Acclimatory responses to high-salt stress in Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae) from Antarctica

Antarctic ice microalga can survive and thrive in channels or pores containing high salinity in Antarctic ice layer. In this study, it was found that cell membrane permeability of green microalga Chlamydomonas sp. L4 from Antarctic sea ice was high in cells treated with hypersalinity due to the induction of active oxygen and radicals. However, increased super oxide dismutase (SOD) scavenged harmful free radicals effectively to keep cell membrane integrity. Also, the analysis of membrane fatty acids demonstrated the content of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids increased and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased under the high-salt treatment for 14 d, which effectively reduced the membrane fluidity and minimized the injury to cell membrane. The morphological changes showed that hypersalinity induced the increase of cell volume and the consumption of starch granules. However, because of the increase in detoxification of vacuoles, electron-dense deposits and SOD activity under high-salt stress, the complete noninterference thylakoids, mitochondria and cell nucleus maintained cellular fundamental metabolism. Global-expression profiling of proteins showed eight protein spots disappeared, 18 protein spots decreased and 18 protein spots were enhanced after the high-salt shock obviously (P<0.05). One new peptide (pI 6.90; MW 51 kDa) was primarily confirmed as the processor of light reaction center protein CP43 in photosystem Ⅱ, which increased photosynthesis ability of Chlamydomonas sp. L4 treated with high salinity.     

4种南极冰藻的生化组成对UV - B辐射增强的响应

实验室人工模拟南极UV—B辐射环境，对南极冰藻的生化组成变化进行了测定和分析，结果表明．UV—B辐射增强(70μW／cm^2)后，4种南极冰藻的总蛋白含量显著减少，其中脯氨酸、羟脯氨酸等6种氨基酸增加，谷氨酸、缬氨酸等减少；总脂含量明显增加，绿藻增加30％以上，硅藻增加超过15％；饱和脂肪酸含量降低，不饱和脂肪酸含量增加，并且产生了一些新的不饱和脂肪酸；Mg、Na和Al元素的含量显著降低，而Fe、Ca、Zn、Mn等含量却明显增加。总体来说，4种南极冰藻的灰分含量显著下降，有机成分明显增加。表明了南极冰藻对UV—B增强的积极响应．能调整自身对强辐射环境的适应性，这为深入研究冰藻对南极强辐射环境的适应性提供了科学依据。     

南极绿藻中类菌胞素氨基酸对UV-B胁迫的响应

南极上空臭氧层的破坏导致了紫外辐射日益增强,高强度的UV-B辐射会造成细胞中DNA的损伤,影响蛋白质、脂类和色素的代谢过程。生长在南极的绿藻具有一系列防御机制以应对增强的UV-B辐射,其中类菌胞素氨基酸(Mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs)是一类重要的紫外防御物质。为探究类菌胞素氨基酸对UV-B辐射的响应,本文以南极冰藻(Chlamydomonassp.ICE-L)、针丝藻(Raphidonema nivale Lagerheim, NIES-2290)和胶球藻(Coccomyxa subellipsoidea E.Acton, NIES-2166)三种生活在南极的绿藻为材料,采用UV-B辐射胁迫(强度0.35 W/m~2,短时处理3 h),并通过液相色谱-质谱联用法检测类菌胞素氨基酸的种类和含量的变化。Mycosporine-glycine为三种南极绿藻中共有的MAAs,在UV-B辐射胁迫下三种南极绿藻中Mycosporine-glycine含量变化不尽相同,表明不同的南极绿藻中MAAs对UV-B辐射的响应各有其特性。首次在绿藻(南极冰藻和胶球藻)中检测到Gadusol。Gadusol作为MAAs的合成前体,它的合成积累使得生活在海冰环境的南极冰藻和胶球藻具有良好的抗UV-B辐射能力。其中南极冰藻抗紫外能力最强,这可能得益于不同MAAs间的动态转化,含量升高的Palythine及Usujirene/Palythene可能对南极冰藻的紫外屏蔽起着至关重要的作用。     

UV-B辐射对2种海洋微藻的生理效应

应用同位素标志法 ,研究了 UV- B辐射增强对三角褐指藻、扁藻核酸和蛋白质合成动态的影响。结果表明 ,三角褐指藻对 UV- B辐射增强的耐受性高于扁藻 ;UV- B辐射增强抑制扁藻的生长和 DNA的合成 ;低剂量的 UV- B辐射刺激三角褐指藻的生长和 DNA的合成 ;高剂量则表现出抑制作用。同时 ,随着 UV- B辐射的增强 ,2种海洋微藻 RNA和蛋白质的合成速度下降 ,其中扁藻合成速度的下降幅度明显大于三角褐指藻 ,表明三角褐指藻 RNA和蛋白质的合成对 UV- B辐射增强的敏感性低于扁藻。     

The inventory and chemical characterization of dissolved proteins in oceanic waters

One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) were applied to separate protein molecules in dissolved organic matter (DOM) from oceanic waters. Results were: (1) The 2-DE distinguished a total of 412 protein spots in 10 samples from five water columns over the Pacific, although fewer than 30 proteins were resolved as bands from the identical samples by SDS-PAGE. (2) Major and ubiquitous protein bands (34 and 39 kDa proteins) on the SDS-PAGE gel were resolved into horizontally spread arrays (trains) of spots on the 2-DE gels, indicating that these bands were a mixture of protein species that have the same molecular weight (MW) but different isoelectric points (pIs). (3) Proteins that exhibited such electrophoretic patterns on the 2-DE gels were glycosylated with variable linkages between the sugar and polypeptide chains. (4) N-terminal amino-acid sequencing demonstrated that individual spots within each train of spots had identical N-terminal amino-acid sequences.The N-terminal amino-acid sequences of the 39 and 34 kDa glycoprotein spots in samples collected at different sites were also identical. Protein isoforms with the same amino-acid sequence but different glycosylation profiles, termed glycoforms, were often observed on the 2-DE gel. Thirty-one and 24 spots on the 2-DE gels were glycoforms of two glycoproteins with MWs of 39 and 34 kDa, respectively; they were one protein species. The glycoforms of the 39 kDa protein were identified as a low molecular weight alkaline phosphatase (L-AP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by a homology search through five amino-acid sequence databases. The present and earlier work indicates that all identified source organisms of dissolved proteins belong to the Pseudomonas group. We propose the hypothesis that proteins associated with membrane vesicles liberated from a minor member of the bacterioplankton assemblage, the marine Pseudomonas group, are one of the important sources of dissolved proteins in oceanic waters. This hypothesis may apply to the source pathway and survival not only of proteins and also to the universally occurring bacterial peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide components in DOM.     

紫外辐射对南极棕囊藻细胞DMSP合成和DMS释放率的影响

在不同紫外辐射波段下,南极棕囊藻(Phaeocystis antarctica)细胞的生长率、叶绿素a、细胞内DMSP含量和DMS释放量变化的测定结果表明;UV-B对南极棕囊藻细胞生长率和叶绿素a含量有抑制效应,UV-B还可加快DMSP分解成DMS和丙烯酸的分解速率,而UV-A对该藻细胞的DMSP合成有强烈的抑制效应。鉴于在每年春季极地海洋浮游植物繁殖期间,南极棕囊藻在南极海冰带海洋浮游植物种群结构中占有的优势地位,以及该藻是极地海洋浮游植物中DMS的主要释放者,推测南极“臭氧空洞”所增加的紫外辐射可能会对南极海域的DMS释放率产生一定的影响。     

Effect of UV-B radiation on the feeding behavior of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Effect of UV-B radiation on the feeding behaviour of marine zooplankton is important to assessing the health harm of marine ecosystem due to the gradually enhanced UV-B radiation in air. However, there are a few studies on this topic. The feeding behavior of the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, under the treatment of UV-B radiation on five species of microalgae, i.e., Chlorella sp., Tetraselmis chuii, Isochrysis galbana Park 8701, Chaetoceros muelleri Lermumerman, and Nitzschia clostertum, was studied. The results showed that the filtering and feeding rates of the rotifer decreased significantly with the dose increase of UV-B radiation when fed with five species of microalgae respectively (P<0.05) which indicates UV-B radiation inhibits the feeding activities of the rotifer on microalage. The mixed culture experiments shows the rotifer preferred to feed Chlorella sp., then C. muelleri,I. galbana, N. clostertum and T. chuii in turn if without UV-B radiation. Under the highest dose of UV-B radiation treatment (2.70 kJ/m2), the rotifer preferred to feed C. muelleri, then Chlorella sp., N. clostertum, I. galbana and T. chuii in turn. Chlorella sp., I. galbana and C. muelleri became the more favorite foods of the rotifer while T. chuii and N. clostertum became less favorite foods. The change of feeding rate and feeding selectivity of zooplankton driven by the enhanced UV-B radiation will lead to the change in the structure of phytoplankton community.     

The study on highly expressed proteins as a function of an elevated ultraviolet radiation in the copepod, Tigriopus japonicus

The objective of the study was to analyze constantlyhighly expressed proteins as a function of elevated midultraviolet (UVB, 280?C315 nm) radiation in Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato (T. japonicus s.l). We also analyzed associations between kinetics of radiation avoidance, measured as a covered distance per time unit, and highly expressed proteins. The obtained results indicate an increase in T. japonicus s.l. mobility between the control (no radiation) and mild UV radiation levels (15 kJ·m^?2). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-MS-MS resulted in 2D protein map comprising of 686 protein spots, of which 19 were identified as highly expressed proteins across all experimental conditions. Obtained results indicate that calpain, vitellogenin, and collagenase are housekeeping protein that are expressed at a constant level independently of environmental changes and that adoption of a locomotive system for the avoidance of a UV source may be, at least partially, supported by hepatopancreas-driven metabolism.     

Similarity of electrophoretic dissolved protein spectra from coastal to pelagic seawaters

Dissolved proteins in seawater samples collected from a coastal area of Tokyo Bay, Sagami Bay and a location off the Kuroshio Current were investigated by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Four to nine protein bands were detected in SDS-PAGE in the apparent molecular weight (MW) range from 12 kilo Dalton (kDa) to 49 kDa. The 2-DE technique distinguished 10 to 46 protein spots exhibiting isoelectric point (pI)/MW ranging 4.3–9.2/12–63 kDa. The elecrophoretic patterns were similar between the coastal and pelagic samples, as well as previously reported patterns from various pelagic areas. The close similarity of electrophoretic mobility on both SDS-PAGE and 2-DE gels indicates the compositional homogeneity of dissolved proteins in seawater throughout a broad range of marine environments. Proteinaceous dissolved organic matter (DOM) that was unresolved and smeared staining characteristics on both SDS-PAGE and 2-DE gels was first observed in Tokyo Bay waters in the present study and its possible sources are discussed. Although the two protein species, 48 kDa and 39 kDa proteins, have been identified as homologues of Porin P and low molecular weight-alkaline phosphatase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, respectively, four strains of P. aeruginosa and two species of Pseudomonas spp. have been newly identified as the source organisms of these proteins using the N-terminal amino acid sequence data determined in previous studies.     

适用于条斑紫菜的双向电泳样品制备方法

为了建立适于条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)蛋白质组学分析的的样品提取方法, 作者以条斑紫菜叶状体为材料, 比较了饱和硫酸铵沉淀法、三氯乙酸/丙酮沉淀法和酚提取方法3 种方法对条斑紫菜叶状体总蛋白的提取效果。结果表明, 针对条斑紫菜叶状体细胞中含有大量多糖, 多酚化合物, 色素等干扰物质的特点, 通过酚提取方法能有效去除这些干扰杂质, 得到清晰、稳定、干净的双向电泳图谱和相对较多的蛋白质点数, 为提高其他大型海藻的总可溶性蛋白提取效率提供了重要参考。     

UV-B辐射对2种海洋微藻膜脂过氧化和脱酯化伤害

研究海洋生态系统在调节全球变化中的作用,采用生态毒理学的方法研究了UV-B辐射增强对2种海洋微藻膜的损伤及其差异性。结果表明,随着UV-B辐射剂量的增加,叉鞭金藻(Dicrateriasp.)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornu-tum)的光合速率降低。同时,膜相对透性增大,细胞内H2O2含量上升,微粒体膜中磷脂减少,游离脂肪酸增加。表明UV-B辐射增强使2种微藻的膜受到了严重伤害,而且膜伤害的加剧与活性氧的积累和由此引发的膜脂脱酯化有关。2种微藻细胞匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著变化,而微粒体膜的MDA含量随着UV-B辐射剂量的加大显著提高。这表明UV-B辐射增强对2种海洋微藻膜的损伤可能是由膜脂过氧化和脱酯化作用共同引起的。     

Effect of UV-B radiation on the population dynamics of the rotifer Brachionus urceus

The effect of UV-B radiation enhancement at experimental doses of 0.00,0.24,0.48,0.72,0.96,and 1.20 kJ/m 2 on the population dynamics of the rotifer Brachionus urceus feeding on the alga Chlorella sp.was studied under controlled laboratory conditions using clonal culture and life-table techniques.The results show that UV-B radiation treatment significantly shortened the survival time of the rotifer (P <0.05): The longest survival time (336 h) occurred in the control (0.00 kJ/m 2 ) while the shortest (222 h) occurred when exposed to the highest UV-B radiation treatment (1.20 kJ/m 2 ).The fecundity of the rotifer B.urceus was enhanced by the lower UV-B radiation treatment (0.24 and 0.48 kJ/m 2 ) but inhibited by the higher treatments (0.96 and 1.20 kJ/m 2 ).Life expectancy also was obviously affected by UV-B radiation (P <0.05).The highest life expectancy occurred in the control (0.00 kJ/m 2 ),and it became shorter with increasing doses of UV-B radiation.The resutls in the present study indicate that the life expectancy of the rotifer B.urceus can be used as an indicator for UV-B radiation enhancement.     

Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the production and composition of fatty acids in plankton in a sub-Antarctic environment

We investigated the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on the natural phytoplankton assemblage in Marine Cove on King George Island, Antarctica, in December 2005. The amount of newly synthesized phytoplankton polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was lower with exposure to full irradiation (PAR+UV-A+UV-B) than without such exposure (exposed instead to PAR+UV-A radiation) in an in situ incubation under the light conditions in two different types of incubation bottles: quartz bottles transmitting all light wavelengths including UV-B and polycarbonate bottles with no UV-B transmission and 20 % reduced PAR compared to the quartz bottle. However, the amount of newly synthesized saturated fatty acids was greater with than without UV-B radiation. Thus, UV-B radiation may have a significant influence on fatty acid synthesis in phytoplankton. In particular, the production of eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n-3)] and docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)] was reduced during incubation under the natural solar radiation including UV-B. To understand the indirect influence of UV-B on herbivores (the secondary producer), we conducted feeding experiments with amphipods fed in situ on the natural phytoplankton assemblage. The amphipods fed on the phytoplankton with the low PUFA values also exhibited a low PUFA accumulation rate, which could negatively affect their growth, development, and reproduction. Consequently, the diminished rate of essential fatty acid synthesis [especially 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3)] in primary producers caused by UV-B exposure could affect the structure and function of the Antarctic marine ecosystem.     

3种赤潮微藻对UV-B辐射处理的敏感性

通过实验生态学的方法,研究了赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的生长对UV—B辐射增强的响应。结果表明,UV—B辐射处理对赤潮异弯藻的生长始终表现出抑制效应,而低剂量的UV—B辐射处理对亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的生长有刺激作用,高剂量的UV—B辐射处理对亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的生长仍然显示出抑制作用。UV—B辐射对赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的96h半抑制剂量分别为1．63、2.34和2．58J／m^2。     

久效磷对海洋微藻细胞的活性氧伤害

于1994年8月－1995年12月运用生态毒理学和生物化学实验方法对有机磷农药－久效磷对海洋微藻的毒性机理进行了研究。结果结果，随着久效磷胁迫时间的延长，3种海洋微藻：扁藻、叉鞭金藻和三角褐指藻细胞的膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量不断提高，与此同时，3种微藻细胞的电解质外渗率也相应地增加。这说明在久效磷的胁压力下，微藻细胞内过量的活性氧引起细胞膜的膜脂过氧化伤害，导致细胞膜透性增加，电解质大量外渗，微藻细胞严重受害，进而生长受到抑制甚至死亡。     

Rapid decrease in Antarctic sea ice in recent years

A 41-year Antarctic sea ice concentration(SIC) dataset derived from satellite passive microwave radiometers during the period of 1979–2019 has been used to analyze sea ice changes in recent decades. The trends of SIC and sea ice extent(SIE) are calculated during the periods of 1979–2019, 1979–2013, and 2014–2019. The trends show regionally dependent features. The SIC shows an increasing trend in most of the regions except the Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea(BA) during 1979–2019 and 1979–2013. The SIE trend shows a decreasing or decelerating trend in the period of 1979–2019((6 835±2 210) km2/a) compared with the 1979–2013 period((18 600±2 203) km~2/a). In recent years(2014–2019), the SIC and SIE have exhibited decreasing trends(–(34 567±3 521) km~2/month), especially in the Weddell Sea(WS) and Ross Sea(RS) during summer and autumn. The trends are related to regionally dependent causes. The analyses show that the SIC and SIE decreased in response to the warming trend of 2 m air temperature(T_(a-2m)) and have exhibited a good relationship with T_(a-2m) in summer and autumn in recent years. The sea ice decrease in the Antarctic is mainly caused by increases in absorbed energy and southward energy transportation in recent years, such as the increase in gained solar radiation and moist static energy from the south, which demonstrate notable regional characteristics. In the WS region, the local positive feedback from the additional absorbed solar radiation, resulting in warmer air and reduced sea ice, is the main reason for the sea ice decrease in recent years. The increase in southward energy transport has also favored a decrease in sea ice. In the RS region, the increase in southward-transported moist static energy has contributed to the decrease in sea ice, and the increases in cloud cover and longwave radiation have prevented sea ice growth.     

UV-B辐射对青岛大扁藻生长及其某些生理特性的影响

通过实验生态学和生物化学的方法,研究了UV-B辐射对青岛大扁藻生长及其叶绿素a（Chl-a）含量、可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力的影响。结果表明：UV-B辐射会抑制青岛大扁藻的生长并对其生理特性产生明显的影响。经过UVB辐射后,Chl-a含量和可溶性蛋白含量在初始阶段（0～3d）有所增加,而后却出现极显著的下降;过氧化氢含量、丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活力则呈现升高的趋势。     

夏季南海浮游植物光合固碳对不同波长阳光紫外辐射的响应

阳光紫外(UV)辐射影响浮游植物光合固碳,且不同波长UV辐射的生理效应不一.本文以夏季南海近岸海域浮游植物为研究对象,采用生物加权函数(Biological weighting function,BWF,亦被称为UV辐射作用光谱)的研究方法,探讨了不同波长UV辐射对浮游植物群落光合固碳的作用.结果表明,在只有可见光情况...     

Photoinduced toxicity single and binary mixtures of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum

Diatom Skeletonema costatum Cleve is one of the main predominant phytoplankton species in the Changjiang Estuary in China. In order to provide some basic information for future assessment of the potential risk on phytoplankton communities in this estuary caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), this alga was selected as a representative to investigate the photoinduced toxicity of PAHs, in single and mixture. Four PAHs including three-ring phenanthrene and anthracene, four-ring fluoranthene and pyrene were tested in the laboratory. The single toxicity of each PAH on this microalga was compared with and without the simulated solar UV radiation. The results showed that this microalga was sensitive to PAH's photoinduced toxicity. Ratios of the 72 h median effect concentration obtained for fluorescent and UV light tests were about 8.4 for phenanthrene, 13.0 for anthracene, 6.5 for fluoranthene, and 5.7 for pyrene, indicating that UV light enhanced the PAH toxicity to this alga significantly. Under the fluorescent radiation (lacking UV), the dose-response curves based on chemical concentrations revealed that the order of toxic strength was fluoranthene greater than pyrene greater than anthracene greater than phenanthrene; while under the UV radiation (476 μW/cm2 for UVA, 6.5 μW/cm2 for UVB) it became fluoranthene approximately equaling anthracene greater than pyrene greater than phenanthrene, indicating that the UV light also changed its relative toxicity to this alga. The photoinduced toxicity of PAHs to the marine diatom S. costatum might be a synergistic effect of photosensitization reactions (e.g., generation of single-state oxygen) and photomodification (photooxidation and/or photolysis).The combined effects of six binary mixtures on the marine diatom S. costatum were investigated using the additive-index method. Four binary-mixtures (phenanthrene plus anthracene; phenanthrene plus pyrene; anthracene plus fluoranthene; anthracene plus pyrene) were found to be synergistic joint action mode, while two binary-mixtures (phenanthrene plus fluoranthene; fluoranthene plus pyrene) displayed antagonist, revealing a complex pattern of possible interactions. The combined action mode of PAHs might be related to various factors such as the mixture compounds, mixture ratios and test conditions, etc.     

南极冰藻Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L过氧化氢酶的热胁迫响应

为了研究南极冰藻的热胁迫应答机制,本文根据转录组测序得到的冰藻Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L过氧化氢酶CiCAT基因分析了其编码蛋白的特征,同时研究了CiCAT基因表达和过氧化氢酶活性在培养温度升高时的响应变化情况。结果表明:CiCAT基因序列全长为2 066 bp,编码492个氨基酸。在过氧化氢酶的系统进化树中,南极冰藻与其他绿藻聚类为一个分支。CiCAT编码的蛋白序列与盐藻和红球藻的过氧化氢酶序列相似性较高,分别为80.5%和78.9%。当南极冰藻处于热胁迫条件下,CiCAT基因的相对表达量和过氧化氢酶活均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,但在胁迫24 h时CiCAT基因的表达量变化不明显,而实验组的酶活显著高于对照组。在胁迫72 h时,基因表达量和酶活均达到最高值。研究初步表明,与在常温藻类和高等植物中的功能相似,在经受热胁迫的情况下,南极冰藻中的抗氧化酶系统也发挥着重要作用。