敌百虫对虾池生物的毒性

研究了敌百虫对青岛大扁藻、三角褐指藻、球等鞭金藻和海洋原甲藻等4种海洋微藻及天津厚蟹、脊尾白虾和克氏纺锤水蚤等3种野生甲壳类 ,以及中国对虾、缢蛏和台湾红罗非鱼等3种养殖生物的毒性。研究结果表明 :敌百虫在低浓度下对海洋微藻的生长没有明显影响 ,在一定浓度范围内甚至有促进作用 ,但超过一定浓度范围能完全抑制海洋微藻的生长。各种海洋微藻对敌百虫的敏感性不同。对3种野生甲壳类的半致死浓度分别为 :天津厚蟹LTD50(96h)为1.25×10-6;脊尾白虾LTD50(12h)为0.05×10-6;克氏纺锤水蚤LTD50 (48h)为0.063×10-6。敌百虫对3种养殖生物的半致死浓度分别为 :中国对虾LTD50(48h)为0.060×10-6;缢蛏LTD50(72h)为18.79×10-6;台湾红罗非鱼LTD50(72h)为36.35×10-6。文中还对敌百虫作为对虾病毒病预防药物的价值进行了探讨。     

两种有机毒物在对虾养殖中的毒性效应研究

采用重复循环生物检测法,比较氯苯对氯硝基苯在中国对虾养殖中的毒性效应。获得毒物的剂量——反应率回归方程。氯苯96h—LC_(50)为1.72×10~(-6),对氯硝基苯为2.14×10~(-6)根据最小致死剂量、应用系数,建设养殖用水标准分别为氯苯0.01×10~(-6),对氯硝基苯0.004×10~(-6)。     

ZnSO4、CuSO4和KMnO4对南京丰年虫的毒性研究

研究ZnSO4、CuSO4、KMnO4对南京丰年虫96小时的急性毒性,结果表明ZnSO4、CuSO4 浓度越高,南京丰年虫暴露其中时间越长,死亡率越高.ZnSO4、CuSO4 对南京丰年虫24h、48h、72h和96h 的LC50分别为1.55×10-6、1.40×10-6、1.28×10-6、0.55×10-6和0.49×10-6、0.46×10-6、0.41×10-6、0.05×10-6,安全浓度为0.05×10-6和0.005×10-6;KMnO4在6.4×10-6以上使南京丰年虫在1～2h内全部死亡,而在6.4×10-6以下毒性不甚明显.     

天津厚蟹对盐度和温度的耐受性

研究了天津厚蟹Helice tientsinensis对盐度和温度的耐受性。天津厚蟹对盐度的耐受能力极强,在温度9~34℃盐度为0的淡水介质中均能存活96h以上;在10℃、20℃及30℃的高渗介质中暴露96h后,天津厚蟹全部存活的盐度分别是65、56和50,全部死亡的盐度分别为83、74和68。天津厚蟹对低温的耐受力较强,在0、30和50盐度水平下,耐受低温的能力差别较大,能耐受96h的最低温度分别是9℃、2℃和6℃。天津厚蟹对高温也有较强的耐受能力,在0、30和50盐度水平下,分别在34℃、36℃和35℃下能耐受96h;盐度50温度38℃时,在开始的24h内无死亡,但48h后死亡率急剧上升,同样规律也出现在30和0溶液中,前者温度是39℃,后者为35℃。研究结果还表明盐度和温度的交互效应显著,二者的交互作用对天津厚蟹的存活亦有显著性影响(P0.05),温度升高(从10℃到20℃再到30℃)致使其耐盐能力显著下降,而盐度的剧烈变化(从30到50或从30到0)也致使其耐温能力显著下降。     

几种污染物对草鱼细胞SCE的影响

1987年10月—1988年6月期间,以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)ZC-7901细胞株和1龄稚鱼作实验材料,选5种金属盐和4种农药作水体环境的污染物,对培养细胞和稚鱼进行处理,观察培养细胞和鱼体内肾细胞SCE的变化。结果表明:在每毫升培养基中分别含有104×10~(-7)mg的Cr~(6+),112×10~(-7)mg的Cd~(2+),74.9×10~(-7)mg的As~(3+),20l×l0~(-6)mg的Hg~(2+),207×10~(-4)mg的Pb~(2+)及216×10~(-4)mg的敌百虫等污染物,都能诱使培养细胞的SCE明显增加;稚鱼在每升分别含有15×10~(-7)g的Cr~(6+),15×10~(-7)g的Cd~(2+),13×10~(-7)g的Hg~(2+)的池水中喂养40天后,体内肾细胞的SCE也见增加;但是三环唑、甲胺磷、呋喃丹对细胞的SCE没有影响。本文认为,能够引起草鱼SCE变化的污染物的浓度,应该作为今后制定水质标准的参考;同时,草鱼培养细胞和体内肾细胞SCE的检测技术,可以发展成为一种监测水体环境污染的检测系统。     

凡纳对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)溞状幼体黏脏病的治疗

用不同药物治疗凡纳对虾状幼体黏脏病 ,结果表明 :用浓度为 3× 10 - 6 养虾丹、混合施用 0 .15× 10 - 6 次氯酸钠 + 1.5mg/L土霉素或 0 .0 1× 10 - 6 的亚甲基蓝 + 1.5mg/L土霉素可治疗凡纳对虾幼体黏脏病     

湄洲湾表层沉积物中重金属的地球化学特征

根据1984年湄洲湾表层沉积物中重金属的分析资料,讨论了它们的地球化学特征和主要来源。沉积物中重金属的含量(Fe、Mn、Cu、Ni 的质量分数均值分别为3.21%、730×10~(-6)、19.4×10~(-6)、44×10~(-6)分布比较均匀,Pb、Zn 和Co 含量(质量分数均值分别为47.0×10~(-6)、25.8×10~(-6)和243×10~(-6))偏高,微量金属含量不受Fe-Mn 氧化物和有机物控制,本地区的金属来源受陆源输入的影响明显。     

茶皂素对几种鱼类和对虾的毒性研究

本研究以茶皂素类作为“清池剂”,试图解决对虾养殖的基础和应用技术问题。试验结果表明:对虾对茶皂素和油茶皂素有较高的耐受力;茶皂素与油茶皂素均具鱼毒活性,油茶皂素则较强。鱼种不同,中毒反应也略有差异;两种茶皂素的鱼毒速度快,在致死浓度时16h内出现中毒死亡,毒性降解也快,浓度为5×10~(-6)时40h后不再引起鱼类中毒。     

孔雀绿对中国对虾的卵和幼体的毒性试验

本文试验了孔雀绿,对中国对虾的卵和各期幼体的毒性。0.5×10~(-6)对卵消毒5.0分钟,以及1.0×10~(-6)对卵消毒1.0分钟不影响卵孵化。24小时更换原浓度溶液和未更换溶液组相比较,安全浓度和48小时LC_(50)均减小。     

亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾(Pemaeus vannamei Boon)幼体的毒性研究

研究了亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾蚤状幼体、糠虾幼体及仔虾的急性毒性。结果表明,不同发育期的幼体,仔虾对此种消毒剂的耐受力不同。亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾蚤状幼体(Z)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:2.88×10-6,0.89×10-6,0.025×10-6;对糠虾幼体(M)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:3.39×10-6,1.04×10-6,0.029×10-6;对仔虾(P)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:6.76×10-6,2.24×10-6,0.073×10-6。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.