级差地租理论与海域使用金的确定

从级差地租理论的角度,阐述了海域资源绝对地租、级差地租和海域资源价格的含义,并提出了海域资源价格的表现形式——海域使用金的确定方法。     

海域基准价格动态计量方法初探

海域资源作为我国资源的重要组成部分,其科学的开发利用与合理计价对于我国经济发展有着至关重要的作用。自十八大提出"五位一体"和谐社会总构想以来,对于海域资源的价值又有了更深层次的理解,对其科学的计价方式也有了新的要求。海域基准价格作为海域使用与交易过程中的指导价格,在市场运行与开发过程中处于指导地位,科学地评估海域基准价格具有至关重要的意义。海域基准价格动态计量方法是考虑了时间因素、经济因素、社会因素等相关因素的价格计量方法,是一种较以往进步的、科学的计量方法。正确分析海域动态基准价格的界定与构成是正确计量海域动态基准价格的基础。     

基于影子价格余值法的沿海港口岸线使用权价格评估研究和实践

为科学合理地确定沿海港口岸线使用权价格,促进岸线资源的优化配置,文章在分析沿海港口岸线资源的特殊性、现行计价方法及其不合理性以及一般自然资源价格评估方法及其适用性的基础上,提出影子价格余值法的技术思路、适用范围和评估步骤,并通过实际案例具体评估沿海港口岸线使用权价格。研究结果表明:沿海港口岸线资源具有海域陆域一体性、收益不可独立性和生态价值不可逆性,现行计价方法存在计价要素单一、等级划分较粗和计价标准较低的问题,而直接运用一般自然资源价格评估方法均存在不同程度的局限性;影子价格余值法综合考虑港口项目影子价格、项目开发成本、项目合理利润、海域使用权价格和土地使用权价格,通过计算和参考相关数据,评估沿海港口岸线使用权价格;运用该方法,以2018年1月1日为估价期日,评估亿亨码头项目50年期的港口岸线使用权价格为249.1万元,与现行计价方法相比,更加贴近沿海港口岸线的实际市场价值,该方法具有科学性和可操作性。     

围填海生态资源损害补偿价格评估方法探讨研究

围填海生态资源损害补偿价格的评估,对科学控制和修复海洋生态资源引起的资源损害和环境恶化,实现海洋生态资源永续利用有着重要意义。文章基于围填海生态资源损害补偿的内涵和方法,借鉴国内外生态补偿理论和方法,对围填海生态资源损失生态补偿价格评估方法进行了探讨,采用生态系统服务法和机会成本法进行评估,并对其使用的指标和模型进行了具体分析。     

无居民海岛资源资产核算与账户体系构建研究

无居民海岛资源是海洋资源资产的重要组成部分，开展无居民海岛资源资产的核算方法及账户体系构建技术研究对于统筹推进自然资源资产产权制度改革具有重要意义。本文以环境经济综合核算（SEEA-2012）为编制依据，探索无居民海岛资源资产核算方法与账户体系构建路径。首先，参照“实物统计-价格估算-价值核算”的逻辑思路设计核算流程；其次，为反映无居民海岛资源所有权和使用权现状，从“总量所有”和“开发利用”两个方面来研究实物与经济价值核算方法；再次，以收益还原法为基础，构建出无居民海岛资源资产权益价格和开发收益价格评估方法；最后，设计出无居民海岛资源资产实物与价值核算表式结构与账户体系。     

海域基准价格评估:厦门案例研究

近年来,随着国家资源管理体制改革的加快,海域资源市场化配置程度不断提高,海域招拍挂即将成为海域使用权出让的主要方式。对海域基准价格进行研究,可以科学确定海域使用权的价格,为海域资源市场化配置提供科学支撑。本文建立了海域定级和海域基准价格评估方法,并利用建立的方法评估了厦门市货运港口用海、客运港口用海、游乐场用海和游艇泊位用海的海域基准价格。结果显示,厦门市各级各类海域基准价格差异很大,各地区各类用海的海域基准价格在11.04～89.32万元/公顷之间。从区域看,同一区域不同用海类型的海域基准价格相差很大,厦门岛周边海域基准价格普遍较高,与陆域的经济发展水平相对一致;从用途看,同级别海域游艇泊位用海年均海域基准价格最高,货运港口用海最低。     

成本法在海域资源一级市场价格评估中的应用研究

海域评估不仅是保证海域有偿使用制度顺利实施的基础性工作,而且是推动海域市场化运作的重要技术依据。文章详细阐述成本法及其在海域资源一级市场价格评估中的测算过程,应用安全利率加风险调整法测算了当前交通运输用海的还原利率;并以嘉兴独山港区一宗交通运输用海为例,分析成本法在海域资源一级市场价格评估中的应用,探讨其适用性以及存在的局限性,并提出克服局限性的建议。该研究对于我国开展海域资源一级市场使用权价格评估具有重要的现实意义和借鉴作用。     

我国海域资源资产价值核算方法与实证研究

本文构建了海域资源资产价值核算的理论与方法,采用市场法和收益法测算未取得使用权海域资源资产的预期纯收益,综合核算海域资源资产价值。结果表明,我国海域资源资产价值总量高,主要集中在未取得使用权海域;不同区片未取 得使用权海域的资产价格与功能类型、离岸距离和用海结构有关。通过市场法和收益法核算出的海域资源资产价格相近, 其中收益法核算的未取得使用权海域资源资产的价格较高,与我国海域资源资产市场化程度不高、近年来海域使用金征收标准 调整有关。开展海域资源资产的分类核算能够在我国现有的海域定价基础上,科学合理地评估海域资源资产的预期收益,核算未取得使用权的海域资源资产价值。应根据自然条件和规划用途开展海域资源资产的精细化管理,科学合理地定价, 并完 善资产的有偿使用和用途管制措施, 从而确保国有自然资源资产保值增值,促进海洋经济持续高效发展。     

海域基准价格动态更新及其评估方法探讨

海域基准价格更新是海域市场发展的客观要求,可以为政府制定合理的海域政策提供重要依据。现有研究多集中于海域基准价格的制定,而较少涉及基准价格的动态更新。文章基于海域与土地资源的相似性,分析了海域基准价格动态更新的必要性和海域基准价格动态变化的主要原因,同时,对适用于海域基准价格动态更新的评估方法进行了深入探讨。     

论我国海域价格的本质构成

随着我国海域有偿使用制度的推行,海域资源从无偿使用逐步走上有偿使用的轨道,海域资源配置逐渐向市场机制过渡,海域价格评估方法的探讨成为当前海域研究的热点.文章在海域价格形成机制的基础上,从本质上分析得出我国海域价格的构成,对于进一步探讨海域价格的评估方法具有十分重要的意义.     

基于高空间分辨率卫星遥感影像的围填海存量资源监测与评估研究——以营口市南部海岸为例

为详细掌握围填海存量资源状态,提高海域空间资源监管精细化水平,本文提出围填海存量资源概念,并将围填海存量资源划分为围而未填区域、填而未建区域、低密度建设区域、低洼坑塘、低效盐田和低效养殖池塘等6种类型,以及工业区、城镇区等围填海存量资源的消耗类型。在此基础上,采用高空间分辨率卫星遥感影像,建立了面向对象的围填海存量资源遥感影像分类提取方法与技术流程,构建了围填海存量资源指数,并以营口市南部海岸区域为例进行了实证研究。结果表明:（1）面向对象的围填海存量资源遥感影像分类提取方法能够精细地提取围填海存量资源信息,准确率达到90%以上;（2）填而未建区域、低效盐田、低效养殖池塘占研究区围填海存量资源总面积的62.51%,研究区围填海存量资源指数为0.49,但内部差异明显,北部区域为0.66,中部区域为0.44,南部区域为0.37。     

莱州湾,黄河口水域春季近岸渔获生物多样性特征的调查研究

本文以1998年莱州湾与黄河口水域的定*置网具春季渔获为基础,记述了该海区出现的61种渔获名录,渔业资源分布与数量特征。表明了该水域资源量呈大幅度下降趋势。以此提出加强渔业生物多样性保护和资源合理利用的建议。     

Resource decline and adaptation through time: Fishers in San Miguel Bay, Philippines, 1980–1993

This article examines social conditions in a bay experiencing population growth, gear conflict, overfishing, and general resource decline. Sample surveys of fishing households carried out in 1980 and 1993 in nine villages of San Miguel Bay reveal patterns of continuity and change. The key continuity is sustained overall population growth in fishing villages. Among the key forms of change are those which demonstrate a degree of adaptation to resource decline: decreased participation in fishing; greater reliance of fishing households on nonfishing income; increased dependence on remittances of nonhousehold children; increased participation of women in nonhousehold labor; and dramatic growth in the number of fishing organizations involved in resource management. The findings suggest that resource management policies should be patterned after spontaneous adaptations to resource decline.     

全球海洋治理视域下海洋资源资产负债表探析

全球海洋治理背景下,以国家为主体的海洋资源资产负债表能够宣示国家海洋主权,服务海洋开发决策,监管人类海洋行为。海洋资源资产负债表按照海洋资源类型进行核算,海洋资源负债按性质分为政府负债和使用权人负债。在计量上要审慎乐观,采用实物计量和货币计量,不宜低估海洋资源资产,也不宜高估海洋资源负债。海洋资源资产负债表体系以海洋资源资产负债表为主表,海洋资源资产和负债变动表为副表,各类海洋资源明细表为子表。国家应协调好海洋资源与陆地资源核算的范围,近海资源由沿海基层政府核算上报,其他海洋资源由自然资源部统一核算,最终汇总为国家海洋资源资产负债表。     

基于 GIS 的富钴结壳资源量计算系统开发

富钴结壳资源量计算和资源评价是大洋富钴结壳矿区圈定工作的重要内容之一。阐述了基于GIS组件MO构建富钴结壳资源量计算系统的主要功能模块组成和设计思路。该系统利用VC采取面向对象的方法编程,设计开发了富钴结壳资源量计算评价程序,实现了地质块段法等多种计算方法。该系统吸纳了资源评价和矿区圈定中水深、丰度、品位和坡度等几个重要评价指标,可方便地实现钴结壳资源量计算,为大洋富钴结壳矿区圈定和矿产资源开发提供依据和参考。     

青岛市水资源现状分析及保护对策浅议

青岛市是我国严重缺水的城市之一。从青岛市水资源的量和质的现状出发 ,分析青岛水资源存在的问题 ,并提出相应的保护对策。     

主成分分析法在我国海洋资源承载力变化趋势研究中的应用

如何更加合理有效地评价我国海洋资源承载力是我国海洋经济发展和海域经济发展的重要问题。基于主成分分析法的海洋资源承载力研究方法克服了专家打分法的缺陷,它以实际数据为支撑,更为客观的评价出了我国海洋资源承载力近年来的变化趋势,为我国海洋资源承载力的可持续发展提供理论支持。     

Functional responses for zooplankton feeding on multiple resources: a review of assumptions and biological dynamics

Modelers often need to quantify the rates at which zooplankton consume a variety of species, size classes and trophic types. Implicit in the equations used to describe the multiple resource functional response (i.e. how nutritional intake varies with resource densities) are assumptions that are not often stated, let alone tested. This is problematic because models are sensitive to the details of these formulations. Here, we enable modelers to make more informed decisions by providing them with a new framework for considering zooplankton feeding on multiple resources. We define a new classification of multiple resource responses that is based on preference, selection and switching, and we develop a set of mathematical diagnostics that elucidate model assumptions. We use these tools to evaluate the assumptions and biological dynamics inherent in published multiple resource responses. These models are shown to simulate different resource preferences, implied single resource responses, changes in intake with changing resource densities, nutritional benefits of generalism, and nutritional costs of selection. Certain formulations are further shown to exhibit anomalous dynamics such as negative switching and sub-optimal feeding. Such varied responses can have vastly different ecological consequences for both zooplankton and their resources; inappropriate choices may incorrectly quantify biologically-mediated fluxes and predict spurious dynamics. We discuss how our classes and diagnostics can help constrain parameters, interpret behaviors, and identify limitations to a formulation's applicability for both regional (e.g. High-Nitrate-Low-Chlorophyll regions comprising large areas of the Pacific) and large-scale applications (e.g. global biogeochemical or climate change models). Strategies for assessing uncertainty and for using the mathematics to guide future experimental investigations are also discussed.     

Fisheries property rights and recreational/commercial conflict: implications of policy developments in Australia and New Zealand

Commercial fisheries management in Australia and New Zealand is increasingly based on better definition of the rights and responsibilities of resource users. At the same time recreational fishers are claiming a greater share of resources largely based on perceptions of superior economic returns to the community from their activities. The basis of the conflict between traditional, recreational and commercial resource users is moving from physical competition for fish to economic and legal arguments over social priorities. Advantages and disadvantages of increased use of property rights in resource allocation are investigated. It is argued that the recreational sector needs better definition of its claim for priority access to resources.     

Long-term and monthly changes in abundance,size composition and spatial distribution of the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria in the Bohai Sea

With the decline in fish resources worldwide, the ecological dominance and economic importance of crustaceans have obviously increased. Among crustacean species, mantis shrimps are increasingly dominant in many coastal waters of the world. In China, Oratosquilla oratoria is the most widely distributed and productive species of mantis shrimp, and its relative resource density is the highest in the Bohai Sea. In this study, we analysed the long-term and monthly population characteristics of O. oratoria in the Bohai Sea, including its relative resource density, body size and spatial distribution. The results showed that the relative resource density of O. oratoria in the Bohai Sea increased from 3.59 kg/h in 1982 to 14.48 kg/h in 2018, and the percentage of this species that serves as a fishery resource increased from 4.22% in 1982 to 35.27% in 2018, based on the mean relative resource density in May and August. The relative resource density of O. oratoria in the fishing moratorium season from May to August was significantly higher than that in the other months of fishing season, and the relative resource density decreased rapidly after the fishing moratorium ended. The relative resource density of O. oratoria was the highest in summer (August), followed by in autumn (October) and spring (May), and it was the lowest in winter (January). The relative resource density of O. oratoria in the western Bohai Sea was higher than that in the eastern Bohai Sea. The mean body weight of O. oratoria in the Bohai Sea decreased from 21.95 g in 1982 to 14.34 g in 2018, based on the mean body weight in May and August. The body size of O. oratoria in the fishing moratorium season was significantly higher than that in the fishing season, and the body size decreased rapidly after the fishing moratorium ended. Overall, in the context of declining resources of most fishery species, the relative resource density of O. oratoria increased due to its hardiness and adaptability, and its body size decreased under intensive fishing over the past 30 years. The fishing moratorium system had a great influence on the population dynamics of O. oratoria in terms of the relative resource density and body size in the Bohai Sea.