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1.
Die natürlichen Fähigkeiten und Eigenschaften von Makrophytenbeständen, insbesondere bestimmter Pflanzengruppen der überschwemmungswiesen, für Nährstoffeliminierung und Grundwasseranreicherung werden der biochemisch-makrophytischen Methode zugrunde gelegt. Am Beispiel von Kleinstsickerbecken wird die Methode zur Nährstoffelimination aus Oberflächenwässern beschrieben. Prinzip, Durchführung und Auswertung der Methode werden am Beispiel verschiedener Makrophytenarten für verschiedene hydrochemische Parameter anhand von Grenzwerten, Eliminierungs- und Infiltrationsraten dargestellt. Geeignete Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Methode für wasserwirtschaftliche und landeskulturelle Zwecke werden besprochen.  相似文献   

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For checking the quality of the effluent from an activated sludge plant for waste-waters from the sulphite pulp production the respiration of an activated sludge sample in air-saturated water is determined initially without the addition of substrate (ground respiration) and after that with an addition of substrate (methanol, substrate respiration) by means of the Clark-electrode. The measuring device is designed by means of zero displacement in such a way that the difference of the oxygen concentration is indicated by a time relay as the difference quotient. Between the ground respiration and the effluent concentration of BOD5 exists a significant positive regression, which can be used for controlling the plant. The determination of the substrate respiration serves only for checking with respect to perhaps given inhibition of the conversion of matter by the activated sludge. The determination of the activity of the activated sludge sample takes only 20 min; inclusive of the required determination of the dry matter of sludge, the technique provides a well reproducible measured value for the biochemical conversion in the activated sludge plant within 1… 1.5 h.  相似文献   

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Artificial nitrate solutions and a large number of membranefiltered nitrate-containing water samples from Mecklenburgian lakes and rivers were investigated in the spectral range of 200… 260 nm with a dual beam spectrophotometer. By the formation of derivative spectra there are achieved a higher spectral resolution and the elimination of undesired disturbing effects since first- and higher-order derivatives are formed. As it is known, the direct spectrophotometric nitrate determination is influenced by organic substances and some inorganic ions of natural waters. As a result, the UV derivative spectroscopy of 2nd order is recommended as a suitable technique of nitrate analysis for surface waters with a high degree of accuracy and precision – detailed reports on investigations being given. Compared with the equivalent salicylate method, however, the expenditure of the UV derivative spectroscopy described is considerably lower.  相似文献   

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Es wird eine Möglichkeit diskutiert, Windmaxima in den Zonen der troposphärischen Strahlströme und in der Stratosphäre zu bestimmen. Experimentelle Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass starke Veränderungen der Intensität von Strahlströmen und ihre Migration durch die Zone der Beobachtungen sich in einerÄnderung der Intensität von tellurischen Linien des atmosphärischen Sauerstoffes bemerkbar machen. Der Verfasser schlägt vor, solche spektroskopischen Messungen von tellurischen Absorptionslinien atmosphärischer Gase zur Abschätzung der Intensität von Turbulenz bei klarem Himmel (CATs) zu benutzen.  相似文献   

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Elodea canadensis Michx , reagiert auf Wasser, das das Präparat FERROFOS DFL (1-Hydroxyalkan-1,1-diphosphonsäure als aktive Substanz) enthält,1 je nach ihrer Herkunft, der Konzentration des Härtestabilisators, dem Pufferimgsvermögen des Substrates, der Einwirkungstemperatur und der Jahreszeit zellphysiologisch unterschiedlich. 0,1%ige Lösungen mindern die Wasserpermeabilität der Zellen signifikant und verlängern folglich die Deplasmolysezeit der Protoplasten, Geringere Konzentrationen stören den Deplasmolysevorgang bei den Standortvarianten unterschiedlich. Pufferung auf den Neutralbereich erhöht die Empfindlichkeit der Zellen, wenn selbst nur >0,01 ppm eine halbe Stunde auf die Elodea-Zellen eingewirkt haben. Bei 10 °C ist die Reaktivität des FERROFOS DFL gegenüber 20 °C deutlich vermindert, so daß die Protoplasten auch temperaturdifferent auf die Prüfsubstanz reagieren. Im Winter scheinen die Testpflanzen gegenüber dem Diphosphonsäurepräparat sensibler als während des Sommers zu sein. Veränderungen der Phytotoxizität von Zink-, Kadmium- oder Kupferionen können nicht nachgewiesen werden.  相似文献   

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Under the influence of the wastewaters of the potash industry the Werra river shows considerably varying salt contents (0.47 … 28.2 g/l Cl?, annual means 4.4 … 11.4 g/l Cl?) in dependence on the hydrological situation. Between 1982 and 1988 a total of 112 taxa of diatoms were observed. Of special interest is the occurrence of Stauroneis constricta (EHRENBERG) CLEVE, which is new for the river Werra. Its spreading upstream was observed. Compared with earlier findings as well as within each annual cycle there are observed clear changes in the species present and in the colonization structures in dependence on the salt content. The close relations between the salt content and the diatom communities are truly expressed by the index of halobic organisms. Diversity indices of 1.048 … 3.259 as well as values of 0.074 … 0.817 for evenness verify the imbalance of the colonization, without, however, revealing a relation to the salt content, except for variations of concentration which may be too sudden.  相似文献   

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A discussion is presented on the conditions required and limitations of the guaranteeing of quality in water analysis as the basis for the necessary standardization of analytical methods. The following concepts are of particular importance: principle of analysis, method of analysis, technique of analysis, specification for analysis, measured value, analytical value, result of measurement, result of analysis, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, detection limit, determination limit, sensitivity and rate of retrieval. Prequisite for the ensuring of quality proper are the standard addition method and the ring analysis. In the water analysis the guaranteeing of quality is of particular importance due to the multifarious matrix as well as for the interpretation of the analytical results as a basis for important decisions in the national economy.  相似文献   

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Repeated samples from the top 5cm of sediment in a homogeneous network of 100 sampling stations in the Barth bodden (mean depth—1.8 m) are analysed for dry weight, organic matter (loss on ignition), grain size distribution, total phosphorus and iron which is soluble in hydrochloric acid. The distribution of mineral and mud sediments (organic matter > 5%) follows the bottom topography: trays, closed basins and channels show the respective muddy concentrations; spits, ground waves and windexposed uplifts from depressions are mostly mineralic. The water depth has only a subordinate effect on distribution. After unquiet meteorological and hydrographic situations mainly the fine-grained material is redistributed. As comparative investigations over four years show, due to this the distribution pattern is not changed fundamentally, so that the distribution of mainly mineralic, muddy and intermediate transition ranges can be mapped, unless this would be done according to surveys under extreme hydrographic and meteorological conditions. The individual parameters of the sediment quality show significant correlations between each other.  相似文献   

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