ISI (import substitution industrialisation) neoliberal reforms that swept the nation's agricultural sector beginning in the 1980s. These reforms stimulated increased coffee production while simultaneously diminishing state interventions, including agricultural subsidies, farmer credits, research and development programmes, extension services, and rural development initiatives. These changes were closely followed by major restructuring of the global coffee market and the elimination of international coffee export quotas. Our research joins a growing body of recent literature exploring how changes related to market liberalisation and globalisation affect localities and regions where producers supply coffee for conventional markets. Through a case study, we describe the impacts of neoliberal globalisation on the lives, livelihoods, and environment of small-scale coffee producers in Minas Gerais, Brazil. We explore how neoliberal reform, reflected in the specific historical, geographical, and environmental context of Brazilian coffee production, has resulted in the increased marginalisation of small-scale farmers, the degradation of soils, and overall rural decline.     

Constructing durian terroir and geographical indications in Penang,Malaysia

The tropical fruit durian in Southeast and East Asia has witnessed a surge in popularity in the past two decades to assume the rank of a fetishized commodity. This research investigates the construction of the multidimensional concept of terroir as applied to the durian economy of Penang, Malaysia based on personal interviews with orchard owners and state government officials to strategically embed the local in the global through the promotion of agritourism. While environmental terroir is a contingent dimension, the construction of a place bound cultural terror is anchored in a strong cultivation tradition, cultivar diversity, and a historical sense of community. This research deepens the cultural terroir dimension in two ways. First, it injects the otherwise aspatial concept of refinement to the cultural terroir narratives of orchard owners allowing the on-farm tourist consumption experience to be more geographically rooted. Second, it conceptually links cultural terroir to the marketing terroir instrument of the Balik Pulau geographical indication; while functioning as a governance tool to prevent fraud and to construct a place bound product valorization and differentiation within an expanding and larger scale durian economy, it also indirectly assists in preserving agro-diversity and local identity.     

The Indonesian consumer market for clothing: Institutions, firms and organizational behaviours

The clothing industry is widely cited as an industrial sector that is embedded primarily in buyer-driven structures of global commodity chains in which retailers and brand-name companies, rather than manufacturers, are the key driving forces. Analysis of clothing production systems within the commodity chain literature, however, has been predominantly Western-centric, with little emphasis on similarities and/or differences between competitors in different institutional and societal contexts. Therefore, this paper explores the ways in which international and domestic clothing brand-owners compete for market shares within Indonesia. The analytical focus includes important issues such as the influence of the regulatory policy framework on firm-specific behaviour as well as applied marketing strategies within individual fashion segments.     

能源地缘政治与能源权力研究

围绕油气资源的权力博弈仍然是当今世界最主要的能源权力争夺,但不同时代的能源权力的属性有所不同,能源安全与能源战略内涵也有所不同。论文在系统梳理能源地缘政治基础上,提出了能源权力的概念,并从地缘政治格局、能源安全观、能源网络和全球能源治理4个方面进行了具体阐述。研究认为：① 以能源分布、产销空间变化及其规律性总结是传统能源地缘政治研究的核心,油气资源地理分布的不平衡性是能源权力产生的最直接因素。② 从石油危机时代到未来新能源时代,能源安全观的不同是影响国际能源地缘政治权力变化的重要因素。③ 能源的商品属性和地缘属性决定了能源贸易不仅是经济行为,其空间的流动与国际政治关系密切。生产与消费的分离使得油气二次分配过程中的贸易控制和通道控制对能源权力重构产生重要影响。④ 全球能源权力巨变和复杂错综的能源权力网络将引发全球能源治理体系的新秩序。权力的主体从国家、国际组织、跨国公司转变为全球能源网络中利益共同体,能源治理的主题从一国之利益走向了全球能源权力的再分配过程。展望未来,如何在理论上建构新时代的能源权力的理论体系,深化气候变化和新能源等因素影响下的世界能源权力的演变、地理空间与权力的相互依赖关系、权力秩序的重构及其效应、全球能源治理机制及其治理模式等研究,对科学认知和研判世界能源形势与能源战略的演化具有重要的意义,也是能源地缘政治学研究的重要方向性命题。     

Forecasting the Ethiopian Coffee Price Using Kalman Filtering Algorithm

Ethiopian coffee price is highly fluctuated and has significant effect on the economy of the country. Conducting a research on forecasting coffee price has theoretical and practical importance.This study aims at forecasting the coffee price in Ethiopia. We used daily closed price data of Ethiopian coffee recorded in the period 25 June 2008 to 5 January 2017 obtained from Ethiopia commodity exchange (ECX) market to analyse coffee prices fluctuation. Here, the nature of coffee price is non-stationary and we apply the Kalman filtering algorithm on a single linear state space model to estimate and forecast an optimal value of coffee price. The performance of the algorithm for estimating and forecasting the coffee price is evaluated by using root mean square error (RMSE). Based on the linear state space model and the Kalman filtering algorithm, the root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.000016375, which is small enough, and it indicates that the algorithm performs well.     

云南典型山地乡村农业扶贫的机制与效应研究——以特色经济作物种植为例

农业扶贫是乡村发展与贫困减缓最为关键且重要的研究内容之一。西南山区孕育着独特的自然生态与社会文化,承载了中国传统人地互动的经典实践,同时也是观测国家发展计划实施后人地关系变迁的关键地方。本文以云南丽江高寒山区的玛咖种植与西双版纳热带山地的普洱茶生产为案例,分析并回溯两种特色农业扶贫计划实施的机制与过程,力图呈现并比较特色产业扶贫带来的乡村发展效应。研究发现：① 农业扶贫项目的选择与确立,需要符合“国家—地方”这一对多元尺度层级的社会文化语境与政治经济管治框架。各类经济作物被引进成为山地乡村的产业扶贫项目,得益于中国地缘政治战略、“内地—边疆”的社会文化分异以及地方多元行动者之间的复杂互动;② 农业扶贫使得山地乡村实现了资本下乡、土地利用有效转型,从而达到不同程度的经济资本积累与文化再造,使所在地方农民经历了从市场竞争的被动接受者到主动的市场主体的身份转型;③ 农业扶贫中“扶贫”与“产业”所表征的政治逻辑与市场逻辑之间并非互相矛盾与掣肘,二者在中国乡村发展语境之下得到了有效、协调的互促与兼容。本文为产业扶贫研究提供了来自地理学的新兴视角与反思,对西南边疆地区立足特色产业提振乡村经济亦具有一定的参考价值。     

The evolving agricultural landscape of post-plantation Hawai‘i

Hawai‘i's agricultural landscape was previously dominated by large monocrop plantations of sugar cane and pineapple, but following a sweeping series of plantation closures beginning at the end of the twentieth century, that era has concluded. The last spatial assessment of Hawai‘i's agricultural footprint was completed in 1980, during the active plantation period. Here we present the results of a 2015 statewide assessment of the commercial crop footprint for Hawai‘i, based on World-View 2 satellite imagery and supporting datasets. We analyzed changes relative to the 1980 baseline on both a statewide and regional basis, to better understand how Hawai‘i's agricultural system has evolved in the post-plantation era. Sugar cane and pineapple saw dramatic reductions during this period, collectively losing more acres (257,000) than were planted for all crops combined (152,000) in 2015. Idle plantation lands and past plantation-era investments in irrigation and other infrastructure have created opportunities for other types of agriculture, despite rising land values, new and existing tropical diseases, and other challenges. Seed crops, primarily for genetically modified corn trials, were the second largest crop in 2015 (24,000 acres) despite having no mapped footprint in 1980. Commercial forestry, also absent in 1980, covered 23,000 acres in 2015. Macadamia nut, coffee, and diversified agriculture also all saw significant gains in their footprints, with coffee plantings increasing >250% during this period. Despite these gains, the Hawaiian Islands continue to have an extremely low degree of self-reliance for food production. The Oahu plain, adjacent to the major population center of Honolulu, has the most potential for considerably increasing the production of local produce, but without changes in consumption patterns and significant efforts to protect agricultural land from development, any increases in local food production will continue to be incremental. The post-plantation agricultural landscape in Hawaii is smaller, more diversified, and more nimble than it was in 1980, reflecting inter-island geographic differences in land use, history, and ownership. Mapping and assessing spatial changes in agricultural activity over time can provide valuable insights for decision-makers and communities as they continue to define what agriculture should look like in the post-plantation era. Our results suggest that Hawai‘i's agricultural landscape and overall production capability will continue to contract without substantial changes in policy and practice.     

Site suitability and the analytic hierarchy process: How GIS analysis can improve the competitive advantage of the Jamaican coffee industry

This paper presents a site suitability model for growing coffee in the island of Jamaica and how it can be used to assist the development of the Jamaican coffee industry as it seeks to regain the presence it once had in the specialty coffee market. Home to the Jamaica Blue Mountain coffee – one of the world's most exotic and expensive coffees, the industry has struggled in face of increased competition in the specialty coffee market and increasing costs of production. This decline in competitive advantage has forced stakeholders to seek innovative means to remain viable. This suitability model integrated the perspectives of local coffee stakeholders using the analytic hierarchy process to determine the weights for the biophysical and infrastructure criteria used in the suitability analysis. The results indicated that the most suitable locations for growing coffee in the island were in the mountainous core of central and eastern Jamaica, especially in and around the Jamaica Blue Mountain coffee region and the hills of south-central Jamaica. The results also highlighted areas with limited coffee production potential across the island. This model lays the groundwork for potential applications of the model such as its use in policy making decisions and scenario planning as the industry contemplates the possible impacts of climate change on coffee growing regions across the island. This suitability model promises to be a stepping stone in the creation of novel applications of geospatial technology in agriculture within small islands.     

中国农业类型划分的初步研究

农业类型是系统反映农业分布差异特征的农业生产地域综合体。我国农业生产条件复杂,地域差异显著,类型分布多样。本文按照土地利用、产值结构、集约程度、产出效益、商品化特征和农业自然条件等方面的依据指标,将全国划分为12个一级类和122个二级型。     

干旱绿洲农业区土地利用转型生态环境效应及分异机制——基于三生空间主导功能判别视角

干旱绿洲农业区生态环境脆弱,开展土地利用转型生态环境效应研究能为该区国土空间优化和农业农村可持续发展提供参考依据。论文以张掖市甘州区为例,采用转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数、移动窗口法、生态贡献率及地理探测器模型,对干旱绿洲农业区土地利用转型生态环境效应及分异机制进行研究。结果表明：(1)1990—2020年生产和生活空间持续扩张、生态空间总体减少,结构从“单一农业空间增加”向“转换类型多元化”转变,功能由“生态转生产为主”向“生产与生活、生态与生产多功能相互转换”演变。(2) 1990—2020年土地利用转型生态环境效应总体为正,耕地面积占比较大的村镇质量指数相对较高;其他生态空间向林草水生态、农业生产空间转型的生态正效应最大,林草水生态空间向其他生态、农业生产空间转型的生态负效应最大,2010—2020年农业生产空间过度扩张挤压林草水生态空间引起的生态环境负效应正在显现。(3)人口密度、地均GDP和植被覆盖度是生态环境质量分异的关键因子,降水量、土地开发强度、耕地面积占比和地均水资源量是核心因子;因子交互作用使农业生产空间增加和林草水生态空间压缩权衡博弈产生自适应稳态机制,从而形成了总...     

地理标志保护的研究和经济学分析

在经济发展中,地理标志作为一种区别商品来源并能标识该商品特定品质的标志,其标识功能与经济效益之间存在极为紧密的关联性.中国作为一个具有悠久历史的农业大国,具有悠远的农耕文明,地理标志资源丰富,加强对地理标志的保护,符合我国经济发展的长远利益.从加强地理标志保护具有的现实意义出发,对地理标志保护模式进行经济学分析,并根据我国目前地理标志保护模式中存在的问题提出相应的改进措施,以提高我国地理标志资源保护的效率.     

20世纪90年代以来西方乡村地理研究的主要理论演变与启示

采用Citespace工具和文献归纳方法,系统梳理了20世纪90年代以来西方乡村地理研究的热点及理论发展脉络。在全球化和逆城市化背景下,西方国家乡村地区普遍经历了发展转型与空间分化过程,其研究热点和主要理论发展大致分为3个阶段。20世纪90年代,主要关注于乡村农业去中心化和逆城市化过程,延续20世纪80年代政治经济学的研究范式,围绕农业经济展开的监管理论和根植于浪漫主义运动的乡村田园牧歌式理论主张占主导,受后现代思潮影响兴起了社会文化转向的“他者”研究;进入21世纪,在网络视角转向下,全球尺度的乡村分化及其内在机制的综合研究引起学界关注,研究议题及理论切入主要涉及全球乡村、乡村重构、乡村分化、多功能农业、舒适性迁移和创新理论等;近10 a以来,在全球气候变化和粮食危机背景下,危机下的乡村可持续发展得以较大关注,衍生出可持续生计、社区恢复力、脆弱性、生态经济、生物经济等的概念和理论主张。中国乡村地理的学科发展需集成多学科方法与理论,融合中西方乡村研究的理论与实证成果,以人地关系地域系统理论为核心指导,全面深化从系统的“要素-结构-功能”视角分析乡村生产、生活、生态、经济、社会、文化等多维空间的分化、重构、治理的过程、动力和综合效应及其优化调控机制,发展中国乡村人地关系地域系统理论。     

Chained to Development? Livelihoods and global value chains in the coffee-producing Toraja region of Indonesia

ABSTRACT

A popular rural development strategy in recent years has been through the adoption of what has been widely called a ‘value chain approach’, where improved linkages between small producers in underdeveloped rural communities and ‘lead firms’ constitute the foundations for development interventions. Whilst the global value-chain framework can deliver insights into the broad structural processes shaping livelihood possibilities, the adoption of value chains as a development strategy tends to disregard the complexity of smallholder livelihoods that shape poverty alleviation pathways in different contexts. The relationships between global value chains, development interventions, and rural livelihoods are explored in this article through a case study of smallholder coffee farming in the Toraja region of Indonesia. In this case, value-chain interventions in the coffee sector are unlikely to significantly contribute to improved rural welfare due to the diversified reality of local livelihoods, the nuances of how coffee production is embedded within Torajan culture and economy, and excellent prevailing market opportunities. The livelihood framework, therefore, provides an important corrective for the sometimes excessive optimism presented by advocates of a value-chain approach to rural development.     

耕地细碎化对可持续集约利用的影响机理与治理框架

科学调适耕地细碎现象使其益于耕地可持续集约利用且与环境背景相适应是细碎化治理研究及实践长期努力的目标。从耕地细碎化与耕地可持续集约利用的理论内涵出发,剖析细碎化影响耕地可持续集约利用的理论机理,构建面向可持续集约利用的耕地细碎化“特征—影响—环境”综合治理分析框架,探讨细碎化治理中的关键问题、情景决策机理及空间尺度效应,希冀为优化细碎化治理提供理论借鉴。结果表明：① 耕地细碎化是涵盖资源、空间、利用及权属等多维属性特征的复合体系,对资源利用、农业生产、景观生态等影响广泛且复杂,并通过多尺度全方位、差异性和不确定性、交互式级联传导等作用路径成为影响耕地可持续集约利用的核心和关键。② 耕地细碎化本身并不具备明显的问题/价值倾向,其成为问题或有益的情形和程度取决于其影响及当地自然地理、农业生态、社会经济等环境背景及农业发展定位。③ 以细碎化特征表现为基础,以其对耕地可持续集约利用多维影响为依据,以其与地方环境背景相适应为准则的耕地细碎化“特征—影响—环境”综合治理框架通过解构复杂细碎化情景治理决策中的5个关键问题、两个关系、两个倾向及3级空间尺度互联互通机理,为从多维度、复合视角科学诊断细碎化治理导向、优化治理模式提供新思路,有益于完善细碎化治理体系、促进耕地可持续集约利用。     

Efficient Generation Portfolio Construction Using Time-Varying Correlations

We constructed a procurement portfolio for the Indian power sector using two variants of the dynamic conditional correlation GARCH model to derive time-varying correlations between major coal indices. We used prices and qualities of observed cargos to adjust indices for quality gaps as well as for freight costs and power plant efficiency factors. Using the relative homogeneity of the energy content of imports from Australia, South Africa, and Indonesia, we found that the regional seaborne market is highly correlated during normal economic conditions, while suffering brief departures in correlation during demand and supply shocks. Our results show that the buying behavior of power producers is aligned with the mean-variance efficient portfolio of delivered prices using time-varying correlation estimates, but not free-on-board coal index prices. This study challenges the notion that thermal coal importers only source material with a freight price advantage and highlights the importance of coal quality gaps in power production.     

吉林省农产品电子商务生态系统构建策略研究

基于吉林省农产品电子商务的发展现状,借助商业生态系统理论,构建了吉林省农产品电子商务生态系统理论模型框架,提出吉林省农产品电子商务生态系统主要包括核心物种、关键物种、支持物种、寄生物种、外围物种和外部环境等6个物种,物种间相互作用构成了3种商域：交易域、服务域和环境域,在此基础上进一步探讨系统内因子作用机制。根据吉林省农产品电子商务生态系统发展特点,提出如下建议：扶植农产品电商平台龙头企业、在农村培育电商的“创业能人”、投资兴建农产品电商产业园区、加大对于农村信息网络建设等构建策略。     

跨界生产网络的组织治理模式——以苏州地区信息电子业台商为例

以最近8年内在苏州地区投资设厂的信息电子业台商为例,分析其本地集聚的供应链的企业间交易关系的本质和组织网络的治理模式,以探讨全球生产网络的地域性集聚的经济地理意义,以及企业组织间的治理结构对地方发展的影响。指出这一轮信息电子业台商的跨界投资基本上强化台湾代工厂商与品牌大厂之间的策略性合作,然而台商生产网络的跨界扩展也交织着企业组织间的权力运作,导致生产网络的治理模式发生改变并形成了空间集聚的动力。研究显示,从全球生产网络的厂商间交易治理结构出发的分析视角有助于理解区域发展的机会与限制,而就发展中国家由全球生产网络之跨界转移所形成的新工业空间而言,经济地理学所强调的厂商间具有地理邻近特征的"互赖性"并不能脱离全球商品链所内含的不对称权力关系。     

论乡村空间治理与城乡融合发展

构建现代乡村治理体系成为推动城乡融合发展和乡村振兴的重要内容。破解乡村空间利用过程中出现的发展空间受限、权属关系不明和组织体系不畅等系统性问题,成为乡村空间治理的首要任务。本文从乡村空间“物质—权属—组织”综合治理的视角出发,尝试解析乡村空间治理在推动乡村空间重构、权属关系重塑和组织体系重建中的作用机制,并进一步探讨乡村空间治理优化城乡格局、改善城乡互动关系、推动城乡融合发展的可行路径。结论如下:物质空间治理可作为乡村空间结构和功能优化的重要手段,空间权属治理有助于保障乡村空间不同参与主体的发展权利,空间组织治理可提升乡村空间的组织效率;乡村空间治理导向的“人口—土地—产业”转型过程为“深化空间治理—活化乡村空间—优化人地关系—改善城乡格局”的分析思路创造条件;乡村空间治理推动城乡发展格局不断演化,城乡互动关系改善成为推动城乡融合发展和破解乡村发展困境的重要依据。最后,本文构建了乡村空间治理与城乡融合发展互动分析框架,并探讨了乡村空间治理与国土空间规划的内在关系及研究趋势。     

1961-2013年全球橡胶生产时空演变特征

橡胶生产关乎国计民生,特别是天然橡胶,其与钢铁、石油、煤炭并称四大工业原料,为重要的战略物资。本文基于FAO橡胶数据库,从全球、区域、国家等层次定量分析了1961-2013年全球橡胶生产的时空格局及其演变特征,探讨了影响橡胶产量的主要因素。结果表明：①从时间格局上看,1961年以来全球橡胶总产增速较快,总体呈上升趋势;橡胶主要生产国(主产国)产量占全球的90%以上,并存在明显的阶段性增长特征。②就空间格局而言,橡胶生产具有明显的地域集中性,主产国集中分布在亚洲特别是东南亚,其中以泰国、马来西亚和印尼最为集中,但其产量差异显著并有进一步扩大趋势。③种植面积是主产国橡胶产量的主要影响因子;少部分国家(如中国、泰国)受橡胶单产水平的影响明显。④全球橡胶生产由传统“三巨头(泰国、马来西亚和印尼)”向“双核(泰国和印尼)”集聚,东南亚主产国橡胶林由海岛国家向中南半岛扩展,且中南半岛发展势头强劲,已成为全球橡胶主产区中的优势产区。