敌百虫对虾池生物的毒性

研究了敌百虫对青岛大扁藻、三角褐指藻、球等鞭金藻和海洋原甲藻等4种海洋微藻及天津厚蟹、脊尾白虾和克氏纺锤水蚤等3种野生甲壳类 ,以及中国对虾、缢蛏和台湾红罗非鱼等3种养殖生物的毒性。研究结果表明 :敌百虫在低浓度下对海洋微藻的生长没有明显影响 ,在一定浓度范围内甚至有促进作用 ,但超过一定浓度范围能完全抑制海洋微藻的生长。各种海洋微藻对敌百虫的敏感性不同。对3种野生甲壳类的半致死浓度分别为 :天津厚蟹LTD50(96h)为1.25×10-6;脊尾白虾LTD50(12h)为0.05×10-6;克氏纺锤水蚤LTD50 (48h)为0.063×10-6。敌百虫对3种养殖生物的半致死浓度分别为 :中国对虾LTD50(48h)为0.060×10-6;缢蛏LTD50(72h)为18.79×10-6;台湾红罗非鱼LTD50(72h)为36.35×10-6。文中还对敌百虫作为对虾病毒病预防药物的价值进行了探讨。     

两种有机毒物在对虾养殖中的毒性效应研究

采用重复循环生物检测法,比较氯苯对氯硝基苯在中国对虾养殖中的毒性效应。获得毒物的剂量——反应率回归方程。氯苯96h—LC_(50)为1.72×10~(-6),对氯硝基苯为2.14×10~(-6)根据最小致死剂量、应用系数,建设养殖用水标准分别为氯苯0.01×10~(-6),对氯硝基苯0.004×10~(-6)。     

ZnSO4、CuSO4和KMnO4对南京丰年虫的毒性研究

研究ZnSO4、CuSO4、KMnO4对南京丰年虫96小时的急性毒性,结果表明ZnSO4、CuSO4 浓度越高,南京丰年虫暴露其中时间越长,死亡率越高.ZnSO4、CuSO4 对南京丰年虫24h、48h、72h和96h 的LC50分别为1.55×10-6、1.40×10-6、1.28×10-6、0.55×10-6和0.49×10-6、0.46×10-6、0.41×10-6、0.05×10-6,安全浓度为0.05×10-6和0.005×10-6;KMnO4在6.4×10-6以上使南京丰年虫在1～2h内全部死亡,而在6.4×10-6以下毒性不甚明显.     

天津厚蟹对盐度和温度的耐受性

研究了天津厚蟹Helice tientsinensis对盐度和温度的耐受性。天津厚蟹对盐度的耐受能力极强,在温度9~34℃盐度为0的淡水介质中均能存活96h以上;在10℃、20℃及30℃的高渗介质中暴露96h后,天津厚蟹全部存活的盐度分别是65、56和50,全部死亡的盐度分别为83、74和68。天津厚蟹对低温的耐受力较强,在0、30和50盐度水平下,耐受低温的能力差别较大,能耐受96h的最低温度分别是9℃、2℃和6℃。天津厚蟹对高温也有较强的耐受能力,在0、30和50盐度水平下,分别在34℃、36℃和35℃下能耐受96h;盐度50温度38℃时,在开始的24h内无死亡,但48h后死亡率急剧上升,同样规律也出现在30和0溶液中,前者温度是39℃,后者为35℃。研究结果还表明盐度和温度的交互效应显著,二者的交互作用对天津厚蟹的存活亦有显著性影响(P0.05),温度升高(从10℃到20℃再到30℃)致使其耐盐能力显著下降,而盐度的剧烈变化(从30到50或从30到0)也致使其耐温能力显著下降。     

几种污染物对草鱼细胞SCE的影响

1987年10月—1988年6月期间,以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)ZC-7901细胞株和1龄稚鱼作实验材料,选5种金属盐和4种农药作水体环境的污染物,对培养细胞和稚鱼进行处理,观察培养细胞和鱼体内肾细胞SCE的变化。结果表明:在每毫升培养基中分别含有104×10~(-7)mg的Cr~(6+),112×10~(-7)mg的Cd~(2+),74.9×10~(-7)mg的As~(3+),20l×l0~(-6)mg的Hg~(2+),207×10~(-4)mg的Pb~(2+)及216×10~(-4)mg的敌百虫等污染物,都能诱使培养细胞的SCE明显增加;稚鱼在每升分别含有15×10~(-7)g的Cr~(6+),15×10~(-7)g的Cd~(2+),13×10~(-7)g的Hg~(2+)的池水中喂养40天后,体内肾细胞的SCE也见增加;但是三环唑、甲胺磷、呋喃丹对细胞的SCE没有影响。本文认为,能够引起草鱼SCE变化的污染物的浓度,应该作为今后制定水质标准的参考;同时,草鱼培养细胞和体内肾细胞SCE的检测技术,可以发展成为一种监测水体环境污染的检测系统。     

凡纳对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)溞状幼体黏脏病的治疗

用不同药物治疗凡纳对虾状幼体黏脏病 ,结果表明 :用浓度为 3× 10 - 6 养虾丹、混合施用 0 .15× 10 - 6 次氯酸钠 + 1.5mg/L土霉素或 0 .0 1× 10 - 6 的亚甲基蓝 + 1.5mg/L土霉素可治疗凡纳对虾幼体黏脏病     

湄洲湾表层沉积物中重金属的地球化学特征

根据1984年湄洲湾表层沉积物中重金属的分析资料,讨论了它们的地球化学特征和主要来源。沉积物中重金属的含量(Fe、Mn、Cu、Ni 的质量分数均值分别为3.21%、730×10~(-6)、19.4×10~(-6)、44×10~(-6)分布比较均匀,Pb、Zn 和Co 含量(质量分数均值分别为47.0×10~(-6)、25.8×10~(-6)和243×10~(-6))偏高,微量金属含量不受Fe-Mn 氧化物和有机物控制,本地区的金属来源受陆源输入的影响明显。     

茶皂素对几种鱼类和对虾的毒性研究

本研究以茶皂素类作为“清池剂”,试图解决对虾养殖的基础和应用技术问题。试验结果表明:对虾对茶皂素和油茶皂素有较高的耐受力;茶皂素与油茶皂素均具鱼毒活性,油茶皂素则较强。鱼种不同,中毒反应也略有差异;两种茶皂素的鱼毒速度快,在致死浓度时16h内出现中毒死亡,毒性降解也快,浓度为5×10~(-6)时40h后不再引起鱼类中毒。     

孔雀绿对中国对虾的卵和幼体的毒性试验

本文试验了孔雀绿,对中国对虾的卵和各期幼体的毒性。0.5×10~(-6)对卵消毒5.0分钟,以及1.0×10~(-6)对卵消毒1.0分钟不影响卵孵化。24小时更换原浓度溶液和未更换溶液组相比较,安全浓度和48小时LC_(50)均减小。     

亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾(Pemaeus vannamei Boon)幼体的毒性研究

研究了亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾蚤状幼体、糠虾幼体及仔虾的急性毒性。结果表明,不同发育期的幼体,仔虾对此种消毒剂的耐受力不同。亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾蚤状幼体(Z)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:2.88×10-6,0.89×10-6,0.025×10-6;对糠虾幼体(M)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:3.39×10-6,1.04×10-6,0.029×10-6;对仔虾(P)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:6.76×10-6,2.24×10-6,0.073×10-6。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.