Rocking strong earthquake accelerations

In this paper, the method presented by Lee and Trifunac (1985) for generating synthetic torsional accelerograms has been extended to the estimation of synthetic rocking accelerograms and of their response spectra. Results from our previous regression analyses for the characterization of strong shaking in terms of (1) earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance, or (2) Modified Mercalli Intensity at the site are utilized here again. The effects of geologic environment, in terms of site parameters or the representative depth of sediments, which influence amplification, and the dispersive properties of ground motion are also included. The synthetic rocking accelerogram is then constructed from the horizontal and vertical acceleration components.     

Empirical scaling of Fourier spectrum amplitudes of recorded strong earthquake accelerations in terms of Modified Mercalli Intensity, local soil conditions and depth of sediments

Empirical scaling equations of Fourier spectrum amplitudes in terms of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI), local soil conditions (‘rock’, stiff soil, and deep soil), and local geologic conditions (depth of sediments) are presented. It is shown that both soil and geological site effects should be used together in estimation of the site specific Fourier amplitude spectra.     

Dependence of fourier spectrum amplitudes of recorded earthquake accelerations on magnitude,local soil conditions and on depth of sediments

New empirical scaling equations of Fourier amplitude spectra of strong earthquake shaking are presented for the site characterization in terms of local geologic and local soil conditions simultaneously. It is shown that using only the local soil site classification may lead to biased results, and it is suggested that both soil and geologic conditions should be used together in estimation of the site specific spectrum amplitudes.     

二滩拱坝强震台阵记录的四川普格加速度记录

介绍二滩拱坝强震台阵第1次记录的地震要素和记录情况；介绍了台阵记录的强地震动加速度记录的处理过程，包括零线校正，傅氏带通滤波。最后给出处理后各通道的加速度时程曲线和峰值加速度。     

四川汶川8．0级地震山西数字强震动记录特征与分析

对2008年5月12日四川汶川8．0级地震,山西数字强震动台网27个台的地震加速度记录,进行了处理和分析,包括对加速度波形数据的基线校正,滤波,加速度傅立叶和反应谱计算,以及速度和位移计算。结果表明：局部场地的介质特性对地震动特征有相当大的影响,较厚的覆盖土层对较长周期的地震波有明显的放大作用。厚覆盖土层场地的强震动观测对自振周期较长建筑物的抗震设计具有重要的意义。     

Attenuation of peak ground accelerations from the great Wenchuan earthquake

Over 800 accelerograms recorded by 272 ground-level stations during the Wenchuan earthquake are used to analyze the influence of rupture distance, local site conditions and azimuth on peak ground accelerations (PGAs). To achieve a better understanding of the characteristics of ground motions, the spatial distributions of the EW, NS and UD components of PGAs arc obtained. Comparisons between the EW and NS components, the fault-normal and fault-parallel components,and the vertical and horizontal components of PGAs are performed, and the regression formula of the vertical-to-horizontal ratio of PGAs is developed. The attenuation relationship of peak horizontal accelerations (PHAs) is compared with several contemporary attenuation relationships. In addition, an analysis of residuals is conducted to identify the potential effects of rupture distance, azimuth and site conditions on the observed values of PHAs. The analysis focuses on medium-hard soil site conditions, as they provided most of the data used in this study.     

汶川地震中小学砖混结构教学楼震害特征分析

根据都江堰、彭州、崇州、绵竹四地中小学72幢砖混结构教学楼震害调查资料,按教学楼所在地区峰值加速度分类,分析了砖混结构教学楼的震害特征.震害统计数据表明带壁砖柱是此类结构的抗震薄弱环节.以此为基础,提出了砖混结构教学楼抗震设防的若干建议,可供此类结构教学楼设计和施工参考.     

A note on the strong ground motion recorded during the Mw 6.8 earthquake in Myanmar on 24 March 2011

This study aims to investigate a Mw 6.8 earthquake that occurred in Myanmar on 24 March 2011. The epicenter of this earthquake struck very close to the Tarlay town which is located near the border of Myanmar, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), and Thailand. In addition, this shallow left-lateral strike-slip earthquake occurred on Nam Ma fault which is previously identified as an active fault. Based on instrumental earthquake catalogue, Nam Ma fault did not produce any earthquake greater than magnitude 6 for at least 100 years. So the 24 March 2011 earthquake is essentially filling the gap of relatively short instrumental earthquake catalogue in this region. The strong ground motion from this event has been recorded in Thailand with the highest peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.20 g at 28 km distance at Mae Sai town. Comparison between observed strong motion and global empirical equation had been provided. Over the distance range for which the model is applicable, they are in fair agreement. On the other hand, at long distance, the large positive and negative residuals suggest that a change in slope in the attenuation is not reflected in these relations. Lastly a seismological aspect of strong ground motion at Mae Sai had been given.     

Protecting vibration-sensitive contents: an investigation of floor accelerations in seismically isolated buildings

For the public welfare and safety, buildings such as hospitals, industrial facilities, and technology centers need to remain functional at all times; even during and after major earthquakes. The values of these buildings themselves may be insignificant when compared to the cost of loss of operations and business continuity. Seismic isolation aims to protect both the integrity and the contents of a structure. Since the tolerable acceleration levels are relatively low for continued services of vibration-sensitive high-tech contents, a better understanding of acceleration response behaviors of seismically isolated buildings is necessary. In an effort to shed light to this issue, following are investigated via bi-directional time history analyses of seismically isolated benchmark buildings subject to historical earthquakes: (i) the distribution of peak floor accelerations of seismically isolated buildings subject to seismic excitations in order to find out which floors are likely to sustain the largest accelerations; (ii) the influence of equivalent linear modeling of isolation systems on the floor accelerations in order to find out the range of possible errors introduced by this type of modeling; (iii) the role of superstructure damping in reducing floor accelerations of seismically isolated buildings with flexible superstructures in order to find out whether increasing the superstructure damping helps reducing floor accelerations notably. Influences of isolation system characteristics and superstructure flexibility are both taken into account.     

High earthquake risk buildings in New Zealand

Many existing buildings in seismically active areas were constructed prior to the acceptance of any design criteria specifically intended to produce earthquake resistance in the structure. Although such buildings are typically fifty or more years old they still constitute a large proportion of occupied domestic and commercial accommodation. Since almost all these structures comprise greater hazards than more recent constructions they are referred to as High Earthquake Risk buildings. The problems of identification, assessment and alleviation of the deficiencies have received increasing attention in recent years. In this paper some New Zealand experience is recounted.     

Estimating site-specific strong earthquake motions

The Campus Earthquake Program (CEP) of the University of California (UC) started in March 1996, and involved a partnership among seven campuses of the UC—Berkeley, Davis, Los Angeles, Riverside, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz—and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The aim of the CEP was to provide University campuses with site-specific assessments of their earthquake strong motion exposure, to complement estimates they obtain from consultants according to the state-of-the-practice (SOP), i.e. Building Codes (UBC 97, IBC 2000), and Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). The Building Codes are highly simplified tools, while the more sophisticated PSHA is still somewhat generic in its approach because it usually draws from many earthquakes not necessarily related to the faults threatening the site under study.Between 1996 and 2001, the site-specific studies focused on three campuses: Riverside, San Diego, and Santa Barbara. Each campus selected 1–3 sites to demonstrate the methods and procedures used by the CEP: Rivera Library and Parking Lots (PL) 13 and 16 at UCR, Thornton Hospital, the Cancer Center, and PL 601 at UCSD, and Engineering I building at UCSB. The project provided an estimate of strong ground motions at each selected site, for selected earthquake scenarios. These estimates were obtained by using an integrated geological, seismological, geophysical, and geotechnical approach, that brings together the capabilities of campus and laboratory personnel. Most of the site-specific results are also applicable to risk evaluation of other sites on the respective campuses.The CEP studies have provided a critical assessment of whether existing campus seismic design bases are appropriate. Generally speaking, the current assumptions are not acknowledging the severity of the majority of expected motions. Eventually, both the results from the SOP and from the CEP should be analyzed, to arrive at decisions concerning the design-basis for buildings on UC campuses.     

中国古建筑的防震思想

通过翔实的历史，考古资料，和许多现存古建筑的地震经历，阐述了中国古代建筑防震思想的形成和发展过程，许多龄逾千年，屡历大震而仍然安全的大型古建筑中蕴涵的防震措施与我们现代隔震，减震，控震方法相吻合。尤其，诸如“刚块叠置”，“控制高宽比”，“摩擦滑移”，“柱侧脚生起”等简洁有效的措施在古代大型建筑中的成功应用，为我们今天解决隔震，控震结构问题开辟出一条可资借鉴的合理途径。     

2013年木里、盐源交界地震震中区建筑物抗震性能分析

2013年11月22日,木里、盐源交界处先后发生Ms3.4、Ms 4.1及Ms3.7级地震,地震造成当地自建房屋破坏,震中区建筑类型主要为土木结构、夯土墙结构及木结构。本文在现场调查的基础上,对不同类型建筑物的破坏特征进行了分析,给出了地震烈度图,分析了建筑物破坏原因,指出土木结构及夯土墙结构是农村自建房屋中抗震最不利建筑,木结构房屋抗震性能相对较好。房屋抗震性能不佳是此次地震震害较重的主要原因。     

M computed from strong motion accelerograms recorded in Yugoslavia

It is shown that the new definition¹ of strong motion local magnitude M leads to stable estimates of magnitudes for earthquakes in Yugoslavia, with epicentral distances R <100 km and for 2.5 < M < 6.5. Tables with magnitudes computed using this new procedure are presented for all earthquakes contributing to the strong motion accelerogram files in EQINFOS for Yugoslavia.² The similarity of our findings with the analogous analyses for California suggests new possibilities for relative calibration between various local magnitude scales, which are used in southeastern Europe, and M_L in California.     

建筑物地震保险的若干问题

将商业保险引入建筑物防震减灾是减少地震损失的一种有效经济手段。对建筑物地震保险进行讨论,对地震保险的形式、承保—理赔机制、保险基金等主要问题作了详细的阐述,建议将年震害期望损失比作为纯费率厘定的主要原则,同时以未来一段时间内的最大期望损失率估算地震保险基金的规模。     

A note on the noise amplitudes in some strong motion accelerographs

The amplitudes of digitization and processing noise in strong motion digital and analog accelerographs are discussed and compared with those for hand and automatic digitization. By finding the period bands for which the signal-to-noise ratio in recorded accelerograms is greater than one, the values for the pass-band cutoff periods for data processing are presented. The Empirical scalings for amplitudes in terms of: (1) earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance and, (2) Modified Mercalli Intensity at the recording site have been employed.     

多层隔震结构的竖向地震作用研究

国外对隔震结构竖向地震反应的观测结果和对隔震结构竖向地震作用计算的规定,都与我国抗震规范有较大差别。本文通过反应谱和时程分析,讨论了多层隔震结构的竖向地震作用取值及竖向地震作用效应,对我国抗震规范的有关规定作了探讨,认为除位于近断层附近的隔震建筑外,其它隔震结构的竖向地震作用可取与不隔震结构相同;对于多层隔震建筑,多遇地震下可不考虑竖向地震作用,在罕遇地震下,应对所有隔震结构验算支座是否受拉或失稳,并且组合时应计入竖向地震作用效应。     

四川强地震活动的可公度性初探

强地震活动表现为周期性或准周期性,在地震预测实践中用地震活动的分期、分幕来区分,也可用数学上的可公度性来研究强地震三要素之一的时间要素。     

地下地震动频谱特点研究

本以美国加州强震观测计划(CSMIP）的6个岩土工程台阵的429条地表和地下地震动程为数据基础,按照各台阵场地土层分布情况将台阵分为七层和“上层／基岩”两类。对于同一类场地,将其中的各次地震,按照震级的大小将其分为三类;对于同一类地震,首先计算各地震的水下分量5％阻尼的反应谱以及相应的标准反应谱,并得到各深度测点相对于最深处测点的反应谱比值,分析比较两类场地下各深度反应谱的特点,另外,傅里叶谱也是本分析的一部分,通过对不同深度地下地震动的反应谱和傅氏谱的比较,得到了一些较有意义的结论,以供工程参考。     

张北地震序列波谱分析

采用石家庄遥测台网数字化的地震记录,选取了1998年1月～1999年12月张北震区的146条地震,分别对P波、S波作了波谱分析,求取了拐角频率、地震矩、震源半径、应力降、平均位错和波谱能量。分析了拐角频率和应力降随时间的变化趋势,并讨论了震源参数相互之间的关系。结果表明,在1999年3月11日5．6级地震之前应力降和拐角频率均出现异常,同时发现,S波对环境的变化比P波敏感,P波较稳定,且各震源参数与震级有一定相关。