泽当、景洪大气气溶胶粒子的物理、化学特性

利用 1 997～ 1 999年在西藏泽当、云南景洪观测地飞得到的大气气溶胶资料 ,分析了气溶胶粒子的物理化学特性 ,包括质量浓度、数浓度、光学吸收系数和化学组成 ,初步讨论了有关的影响因子 ,并同国内外其它地区的观测结果进行了比较。结果表明 ,大气气溶胶粒子在以上两地以及与其它地区之间存在明显的差异     

中国西部大气清洁地区黑碳气溶胶的观测研究

黑碳气溶胶是大气气溶胶中的重要成分,对可见光和红外光都具有强烈吸收作用,对气溶胶的局地及全球的气候效应有重要的贡献。本文给出了1994年7月到1995年底在瓦里关本底台进行的黑碳气溶胶观测结果,结合气象观测资料以及在我国东部地区的部分观测结果对该地区大气中的黑碳气溶胶浓度及其变化特点进行了讨论分析。瓦里关山地区的大气黑碳气溶胶月平均浓度为130～300 ng/m3,大大低于我国东部地区;该地区大气中黑碳气溶胶浓度的变化明显地与来自工业及人口集中地区的污染气团的影响有关,不同风向时的黑碳气溶胶浓度水平有明显的差异;由最大出现频数统计分析得出该地区大气黑碳气溶胶的本底浓度范围为50～120 ng/m3;冬季该地区大气黑碳气溶胶的平均浓度和本底浓度都较低,而春季较高。     

沙尘和生物气溶胶的环境和气候效应

沙尘气溶胶对海洋生态系统的影响及其气候与环境效应,以及生物气溶胶对人类健康的影响及其气候效应是近年来大气气溶胶研究的热点问题。沙尘气溶胶和生物气溶胶之间有很强的联系,沙尘可作为空气中微生物的载体,沙尘气溶胶影响海洋生态系统之后又会影响海洋上空生物气溶胶的产生。本文回顾了国内外沙尘气溶胶对太平洋海域生态系统影响的研究进展,以及生物气溶胶的研究历史和气候效应,特别是中国科学院大气物理研究所十多年来的有关工作。     

气溶胶影响云和降水的机理和观测研究进展

气溶胶对云和降水的影响,对于气候系统、大气环境以及水循环至关重要。气溶胶粒子作为云凝结核和大气冰核影响云的微物理过程,进而影响雨、雪、雹和其他形式的降水。近年来,在理解气溶胶的化学成分,气溶胶微物理特性以及气溶胶作为云凝结核和大气冰核影响云降水等方面已取得重大进展。本文对于气溶胶的概念、来源以及气溶胶的直接和间接效应进行了简要概述,重点总结了国内外在气溶胶影响云和降水的机理研究方面的成果,回顾了近年来利用卫星、地面观测设备、机载探测设备等对气溶胶和云进行遥感观测和直接观测所获得的观测事实并讨论了其可能的物理机制,在总结前人研究成果的基础上对未来的研究方向进行了讨论。     

"黑碳的农业与生活源排放对东亚气候、空气质量的影响及其气候-健康效益评估"项目中期研究进展

国家重点研发计划“黑碳的农业与生活源排放对东亚气候、空气质量的影响及其气候-健康效益评估”课题的中期研究进展可归纳如下:1)针对观测和实验平台,课题组进行了针对飞机气路的重新设计和改装,加装了用于航测的大气黑碳(BC)、气溶胶光学、细颗粒物粒径谱、颗粒物组分及气体组分来源示踪相关仪器,对飞机设备进行了质量控制,并设计了针对课题研究的新飞行方案。搭建了多套源排放模拟燃烧实验平台和监测系统。2)开展了基于飞机和飞艇的针对华北、华中、长三角及山东地区的黑碳垂直廓线观测。通过空地联合观测,捕捉到了华北和华中等地跨区域的黑碳大气传输过程,探讨了传输的机制。3)组织了多次农村能源消耗调查。基于室内实验初步研究了民用燃料(煤和生物质)排放气溶胶的数浓度和单颗粒气溶胶(包括黑碳)组成、混合状态、实时演化特性。初步构建了中国民用燃煤和生物质燃烧的多污染物(包括黑碳)1 km×1 km排放清单。4)建立了黑碳的光学特性和混合特性模型。采用在线大气化学耦合模式(WRF-Chem)针对黑碳气溶胶对气象要素和边界层发展的影响进行模拟,探讨了黑碳-边界层相互作用机制对地面臭氧浓度的影响,揭示了黑碳对空气污染加剧/减弱影响的物理和化学机制。改进了地球系统模式,为后期开展黑碳气溶胶辐射效应的研究打下了坚实的技术基础。5)在北京和成都市开展了黑碳浓度对居民中不同类人群的呼吸及循环系统死亡率的影响研究,开展了黑碳浓度对居民急诊就诊人数的影响研究,分析了黑碳的健康效应。     

上海市区和郊区黑碳气溶胶的观测对比

为了探讨上海市区和郊区黑碳气溶胶质量浓度、分布以及来源和输送等特征,利用上海浦东 (市区) 和东滩 (郊区河口湿地)2007年12月—2008年11月的黑碳气溶胶小时平均质量浓度数据,对比分析了两地黑碳气溶胶浓度在不同时间尺度上的变化特征以及气象要素对黑碳质量浓度的影响。结果表明:观测期间浦东和东滩两地黑碳气溶胶小时质量浓度平均值分别为3.8 μg·m-3,1.7 μg·m-3。两地黑碳气溶胶浓度具有类似的季节变化特征,均为冬季较高、夏季较低;同时浦东黑碳气溶胶浓度日变化呈现出明显的双峰结构,并具有显著的周末效应,体现了局地人为源排放的影响。受源排放影响为主的市区与受输送影响为主的郊区,黑碳气溶胶浓度在不同风向上与风速的关系表现出不同特征。     

气溶胶气候效应的一维模式分析

本文首先采用一线辐射对流模式，分析了乡村型、城市型气溶胶和平流层气溶胶含量增加对全球地表气温的直接影响以及硫酸盐粒子含量增加对全球地表气温的间接影响。然后利用考虑了海洋热惯性作用的ＥＢＭ／ＢＤ模式，模拟了近百年来由于大气中硫酸盐粒子含量变化、火山爆发和大气温室气体浓度增加共同引起的全球地表平均气温变化。结果表明：气溶胶的气候效应在地气系统辐射收支和全球气温变化研究中起着非常重要的作用。     

北京上甸子典型天气个例的大气气溶胶数谱分布特征

使用差分淌度粒径分析仪(TDMPS)和空气动力学粒径分析仪(APS)对上甸子区域本底站气溶胶(直径3nm~10μm)数谱分布特征进行观测。利用2008年的观测结果,分析了不同天气(包括沙尘天气、干洁天气和雾霾天气)条件下大气气溶胶数谱分布及其与气象要素和气团来源的关系。结果表明,沙尘天气条件下,上甸子站受西北方向的气团控制,风速较大,粗粒子数浓度明显增加,PM10的质量浓度可以迅速增加到毫克每立方米(mg·m-3)的量级。典型的"香蕉型"新粒子生成事件通常发生在比较干洁晴朗的天气条件下,西北气团主导,大气中背景气溶胶数浓度较低,核模态气溶胶数浓度迅速增长,气溶胶的粒径呈现明显的增长过程,核模态可以平稳地增长到约80nm,达到成为云凝结核的尺度。雾霾天气通常是在西南气团影响下,细颗粒物(1μm以下)不断累积、相对湿度不断升高的条件下发生的。雾霾天气条件下数谱分布的几何中值粒径出现在积聚模态,积聚模态数浓度也高于非雾霾天。个例研究表明,雾霾天气条件下,PM2.5质量浓度可以达到非雾霾天的10倍左右,其中以细颗粒物的贡献为主。在雾霾天气条件下,上甸子站数浓度较高的积聚模态颗粒物主要来自城区的传输,因此对背景地区气溶胶数谱的研究可以为解析城区气溶胶复杂来源提供依据。     

天津城区春节期间大气气溶胶污染特征 和数浓度分布

利用天津城区2009-2014年春节期间大气气溶胶观测资料和相关气象资料,重点分析2013和2014年春节期间气溶胶污染特征,探求燃放烟花爆竹以及气象条件对春节期间大气气溶胶的影响。结果表明,受燃放烟花爆竹影响,春节期间PM_(2.5)质量浓度最高值均发生在除夕夜间;持续雾霾天气条件下燃放烟花爆竹,造成2013年除夕夜间PM_(2.5)质量浓度峰值达到1240μg·m～(-3),是近年来最严重的一次;2014年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放量有所减少,加之空气扩散条件较为有利,PM_(2.5)质量浓度显著低于2013年;不同天气条件下,气溶胶数浓度谱分布特征存在明显差异,燃放烟花爆竹期间气溶胶数浓度水平与严重雾-霾天气相当。     

贺兰山地区大气气溶胶光学特征研究

利用M－120型太阳光度表的观测资料并结合有关资料，分析了贺兰山地区大气气溶胶的光学特征，并对在各类天气条件下，大气气溶胶光学厚度以及Angstrom浑浊度系数和波长指数的变化规律进行了讨论。利用实测地面大气气溶胶粒子谱资料，探讨了大气气溶胶粒子数浓度与Angstrom浑浊系数β之间的关系以及大气气溶胶粒子几可平均尺度与波长指数α之间的相关关系。     

Occurrence of water soluble organic nitrogen in aerosols at a coastal area

Aerosol samples (205) were collected from January 2005 to November 2006 at a coastal site at Keelung City (Taiwan), on the southern East China Sea. The atmospheric concentrations of major ions indicated that the area was dominated by different air masses at different times of the year: continental Asia from January to May and November to December; air masses from Indonesia and surrounding islands (south-eastern region) dominated during early-summer (July 2005 and June 2006), and air masses directly from the adjacent ocean dominated during late-summer (July to August 2006) and early-autumn (September to October 2005). The atmospheric concentrations of water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) corresponded to the different sources and weather conditions. The results of a factor analysis of combined major ions, water soluble inorganic nitrogen (WSIN) and WSON indicated that a fossil fuel combustion source and biomass burning were the two major controlling factors during the sampling period. We discuss the correlations between WSON, WSIN and major anthropogenic ions in relation to the different formation mechanisms for the various sources. We propose a mechanism whereby biomass burning is the major input of aerosols derived from mainland China. Fossil fuel combustion was found to be important during periods when aerosols were derived from the south-eastern area. Our data indicate that WSON was predominantly associated with aerosols derived from biomass burning when the origin of the air mass was mainland China.     

环球海洋大气气溶胶化学研究 III：金属形态和入海通量

中国第三次南极考察和环球科学考察，历经北太平洋、南太平洋、南极半岛海域、南大西洋、北印度洋、以及沿途近岸海域，共收集58个气溶胶样品，采用石墨炉原子吸收法分析其中的水可溶态和酸可溶态的Mn、Fe、Pb、Cu、Cd。气溶胶中金属表现明显陆源向大洋输送的浓度梯度，近岸海域上空金属含量大于大洋上空含量，北太平洋上空含量高于南太平洋和南极半岛海域。气溶胶中金属的水可溶程度，在近岸海域上空依次为Cd＞Mn＞Cu＞Fe＞Pb，百分比分量分别为39%，36%， 23%，14%和5.3%；在大洋上空依次为Cd＞Mn＞Fe＞Cu＞pb，百分比分量分别为62%，44%，11%，3.1%和2.5%。本文还计算和比较各观测海区上空金属从大气输入海水的通量。     

气溶胶影响亚洲夏季风机理的数值研究

利用NCEP/NCAR （National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research）2001-2010年再分析资料,检验了全球气候系统模式CESM中大气模块CAM （Community Atmosphere Model）对亚洲夏季风和大气热源的模拟能力。结果显示,模式可以再现亚洲夏季风和大气热源的主要特征。通过敏感试验探讨人为气溶胶影响亚洲夏季风的机理,分析、讨论了气溶胶引起的非均匀加热的变化对辐散风和无辐散风强度的影响,在机理上解释了亚洲夏季风减弱的原因。结果表明,人为气溶胶浓度的升高使东亚夏季风强度在中国东南地区、中南半岛北部和印度半岛北部减弱。而中国东南部季风的减弱促使中国内陆降水减少,沿海降水增多。进一步分析人为气溶胶浓度升高的作用发现,其改变了大气热源的分布,造成阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和中国南海大气热源增强,中国东部地区和中南半岛大气热源减弱,其中气溶胶通过影响凝结潜热来改变大气热源,主要是对对流过程的影响。此外,大气热源分布的变化改变了季风区的热力结构,使中国东南地区、中南半岛北部的加热减弱,从而减少了全位能的产生,使得全位能向辐散风的转换减小,辐散风减弱;同时,中国东南部、中南半岛北部季风由于辐散风向无辐散风转换的减弱,无辐散风减弱,最终导致了夏季风强度的减弱。而且,人为气溶胶对亚洲夏季风的影响主要通过大气热力和动力过程的响应产生作用。     

Iron Speciation in Precipitation in the North-Eastern Mediterranean and Its Relationship with Sahara Dust

Precipitation samples collected at Erdemli, Turkey, during February 1996–June 1997 were analysed to determine iron content and speciation. The purpose of the measurements was to examine the atmospheric abundance of iron and to quantify its solubility in the region. Spectrophotometric analyses of Fe(II) and reducible Fe(III) in precipitation samples, along with measurements of pH, conductivity, filterable iron (Fe_filt), particulate aluminium (Al_par) and particulateiron (Fe_par) were performed to determine iron solubility, which principally affects its bioavailability. Backward trajectories corresponding to the sampling dates were analysed to determine the sources of atmospheric constituents arriving at the site. Among these, the mineral dust transported from the Great Sahara to the region is considered to be a rich source of iron. The concentration of Fe(II) varied from below detection limit (0.02 M) up to 0.42 M,while the maximum concentration of total reactive Fe (referred as Fe(II) + reducible Fe(III) = Fe_reac) was found to be 1.0 M in precipitation. A strong correlation was found between particulate Fe and Al fractions, both of crustal origin. No correlation was observed between the soluble and insoluble fractions of iron. The soluble iron fraction, Fe(II) concentration varied independently from the concentrations of reducible Fe(III), Fe_filt, Fe_par, and from the pH of the precipitation. The Fe_filt fraction (size < 0.45 m), measuredby Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, and frequently interpreted to be the soluble iron fraction in the literature, was found to be significantly higher than the corresponding Fe_reac fraction inprecipitation samples, most likely due to the colloidal iron content of the Fe_filt fraction passing through the 0.45 m pore size filter. The volume weighted mean Fe_filt concentration of the precipitation samples collected during the episodic `red rain' events was found to be relatively higher. The geometric mean ratios of soluble Fe(II) and of Fe_reac to Total Fe (Fe_filt + Fe_par), werefound to be 1.6% and 2.1%, respectively, while the mean ratioof Fe_filt to Total Fe was 9.6%. The flux of bioavailable iron (Fe_reac)fraction in most atmospheric wet deposition events was found to be sufficient for supporting the maximum primary production rates that are typical for the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.     

黄山地区复杂地形下污染气体输送过程的数值模拟

使用新一代大气化学传输模式WRF—Chem,模拟了黄山地区2008年4月26日和5月2日不同天气背景下污染气体的输送过程。结果表明：晴天条件下,污染气体的垂直输送主要是通过山谷风环流,将山底污染物垂直向山顶输送,黄山周边地区输送对光明顶污染物体积分数影响较小,气溶胶粒子的主要来源是新粒子生成;云雾天气下,污染物的垂直输送主要是通过边界层内的湍流扩散,夜间近距离输送对光明顶污染物体积分数贡献较大,气溶胶粒子的主要来源是地面输送。     

2004年北京秋季大气颗粒物的化学组分和来源特征

2004年9月在北京城区进行了大气颗粒物采样,样品用PIXE方法进行了分析,得到了20种元素的浓度及其谱分布。并对北京颗粒物的谱分布、富集因子和来源进行了分析研究。发现K元素浓度分布呈细粒态单峰谱分布,细粒态K富集因子较高,表明了生物质燃烧的主要贡献。因子分析结果还表明,土壤尘、生物质燃烧、煤烟尘、工业源和汽车尾气排放源对秋季北京局地排放源有明显贡献。     

Continental origin and industrial sources of trace metals in the Northwest Atlantic troposphere

Trace metals (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and stable lead isotopes) have been analyzed in precipitation and total aerosols collected in the northwest Atlantic troposphere in April and November 1989. According to stable lead isotope signatures we encountered two main air mass sources, Mediterranean easterlies (206Pb/207Pb=1.131) and US westerlies (206Pb/207Pb=1.195–1.205). The phasing out of leaded gasoline has been invoked to explain the decrease of the 206Pb/207Pb ratios from 1.22 to 1.20 for the past 10 years in North America. Based on trajectory analyses, intermediate 206Pb/207Pb ratios are explained by a mixing of pure US westerlies with Canadian air masses (206Pb/207Pb=1.190–1.195) or Mediterranean air masses (206Pb/207Pb=1.18–1.19). Isentropic trajectories are very useful in explaining the variability of trace metal concentrations, a result of the fluctuating transport range of anthropogenic aerosols to remote marine areas of the North Atlantic. Lead concentrations appear to be closely correlated to the air mass transport patterns as defined from the meteorological analyses. For instance oceanic air masses transported over remote marine areas for more than three days were characterized by lead concentrations 2 to 10 times lower (Pb=0.5 to 2 ng/scm) than coastal air masses (Pb=3 to 10 ng/scm).Anthropogenic trace metal concentrations are generally in good agreement with the air mass signatures which display Pb and Cu, Ni, Zn concentrations higher than 2 and 10 ng/scm respectively in aerosol samples for the US source. Trace metal elemental ratios and soil enrichment factors were used to define industrial sources. Aerosol originating from the US exhibits the distinct industrial signature of Cu/Ni production and coal-oil combustion, while steel metallurgy could account for more than 50% of the overall Mn input into the Northwest Atlantic ocean.     

A global satellite view of the seasonal distribution of mineral dust and its correlation with atmospheric circulation

Aerosols make a considerable contribution to the climate system through their radiative and cloud condensation nuclei effects, which underlines the need for understanding the origin of aerosols and their transport pathways. Seasonal distribution of mineral dust around the globe and its correlation with atmospheric circulation is investigated using satellite data, and meteorological data from ECMWF. The most important sources of dust are located in North Africa, the Middle East and Southwest Asia with an observed summer maximum, and East Asia with a spring peak. Maximum dust activity over North Africa and the Middle East in summer is attributed to dry convection associated with the summertime low-pressure system, while unstable weather and dry conditions are responsible for the spring peak in dust emission in East Asia. Intercontinental transport of mineral dust by atmospheric circulation has been observed, including trans-Atlantic transport of North African dust, trans-Pacific transport of Asian dust, and transport of dust from the Middle East across the Indian Ocean. The extent of African dust over the Atlantic Ocean and its latitudinal variation with season is related to the large-scale atmospheric circulation, including seasonal changes in the position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and variation of wind patterns. North African aerosols extend over longer distances across the North Atlantic in summer because of greater dust emission, an intensified easterly low level jet (LLJ) and strengthening of the Azores-Bermuda anticyclonic circulation. Transport of East Asian aerosol is facilitated by the existence of a LLJ that extends from East Asia to the west coast of North America.     

Atmospheric Warming Slowdown during 1998?2013 Associated with Increasing Ocean Heat Content

Although atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations continuously increased, there was relatively little change in global-averaged surface temperatures from 1998 to 2013, which is known as atmospheric warming slowdown. For further understanding the mechanism involved, we explored the energy redistribution between the atmosphere and ocean in different latitudes and depths by using data analysis as well as simulations of a coupled atmosphere–ocean box model. The results revealed that, compared with observational changes of ocean heat content (OHC) associated with rapid warming, the OHC changes related to warming slowdown are relatively larger in multiple ocean basins, particularly in the deeper layer of the Atlantic. The coupled box model also showed that there is a larger increasing trend of OHC under the warming slowdown scenario than the rapid warming scenario. Particularly, during the warming slowdown period, the heat storage in the deeper ocean increases faster than the ocean heat uptake in the surface ocean. The simulations indicated that the warming patterns under the two scenarios are accompanied by distinct outgoing longwave radiation and atmospheric meridional heat transport, as well as other related processes, thus leading to different characteristics of ocean heat uptake. Due to the global energy balance, we suggest this slowdown has a tight relationship with the accelerated heat transport into the global ocean.