扬子克拉通古大陆边缘Mo同位素特征及对有机埋藏量的指示意义

通过对扬子克拉通古大陆边缘不同时期沉积岩的Mo同位素进行测定,结合Mo微量元素组成,对古大陆边缘Mo的自生作用规律进行了研究,并根据Mo丰度对原始有机碳堆积速率进行了计算.结果表明,其原始有机碳堆积速率在0.17～0.67mmol/m2/day之间.利用已建立的现代大陆边缘δ98Mo与有机碳埋藏速率模型,对该区不同时期沉积岩的有机碳埋藏速率进行恢复.结果表明,扬子克拉通显生宙不同时期沉积岩的有机碳埋藏速率有较大的变化范围(0.43～2.87mmol/m2/day),并与原始有机碳堆积速率具有明显的相关性,因此,δ98Mo有可能成为评价有效烃源岩的潜在指标.     

广东湛江陨击混杂堆积层的发现及其意义

通过野外地质调查和取样分析,首次在广东湛江地区中更新统早期的北海组地层中发现了一层罕见的陨击混杂堆积层,它是陨击作用下的特殊产物,是北海组含砾砂、粘土质砂在陨击高温作用下烧结、抛射堆积而形成的。陨击混杂堆积层主要分布在湛江坡头的部分地区,有的出露地表,有的为第四系所覆盖,厚度大约为0·1~4m。陨击混杂堆积层中共生玻璃陨石(雷公墨)。陨击混杂堆积层中的击变岩砾石与原岩相比较,Si O2的含量明显减少,Fe2O3的含量明显增加,其他化学成分及含量与原岩近于一致。陨击混杂堆积层的发现可能对澳大利亚—东南亚微玻璃陨石场陨击源坑的寻找和探讨该期玻璃陨石和微玻璃陨石与靶岩之间的关系有重要意义。     

半干旱区沼泽沉积剖面特征元素比值及其物源、氧化还原变化信息

沼泽发育过程中堆积的各类沉积物真实地记录了区域环境演变与沼泽发育过程。以霍林河下游漫流区--向海沼泽湿地为研究对象,由¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb法定年实现沉积层深度坐标向年代坐标的转换,对其典型沉积剖面特征元素比值进行了综合剖析。结果表明：稳定元素对比值Ti/Al是判断不同沉积物来源是否一致的较好指标。剖面上下Ti/Al比值在一定层序的波动变化表明物源的波动性,洪水成因可能性较大。综合比较,V/(V+Ni)比值用于沼泽湿地缺氧沉积环境的判别标准可靠性较好。贫氧环境是向海沼泽湿地主要特征之一,其次是缺氧或含氧环境,各环境之间频繁振荡,体现了内流河下游半干旱区沼泽地表水周期和干湿环境转换频繁的特征。     

Sedimentation in epithermal veins of the Bohemia mining district,Oregon, USA: Interpretations and significance

Open spaces in epithermal veins of the Bohemia mining district, Oregon, USA, filled with sediments during hydrothermal activity. These sediments consist mainly of chalcedony, rock fragments, and vein quartz fragments. In addition, hematite is deposited during stage three of the vein development. Observed sedimentary features include draping laminae, erosion surfaces, slumping, and graded bedding. Such sediments can be used for reconstruction of the original orientation of vein systems, because the sediment laminae are initially deposited horizontally. Vein sediments record variations in fluid flow due to self-sealing, fracturing, and cessation of hydrothermal activity. Investigation of vein sediments therefore provides an additional tool to unravel the geologic history of epithermal systems. The chalcedonic vein sediments record large temperature drops and highly silica supersaturated waters, probably due to fracturing and pressure release. Hematitic vein sediments indicate sulfide deficient hydrothermal fluids.     

基于数学模型的陕西黑河水源区植被过滤带效果评估

为探讨运用数学模型进行植被过滤带效果评估的方法,以陕西黑河水源区为例,通过植被过滤带水文及泥沙输移模型,分析了植被过滤带的带宽及坡度对入流泥沙净化效果的影响,确定适宜的植被过滤带设置方法,并采用污染负荷~泥沙关系法对植被过滤带的流域非点源污染负荷削减效果进行估算。结果表明:草地植被过滤带带宽以3~5 m为宜,且应设置于坡度小于60°的河岸岸坡;在黑河水源区内的可设带区域全部设置植被过滤带后,将削减泥沙负荷的21.7%,TP负荷的12.4%和TN负荷的14.3%,植被过滤带能够在黑河水源区的水质保护中起到重要作用。     

The distribution and source of organic matter in reservoir sediments

The bottom sediments of two reservoirs, one with significant river sediment input and one without, were analyzed for organic matter content. Lake Texoma sediments average 1.0% organic carbon, of which 0.26% organic carbon is deposited by the river sediments of the Red and Washita River deltas. In Fort Gibson reservoir, where there is minimal river sediment input, the organic carbon averages 1.2% and is deposited with a strong correlation to water depth (+0.9). There is a significant difference between the C/N ratio of Lake Texoma sediments (11.5) and Fort Gibson sediments (9.6). The higher C/N ratio is suggested to be a result of the larger input of terrestrial plant debris (with a high original C/N ratio) by the rivers draining into Lake Texoma and the relatively high resistance of the lignin material in the plant debris to decomposition in the reservoir sediments.     

The upper Hawasina nappes in the central Oman Mountains: stratigraphy,palinspastics and sequence of nappe emplacement

Abstract

In the Oman mountains, a succession of sedimentary decollement nappes, the Hawasina nappes, is sandwiched between the Samail ophiolite nappe and its underlying melange and the “autochthonous” sequences of the Arabian platform. The sediments of the Hawasina nappes document the Mesozoic evolution of the northeastern Arabian continental margin and the adjacent Tethys Ocean. In earlier paleogeographic reconstructions, based on simple telescoping of the tectonic units, the upper Hawasina nappes represent the distal part and the lower nappes the proximal part of the margin. New stratigraphic data suggest a revision of the paleogeography and a more complex model for nappe emplacement in the central Oman mountains. The lower Hawasina nappes with their Jurassic and Cretaceous base of slope and basin sediments (Hamrat Duru, Wahrah) form the original cover of part of the upper Hawasina nappes. In the latter (Al Ayn, Haliw), Triassic pelagic sediments, locally overlain by massive sandstone successions are preserved. Complete Mesozoic sequences with pelagic Cenomanian sediments as youngest dated elements are found in the highest Hawasina units (Al Aridh and Oman Exotics). The stratigraphic data indicate polyphase thrusting in the central Oman mountains. Downward propagation of thrusting in front of the Samail is responsible for cutting the original stratigraphie sequence into a number of thrust-sheets, involving successively older and more external formations. This kind of thrust propagation eventually leads to the observed superposition of originally lower stratigraphie units onto their original cover. Regional deformation of the nappe contacts in post-nappe culminations (J. Akhdar, Saih Hatat) is related to ramp-flat-systems in the Arabian foreland.     

The role of diagenetic carbonate concretions in the preservation of the original sedimentary record

The Upper Cretaceous organic rich limestones and marls of the Tarfaya basin of southwest Morocco contain numerous calcite concretions, which formed during early diagenesis. Relative textural similarities are observed both in the concretions and in the host sediments. However, the biological content of the concretions is considerably higher than in the host marls and limestones. Evidence for fossil dissolution in the host marls, and the absence of concretions in some fossil-rich zones, suggest that the difference in fossil abundance between the concretions and host rock is a function of dissolution, rather than preferential precipitation in fossil-rich areas. Consequently, the carbonate concretions appear to represent the 'memory' of the sediment and allow quantification of the original biological components and are potential tools for estimating the original biological material deposited in the soft sediments.     

基于BP神经网络的稳定湖相和风成沉积物粒度数据表征方法

沉积物的形成受到多种地质因素的综合控制。通过粒度分析可判别沉积物的成因类型,推断其形成的沉积环境,解释环境演变;而沉积物的粒度组分除了受到原岩的控制外,还受到机械沉积作用的影响难以准确预测。运用人工神经网络对稳定湖相沉积物和风沉积物的粒度参数进行研究,将沉积物的4个粒度参数作为网络模型的输入变量,在对168个浙闽沿海迎风岸风成老红砂样品和282个苏贝淖湖滨湖泊沉积物样品所对应的粒度参数进行数据样本训练之后,获得了基于BP神经网络的稳定湖相和风沉积物预测模型。然后利用448个大树摆鱼湖相沉积物粒度参数样本和100个兰州榆中黄土风沉积物粒度参数样本作为测试样本对该模型进行了测试和验证,结果显示模型的可靠性较好,能够对沉积物的形成环境做出正确的判断。     

Effect of source width and tidal elevation changes on aeolian transport on an estuarine beach

Data from a moderate energy, meso-tidal beach on the east side of Delaware Bay, New Jersey, USA, revealed the significance of both beach width as a source for aeolian transport and the effect of tidal rise on source width. Wind speeds averaged over 17·1 min, recorded 6 m above the crest of a 0·5 m high dune, ranged from 11·6 to 12·7 m s^?1 during the experiment. The highest observed rate of transport on the beach was 0·0085 kg m^?1 s^?1, monitored at rising low tide when the average wind speed was 11·6 m s^?1 across 0·35 mm diameter surface sediments. The wind direction was oblique to the shoreline, creating a source width of 34 m. The reduction in the width of the beach as a source for aeolian transport during rising tide was approximately arithmetic, whereas the reduction in volume of sediment trapped was exponential. Aeolian transport effectively ceased when source width was less than 8 m. Wind conditions, moisture content of the surface sediments and presence of binding salts did not appear to vary dramatically, and no coarse grained lag deposit formed on the surface of the beach. The decrease in rate of sediment trapped through time in the tidal cycle is attributed to differences in source width. Sediment deposited in the litter behind the active beach by strong winds during the rising tide was eroded during the high water period by the high waves and storm surge generated by these winds, and net losses of sediment were observed despite initial aeolian accretion.     

震旦系陡山沱组磷块岩的成岩作用和成岩环境

本文重点讨论了磷块岩的成岩作用及其与沉积环境的联系,进而提出了磷块岩成岩环境的五个序列。各成岩自然序列,具有各自独岩的成岩作用特点,代表着不同成岩作用环境。不同成岩环境又与不同的磷酸盐相和沉积环境有关,且在很大程度上依赖于原始沉积及其环境的发展和演化。 探讨磷块岩成岩作用必须考虑到成岩作用发生过程的地质历史演化和条件,必须联系其环境背景。     

NEW DATA ON THE STRATIGRAPHY OF MESOZOIC SEDIMENTS IN THE WESTERN TRANSBAIKAL REGION

Continued mineral exploration in western Transbaikal has resulted in further stratigraphic investigation of Mesozoic sediments in that area. Martinson, on the basis of fauna collected, assigned the Gusino-Ozersk bituminous shales to the middle of the Lower Cretaceous. Stratigraphically and paleontologically, the shales, containing a large number of phyllopods, insects, and fish, resemble transitional Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Mongolian sediments. It is possible that the boundary between the Jurassic and Cretaceous in this region is not a line, but a transitional zone of apparently small width. --G. E. Denegar.     

Molybdenum isotope composition from Yangtze block continental margin and its indication to organic burial rate

The paper presents the molybdenum isotope data, along with the trace element content, to investigate the geochemical behavior of authigenic Mo during long-term burial in sediments in continental margin settings of the Yangtze block, as well as their indication to the burial of original organic carbon. The burial rate of original organic carbon was estimated on the basis of the amount of sedimentary sulfur (TS content), whilst the carbon loss by aerobic degradation was estimated according to calculated Mn contents. On these points, the original organic carbon flux was calculated, exhibiting a large range of variation (0.17–0.67 mmol/m²/day). The strong correlation between sedimentary Mo isotope values and organic carbon burial rates previously proposed on the basis of the investigations on modern ocean sediments, was also used here to estimate the organic carbon burial rate. The data gained through this model showed that organic carbon burial rates have large variations, ranging from 0.43–2.87 mmol/m²/day. Although the two sets of data gained through different geochemical records in the Yangtze block show a deviation of one order of magnitude, they do display a strong correlation. It is thus tempting to speculate that the Mo isotope signature of sediments may serve as a tracer for the accumulation rate of original organic carbon in the continental margin sediments. __________ Translated from Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2007, 32(6) [译自: 地球科学—中国地质大学学报]     

Morphological characteristics and development of coastal nabkhas, north-east Kuwait

The coastal aeolian nabkhas, in Kuwait, are mostly elongated, with an average length of about 10 m, an average width of 3.7 m, and an average height of 0.65 m. The horizontal component of the nabkha dune (HC: the mean of the length and width of nabkha dune), developed around Nitraria retusa, was measured and compared with the height of the shrub. A second-polynomial function was found to best fit the set of data. The fitting identified three trends of the development of the nabkhas. Initially, as the height of shrubs (H) increases, the HC increases linearly until it reaches approximately 10 m. When H exceeds 2 m, the effect of shrub height becomes ineffective in trapping more sediments; that is, reaching an equilibrium condition, before a decrease in shrub height effectiveness occurs. Sediments of the nabkha crest and wings, left and right sides, are subjected to high energy winds, and therefore, they are generally coarser and better sorted than those of the tail or the nose. Minor differences are noted in the textural characteristics and the mineral composition of nabkha sediments and those of other aeolian landforms found in upwind nabkha field; this indicates that the sediments were derived from the nearby sources.     

从沉积速率和沉积物粒度看冰后期海侵以来珠江三角洲西江大鳌沙的形成

大鳌沙处于珠江三角洲西江河口的近口段,洪季西江河口的潮区界西线在其顶端附近。冰后期海侵以来,大鳌沙顶端的PRD05和中部的PRD04两个钻孔的沉积速率和沉积物粒度有着极大的差别。7 630 a BP以前,PRD04孔的沉积速率小于PRD05孔的沉积速率;但7 630 a BP以来,PRD04孔的沉积速率大于PRD05孔的沉积速率。从粒度分析看,埋深12.28 m以下,PRD04孔沉积物比PRD05孔的粗,分选性比PRD05孔的差;埋深12.28 m以上,PRD04孔的沉积物比PRD05孔的细,分选性相对比PRD05孔的好。分析表明,9 000～4 200a BP, 沉积物由南（中部）向北（顶部）输运,涨潮流冲蚀老沉积物,在喷出磨刀门通道后,流速迅速降低,粗颗粒泥沙先沉积,而细颗粒泥沙被涨潮流搬运至更北的区域沉积。近3500年以来,河流动力占优势,沉积物由北（顶部）向南（中部）输运。大鳌沙的形成与涨潮射流密切相关。涨潮射流口的位置在蛇地山和右岸纵向山地之间,宽约2200 m。     

New Method to Obtain Quantified Data on Color of Marine Sediments

Doklady Earth Sciences - A new method of quantitative determination of color using an original photodevice is presented for marine sediments, which are a specific geological object. The advantages...     

Heavy metals in sediments of the rhine and elbe estuaries: Mobilization or mixing effect?

On their way from the Rhine estuary into the North Sea and Dutch Wadden Sea, Rhine sediments “lose” large portions of their original heavy metal concentrations. Until now these losses were explained by a mobilization process, solubilization — the decomposition products of organic matter form soluble organometallic complexes with the metals of the sediment. Our investigations of the sediments of the Elbe clearly indicate that a mixing process, whereby highly polluted Elbe sediments mix with relatively non-polluted North Sea sediments, rather than solubilization, is the cause of the dilution of heavy metals in the sediments of the Elbe estuary. Because of the similarity of the Elbe data with those from the Rhine River, we propose that a mixing process is also effective in the Rhine estuary and adjacent North Sea areas. The mechanism by which heavy metals are “diluted” is important to the marine ecosystem. In the mixing process proposed in this paper, the heavy metals fixed to the suspected material are trapped in bottom sediments of the marine environment, whereas solubilization would increase the concentration of heavy metals in the sea water and thus they would be more available for uptake by aquatic organisms.     

An experimental approach to the palynology of cave deposits

Surface sediment, speleothems, and bat guano from two adjacent, topographically different cave sites in eastern Spain have been studied palynologically to elucidate the potential of cave sediments for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. A cave opening with a large entrance and constant width presented far fewer problems of alteration in the pollen assemblages than a sac‐like cave opening with a constricted entrance. Pollen concentration is linked primarily to the amount of pollen input rather than to the result of post‐depositional alteration. Sampling should be undertaken away from parietal and rear areas and avoiding moisture zones. Lateral differences in the pollen spectra indicate that sampling should be on the basis of a multiple‐profile approach and selection of dry rather than wet sediments. If these procedures are followed, within‐cave sediments can realistically reflect not only local but also regional vegetation of the site. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochemistry of trace element in carbonaceous sediments from recent seas and oceans

Published and original data on the contents of 50 elements in carbonaceous sediments from seas (Black, Baltic, and Caspian) and fertile oceanic shelves (shelves of Namibia, Peru, Chile, and California) are generalized. The comparison of these results with the average composition of ancient carbonaceous shales reveals both similarities and differences in the distribution of indicator trace elements (Re, Hg, Se, Ag, Cd, Tl, U, Mo, As, Ni, and Zn). Correlation coefficients were analyzed to determine the characteristic element associations. It is established that oceanic carbonaceous sediments are closer in composition to carbonaceous shales than their marine analogues, which is related to the differences in sedimentation conditions, including hydrological, hydrochemical, and biogeochemical factors. The role of anoxic environment in the accumulation of chalcophile elements in sediments is estimated. The comparison of the contents of some mobile trace elements in oceanic water and carbonaceous sediments of modern oceans demonstrates that the water composition affects the composition of carbonaceous sediments and can be used for deciphering the composition of ancient ocean water.     

n-Paraffins in the sediments and in situ fossils of the Lake Turkana Basin,Kenya

Residual hydrocarbons were extracted from a number of vertebrate fossils and their surrounding sediments collected at six sites in the Plio-Pleistocene sediments of paleo-Lake Turkana in northern Kenya. Gas chromatographic separation of these alkane fractions showed three recognizable suites of hydrocarbons, a C-15 to C-19 group derived from algae, a C-20 to C-30 group with no odd/ even preference derived from microbial action on soil organics, and a C-21 to C-35 group with high odd/even preference derived from plant waxes. No alkanes identifiable as being derived from the original animal fats were observed. The plant wax alkanes and microbial hydrocarbons were nearly ubiquitous, in sands, silts, clays and the fossils. The algal hydrocarbons, on the other hand, were found only in the sands and silts. There were no consistent differences between the hydrocarbon content of the fossils and the surrounding sediments. There were great local variations in alkane distribution, but no patterns were discernible. The total hydrocarbon content of these arid region sediments is almost vanishingly small compared to sediments in more temperate climates.