微震技术与应用研究综述

微震,是指微小的震动.在不同应用领域微震大小的尺度划分也各不相同.对于这种微小的地震信号在许多领域都有广泛的应用,例如金属矿山、油田、火山和地震预报等.随着近年来信息技术高速发展,微震监测技术被广泛应用到地下工程当中,如油田开发、矿山的安全生产、隧道的施工建设、水库大坝的选址等诸多方面,并逐渐工程化、系统化,形成实时监测微震的可视化系统.此外,利用自然界大量的微震现象,可以通过震源定位、速度和衰减成像等方法研究大断裂、火山活动、地震的发生发展趋势以及震源机制等.本文总结了各类微震技术与方法,并分析各种方法的优点和存在的问题.另外分类整理了微震在各个领域的应用,分析其不同应用领域下的微震时频率域特征和研究方法.最后得出结论微震技术无论是在科学研究还是工程生产中都起着非常重要的作用.     

2018年台湾浅滩MW5.7地震的余震序列及发震构造研究

2018年11月26日台湾浅滩北缘发生M_W5.7地震,震中不在已知的深大断裂上,且由于缺乏近台控制,破裂方向存疑.本文基于福建、广东和台湾的宽频带台站记录,利用微震检测技术获取了更加完整的余震序列,检测出的余震数量是福建台网定位结果的4倍,这些余震集中在2 km×8 km的近EW向条带内.同时利用GCAP方法反演了主震及5个强余震的震源机制解,反演结果显示主震及强余震均为高倾角的走滑型地震,主压应力方向为NW-SE向,反演得到的震源深度略有差异,主震震源深度14 km,M_W3.9以上强余震的震源深度在12～17 km之间.主震东西两侧余震活动存在显著差异,其东侧余震活动主要集中在主震后一个月内,而西侧余震活动在主震后半年内都比较活跃,说明东侧应力水平在主震之后得到较为充分的释放.另外,穿过震中区的多道地震剖面揭示的震中区浅部活断层走向为EW,具有显著的走滑特征,其空间位置与余震分布、震源机制解吻合.基于余震的时-空分布、震源机制解和浅部活断层特征,推测此次M_W5.7地震发震断层为近EW向的台湾浅滩断裂,可能是台湾岛B F...     

2022年青海门源MS6.9地震余震的空间迁移特征

精确识别和定位中强地震序列中的微震事件对于准确判定发震构造具有重要的意义。文章对2022年1月8日发生在青藏高原东北缘的青海门源M_S6.9地震序列进行精定位及微震检测研究。首先运用双差定位法对2022年1月8—16日由中国地震台网中心记录的1 010个门源地震序列原始目录进行重定位,得到404个精定位地震目录。分别采用原始地震目录(CENC)和双差重定位目录(HypoDD),对震源区150 km范围内9个台站的连续波形数据进行微震检测。结果表明,基于CENC目录识别的余震个数是原始目录地震数量的3.0倍,基于HypoDD目录识别的地震个数是原始目录的2.1倍,是HypoDD目录的5.8倍;两种地震目录的微震检测均使得M_L震级完备性从1.7级降低至1.1级。新的地震目录空间位置显示,主震发生后余震主要沿托莱山断裂向西侧扩展,8分钟以后,在托莱山断裂和冷龙岭断裂均发生破裂。根据本研究获取的更高空间分辨率的地震序列,同时结合震源机制解,认为2022年门源M_S6.9地震初始破裂位于近E-W向的托莱山断裂,并触发了NW-SE向的冷...     

基于重复微震的小江断裂带深部滑动速率研究

利用云南数字地震台网1999~2011年的波形资料,通过辨识源于同一位置破裂的重复微震来估算小江断裂带不同段落、不同深度的断层滑动速率.针对研究区台站分布稀疏的客观情况,应用了在子采样条件下基于S-P相对到时差来约束地震相对位置的方法,在小江断裂带识别出29组重复微震,其复发间隔存在差异变化.重复微震的时空分布初步分析表明:准周期的重复微震在空间上相对独立,远离其它重复微震和背景地震; 在重复微震集中分布的区域,位置相近的重复微震可能会相互作用而影响其复发间隔;在背景地震活跃阶段,相邻背景地震发生引起的应力变化可能缩短重复微震的复发间隔.利用重复微震的地震矩和重复间隔,估算出小江断裂带孕震深处3~12 km的滑动速率为1.6~10.1 mm·a^-1,显示不同破裂段的深部滑动速率存在明显差异.     

坚硬顶板诱发煤体冲击破坏的微震效应

利用TDS-6微震采集系统测试了忻州窑煤矿组合煤岩试样变形破裂直至冲击破坏过程中的微震信号,特别是冲击破坏前后微震频谱的变化规律.采用SOS微震监测系统,对忻州窑煤矿8929工作面冲击矿压的微震活动规律进行了监测,结果表明：（1）冲击前兆信号呈现低频特征,随着与主震间隔的时间越短,主频越低.主震信号频谱较宽,但低频（0～50 Hz）成份增加,余震信号呈现高频特性.（2）微震信号的频次、累积能量与主频之间呈负相关关系.尤其当工作面顶板来压以及诱发冲击矿压时,微震信号的主频达到最低值.（3）现场监测表明,冲击前兆微震信号的主频为0～50 Hz,且振幅较低.冲击主震信号频谱较宽,但较低频（0～20 Hz）成份明显增加,同时振幅达到极值.余震信号主频为0～200 Hz,呈现高频、低振幅特征.     

新丰江水库区诱发地震的余震活动

本文综合分析新丰江水库自1962年主震以来,3级以上地震和微震的震源应力场的特点。著者对震源破裂类型作了划分,并探讨了新丰江水库不同阶段3级以上余震和微小余震的破裂类型的异同。最后指出,诱震水库可视为反映广大地区地震活动的敏感点     

腾冲火山地区微震观测(Ⅰ)

本文综述了腾冲火山地区微震观测台网的建立与所取得的具有研究价值的地震记录。内容包括观测系统性能、台站布局、地震记录。由观测资料表明腾冲火山地区存在微震活动。讨论了台网需要努力的目标。     

2020年新疆伽师MS6.4地震震源区 微震检测与目录完备性分析

中强地震发生后,地震检测因受到尾波的干扰可能会遗漏部分微震事件,影响地震目录的完备性。文章利用波形模板匹配方法对2020年新疆伽师M_S6.4地震序列开展微震检测,相比原始的中国地震台网中心统一地震目录,新检测出1 756个微震事件,地震数量增加了1.3倍。基于检测后的余震目录计算最小完备震级为M_L1.2,地震活动性b值为0.76,较原始目录的M_L1.6和0.77均有所降低。通过伽师震源区地震序列活动特征分析,结果表明前震序列在主震前短时间内(前36小时)出现地震活动的密集增强,相应的b值显示为低值;主震发生后地震序列完备震级较高,随着时间的推移,完备震级缓慢降低并趋于稳定,并且呈周期性的波动。本研究提高了伽师震源区地震目录的完备性,为精细化描述该地区地震序列时空演化特征提供了关键数据基础。     

滇西地震预报实验场超微震探测

1986至1989年,我们在云南鹤庆地震台进行了超微震探测,利用超微震来研究小地震的孕震过程,和大、小地震活动的关系,资料表明:鹤庆台附近2.6级地震的孕震过程,与大震的孕育过程有相似之处。说明利用对小震的研究加快对大震的认识是一条值得探索的途径。     

深圳地区的微震监测与研究

在深圳地区设置微震台网,于1985—1986年进行了两期监测。以台网记录结果并结合历年地震资料,研究分析了区内现代地震活动与现今构造应力场。得出:深圳市附近的现代地震活动均属微震范畴,频度不高,震源深度较浅,为5—10Km;研究区内现今构造应力场以水平作用为主,主压应力的优势方位为北西—南东向。     

山东乳山震群遗漏地震检测及震源区活动特征分析

对震群活动特征的深入研究可以为区域地震危险性分析和地震活动趋势判断提供有效的依据,但受台网布局和震群位置的影响,地震目录中往往会遗漏一些地震,而地震目录的完整性将会影响震群活动特征分析的可靠性.因此,本文利用基于GPU加速的模板匹配方法对山东乳山震群2014年5月至2015年6月期间固定台站和流动台阵记录的连续波形进行...     

2015年河北滦县震群发震机理分析

震群发震机理研究是近年来地震学研究的热点之一,其中基于观测现象对不同发震机理模型的分析和讨论是研究焦点.本文以2015年河北滦县震群为研究对象,首先通过模板匹配方法检测震群活动期间目录遗漏地震事件,得到更为完整的地震目录.再通过波形互相关震相检测技术标定地震事件在记录台站的震相到时,依据标定的震相到时,利用双差定位方法对震群进行精定位,基于地震精定位结果分析震群的震中扩展特征.最后通过波形互相关系数和破裂面重合程度检测震群中是否存在重复地震活动.通过计算共检测到目录遗漏地震事件103个.地震精定位结果显示发震构造为北东向断层,震中扩展表现出迁移速率先快后慢的两阶段线性扩展特征.震群活动期间共检测到两组重复地震活动,其中第一组发生在震中扩展的第一阶段,第二组发生在震中扩展的第二阶段.在三种常见的震群发震机理模型——级联触发模型、断层慢滑动模型和流体侵入模型中,断层慢滑动模型能够解释我们观测到的重复地震活动和震中线性扩展现象,因此认为此次滦县震群活动可能伴随断层的慢滑动,断层慢滑动可能对滦县震群的触发和持续活动起到一定作用.     

地震潮汐触发

地震潮汐触发是指由潮汐引起的应力变化而触发地震的现象,对地震潮汐触发的研究可能为断层错动引发地震的条件提供有价值的线索,一直受到国内外研究者的关注,本文对相关研究方法和研究结果进行了简要介绍和评述。在早期,地震潮汐触发研究主要是在地震活动中寻找潮汐周期。随着研究的深入,运用统计检验方法对地震活动与潮汐之间的相关性进行严格检验。时至今日,地震是否被潮汐触发的问题仍然悬而未决。不过,有研究结果表明,在强震发生前数年,震源区地震活动往往受到潮汐触发,如果这个结果被证实,将为地震预测研究提供新的线索。      

A STUDY REVIEW ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF ACTIVE-TECTONIC BLOCK BOUNDARIES IN MAINLAND CHINA

More than 80 percent of strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)occur in active-tectonic block boundaries in mainland China, and 95 percent of strong earthquake disasters also occur in these boundaries. In recent years, all strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)happened in active-tectonic block boundaries. For instance, 8 strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)occurred on the eastern, western, southern and northern boundaries of the Bayan Har block since 1997. In order to carry out the earthquake prediction research better, especially for the long-term earthquake prediction, the active-tectonic block boundaries have gradually become the key research objects of seismo-geology, geophysics, geodesy and other disciplines. This paper reviews the research results related to seismic activities in mainland China, as well as the main existing recognitions and problems as follows: 1)Most studies on seismic activities in active-tectonic block boundaries still remain at the statistical analysis level at present. However, the analysis of their working foundations or actual working conditions can help investigate deeply the seismic activities in the active-tectonic block boundaries; 2)Seismic strain release rates are determined by tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries. Analysis of relations between seismic strain release rates and tectonic movement rates in mainland China shows that the tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries of the eastern region are relatively slow, and the seismic strain release rates are with the smaller values too; the tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries of the western region reveal higher values, and their seismic strain rates are larger than that of the eastern region. Earthquake recurrence periods of all 26 active-tectonic block boundaries are presented, and the reciprocals of recurrence periods represent high and low frequency of seismic activities. The research results point out that the tectonic movement rates and the reciprocals of recurrence periods for most faults in active-tectonic block boundaries exhibit linear relations. But due to the complexities of fault systems in active tectonic block boundaries, several faults obviously deviate from the linear relationship, and the relations between average earthquake recurrence periods and tectonic movement rates show larger uncertainties. The major reason is attributed to the differences existing in the results of the current earthquake recurrence studies. Furthermore, faults in active-tectonic boundaries exhibit complexities in many aspects, including different movement rates among various segments of the same fault and a certain active-tectonic block boundary contains some parallel faults with the same earthquake magnitude level. Consequently, complexities of these fault systems need to be further explored; 3)seismic activity processes in active-tectonic block boundaries present obvious regional characteristics. Active-tectonic block boundaries of the eastern mainland China except the western edge of Ordos block possess clustering features which indicate that due to the relatively low rate of crustal deformation in these areas, a long-time span is needed for fault stress-strain accumulation to show earthquake cluster activities. In addition, active-tectonic block boundaries in specific areas with low fault stress-strain accumulation rates also show seismic clustering properties, such as the clustering characteristics of strong seismic activities in Longmenshan fault zone, where a series of strong earthquakes have occurred successively, including the 2008 M8.0 Wenchuan, the 2013 M7.0 Lushan and the 2017 M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquakes. The north central regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, regarded as the second-grade active-tectonic block boundaries, are the concentration areas of large-scale strike-slip faults in mainland China, and most of seismicity sequences show quasi-period features. Besides, most regions around the first-grade active-tectonic block boundary of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau display Poisson seismic processes. On one hand, it is still necessary to investigate the physical mechanisms and dynamics of regional structures, on the other hand, most of the active-tectonic block boundaries can be considered as fault systems. However, seismic activities involved in fault systems have the characteristic of in situ recurrence of strong earthquakes in main fault segments, the possibilities of cascading rupturing for adjacent fault segments, and space-time evolution characteristics of strong earthquakes in fault systems. 4)The dynamic environment of strong earthquakes in mainland China is characterized by “layering vertically and blocking horizontally”. With the progresses in the studies of geophysics, geochemistry, geodesy, seismology and geology, the physical models of different time/space scales have guiding significance for the interpretations of preparation and occurrence of continental strong earthquakes under the active-tectonic block frame. However, since the movement and deformation of the active-tectonic blocks contain not only the rigid motion and the horizontal differences of physical properties of crust-mantle medium are universal, there is still need for improving the understanding of the dynamic processes of continental strong earthquakes. So it is necessary to conduct in-depth studies on the physical mechanism of strong earthquake preparation process under the framework of active-tectonic block theory and establish various foundation models which are similar to seismic source physical models in California of the United States, and then provide technological scientific support for earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation. Through all kinds of studies of the physical mechanisms for space-time evolution of continental strong earthquakes, it can not only promote the transition of the study of seismic activities from statistics to physics, but also persistently push the development of active-tectonic block theory.     

基于密集台阵研究2019辽宁抚顺M2.4矿震震源参数

分析矿震破裂机制及微震的时空分布能够为矿区灾害评估提供更多的有效信息.本研究基于密集台阵观测对2019 年11 月12 日辽宁抚顺2.4 级矿震开展震源参数研究,震源机制解显示地震破裂包含明显的非双力偶分量,表现为体积压缩的塌陷机制,且震源深度较浅,最佳拟合矩心深度为0.6 km.同时,对 11 月3 日—25 日记录...     

A SYSTEM OF CAPACITIVE HIGH-VOLTAGE PULSE RECHARGE/DISCHARGE AND ITS IMPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTALLY TRIGGERED EARTHQUAKE

An external small disturbance may trigger seismic events when the fault is in a critical state. The problems related with earthquakes triggered by the dynamic stress such as blasting loads, impact loads, volcanic eruptions and strong earthquakes, have usually drawn wide concerns in earthquake science, and the corresponding research contents are quite extensive, including earthquake triggering mechanisms, triggering earthquake uncertainty, aftershock triggering, and so on. Among them, experimental research is an important way to understand the stress triggering conditions and physical mechanisms, such as the influence of load disturbance on fault friction traits, the influence of periodic disturbance of tidal stress on fault instability, etc., all of which can be gained through experimental investigations. Among them, "how to trigger" is a basic scientific problem to increase the understanding of earthquake prediction theory, thus receiving more attention. There are also some studies that focus on "what happened after the trigger", that is, the sliding instability generated by the triggering method, and then the evolution characteristics of the sliding instability process. The well-known experimental study of the super-shear rupture process is conducted by using the electric explosion method to trigger the fault instability, and the high-speed camera records the super-shear rupture during the fault instability. This means that when the trigger source is controllable, it is possible to generate different types of instability processes, and then to explore which earthquakes will be triggered at different time and space positions under different stress states by means of active triggering. The study of stability analysis and instability process has important scientific significance.A stable system of capacitive high-voltage pulse discharge and recharge is one of basic techniques for studying the triggered earthquakes in laboratory. Based on the wire electric explosion method, this paper develops a controllable trigger experiment system. By designing a new capacitive high-voltage pulse charge and discharge system, while considering the actual needs of monitoring and system timing, multiple functions are integrated into one system. Functionally, in addition to realizing the dynamic loading and unloading function of the wire electric explosion method, the discharge process can be monitored, and the triggering, synchronization and timing signal output is performed with other observation systems, thus realizing the whole process monitoring of the dynamic disturbance action. After testing, the following functions are achieved:1)The voltage and current of the high-voltage charging power supply system can be automatically adjusted, and the system can be shut off after charging; 2)Control modes include manual and remote controls. These two modes can control the recharge, release and pulse discharge of the high voltage capacitor; 3)The system can produce multi-channel synchronous output, which satisfy multiple systems working together. In particular, the remote sensing method greatly improves the experimental maneuverability and security; 4)The system has multiple sets of gas discharge tube to trigger discharge, with a wide range of discharge voltage of 500~5 000V; 5)Roche coil resistance integral current detection can meet the transient resistance, large current detection. Test results indicate that this system has good repeatability and stability with the same discharge energy and discharge energy regulator, which is conducive to carry out single channel trigger of high-pressure discharge experiment. In short, the new charging and discharging system can meet the requirements of experimental study of triggering earthquake. In addition, this system can be used to generate the stress disturbance under certain static and dynamic conditions, and then judge whether this kind of mechanical conditions in active fault systems is currently stable.In short, a controllable single-shot discharge system is developed by a capacitive high-voltage pulse discharge system, which provides a good technical basis for experimental research on triggering earthquakes. In addition, the new system also has application significance:1)multiple triggering output can simultaneously start multiple systems and improve the efficiency of observation. Fault instability is a characteristic of transient response, so, its observation requires high-speed acquisition equipment, which is difficult to control on observation; the trigger system is controllable, with active synchronization observation using physical parameters; 2)stress disturbance can be triggered under static and dynamic loads to detect the safety and stability of the fault system with active trigger.     

不同时期水库地震活动主要影响因素讨论以三峡库区微震活动为例

结合微震活动的流体作用强度检测及孔隙压扩散模拟,讨论了三峡库区不同时期微震活动的主要影响因素。以2008年9月蓄水季为界划分前、后期,前期流体渗透导致的孔隙压力增加,使裂隙或断层面强度降低,是库区微震活动的主要影响因素,这一时期微震频次及ETAS模型参数μ值有起伏地缓慢增大,与库水位加卸载过程关系不明显; 后期由于流体渗透引起的孔隙压力变化趋于零,在新的流体平衡条件下,库水位加卸载过程所导致的裂隙或断层面上的应力变化,成为库区微震活动的主要影响因素,这一时期微震频次及μ值显示出与水位变化明显的关联特征。库区小震震源深度的时间变化支持上述观点。在此基础上,进一步讨论了水库“诱发”和水库“触发”地震的力学差异,认为前者主要缘于流体渗透导致的裂隙或断层面强度的“主动”降低,后者则主要与库水加卸载所导致的裂隙或断层面上应力增强有关。进一步推论认为,流体对小地震“诱发”、“触发”皆可能发生,但中强地震缘于流体“诱发”的可能性非常小,对水库区发生的中强地震,流体仅可能对处于临界状态的断层系统起到“触发”作用。     

Earthquake Recurrence in Simulated Fault Systems

We employ a computationally efficient fault system earthquake simulator, RSQSim, to explore effects of earthquake nucleation and fault system geometry on earthquake occurrence. The simulations incorporate rate- and state-dependent friction, high-resolution representations of fault systems, and quasi-dynamic rupture propagation. Faults are represented as continuous planar surfaces, surfaces with a random fractal roughness, and discontinuous fractally segmented faults. Simulated earthquake catalogs have up to 10⁶ earthquakes that span a magnitude range from ～M4.5 to M8. The seismicity has strong temporal and spatial clustering in the form of foreshocks and aftershocks and occasional large-earthquake pairs. Fault system geometry plays the primary role in establishing the characteristics of stress evolution that control earthquake recurrence statistics. Empirical density distributions of earthquake recurrence times at a specific point on a fault depend strongly on magnitude and take a variety of complex forms that change with position within the fault system. Because fault system geometry is an observable that greatly impacts recurrence statistics, we propose using fault system earthquake simulators to define the empirical probability density distributions for use in regional assessments of earthquake probabilities.     

川滇地区若干活动断裂带整体的强地震复发特征研究

我们根据历史地震资料，采用统计学方法研究了川滇地区7条活动断裂带整体的强地震复发特征。结果表明，这7条断裂带的强地震复发表现出趋于随机的、随机的、以及丛集的行为，复发过程不具有良好的准周期性，也不存在强度－时间或者时间－强度的相依性。组成断裂带的强震破裂段落的数量越多，复发过程就越复杂。相对的地震活跃期与平静期交替出现。其中，活跃期内地震复发间隔分布的离散性较大，可用Weibull分布近似描述；而平静期的持续时间分布的离散性较小，可用正态等分布近似描述。不同相对活跃期的持续时间及强震的数量差别很大，导致相对活跃期并非准周期重视。因此，基于断裂带整体强震复发间隔分布的中长期危险性概率评估仍然面临一定的困难。     

Study on Integrated Recurrence Behaviors of Strong Earthquakes Along Entire Active Fault Zones in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region, China

Based on historical earthquake data, we use statistical methods to study integrated recurrence behaviors of strong earthquakes along 7 selected active fault zones in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. The results show that recurrences of strong earthquakes in the 7 fault zones display near-random, random and clustering behaviors. The recurrence processes are never quasiperiodic, and are neither strength-time nor time-strength dependent. The more independent segments for strong earthquake rupturing a fault zone has, the more complicated the corresponding recurrence process is. And relatively active periods and quiescent periods for earthquake activity occur alternatively. Within the active periods, the distribution of recurrence time intervals between earthquakes has relatively large discretion, and can be modelled well by a Weibull distribution. The time distribution of the quiescent periods has relatively small discretion, and can be approximately described by some distributions as the normal. Both the durations of the active periods and the numbers of strong earthquakes within the active periods vary obviously cycle by cycle, leading to the relatively active periods having never repeated quasi-periodically. Therefore, the probabilistic assessment for middle- and longterm seismic hazard for entireties of active fault zones based on data of historical strong earthquakes on the fault zones still faces difficulty.