水力压裂对速度场及微地震定位的影响

水力压裂是页岩气开发过程中的核心增产技术,微地震则广泛用于压裂分析、水驱前缘监测和储层描述.微地震反演过程中,用于反演的速度模型往往基于测井、地震或标定炮资料构建,忽略了压裂过程中裂缝及孔隙流体压力变化对地层速度的影响.本文首先基于物质守恒、渗流理论和断裂力学模拟三维水力压裂过程,得到地下裂缝发育特征和孔隙压力分布.继而根据Coates-Schoenberg方法和裂缝柔量参数计算裂缝和孔隙压力对速度场的影响,得到压裂过程中的实时速度模型.最后利用三维射线追踪方法正演微地震走时和方位信息,并采用常规微地震定位方法反演震源位置及进行误差分析.数值模拟结果表明,检波器空间分布影响定位精度,常规方法的定位误差随射线路径在压裂带中传播距离增加而变大,且不同压裂阶段的多点反演法与单点极化法精度相当.     

水力压裂微地震实验研究

微地震震源机制解包含储层及裂缝特征信息,对于地质力学建模和水力压裂储层评价都有十分重要意义.然而,目前微地震震源机制类型仍存在争议,该方面的基础实验仍需要进一步的研究.本文针对花岗岩和页岩两类岩石,开展了水力压裂微地震实验研究.在实验进行前,分析了实验条件和数据采集方式.根据实验室测定的岩石物性参数和各级检波器微震事件的P波初动信息等,利用射线追踪进行微震事件的反演定位.定位的结果同岩石CT扫描观测到的裂缝有较高吻合度.利用微震事件在各级检波器处的P波初动极性及检波器在岩石表面的位置信息,进行微地震事件的震源机制反演,得出了水力压裂实验下微地震震源机制以剪切型占优的结论.结合微地震事件定位结果,震源机制反演结果和岩石CT扫描裂缝结果等,进行对比和分析,得出了一些新的结论和认识,为今后的实际微地震监测裂缝解释提供指导意见.     

水力压裂微地震井地联合监测系统及仪器

水力压裂技术是油气田增产和低渗透油田开发的有效技术手段,通过监测油层裂缝延展过程中产生的微地震事件,能够有效地判断裂缝走向.现有的井中监测方法存在成本较高、施工难度大的问题;地面监测存在信号信噪比低、垂向分辨能力差等问题.本文采用井地联合微地震监测的方法,在地面布置采集仪器的同时,选择邻近的单口监测井放置井中仪器,对微地震事件进行联合监测定位.采用联合监测的方法,在水平方向和垂直方向上都能够获得较好的监测视角,对比单一监测方法提高了微地震事件的定位精度.在此方法的基础上研制的井地联合微地震监测仪器系统,解决了现有仪器系统在进行联合监测时通讯链路不通的问题,实现了在压裂施工现场对微地震联合监测数据的实时回收、处理及结果呈现.应用本系统在大庆油田进行现场监测,获取的微地震事件对压裂裂缝进行了有效评价;通过对已知射孔点进行反演定位,采用井地联合监测将定位误差由地面监测的32 m降低至14 m,验证了本文技术的有效性.     

微地震方法的裂缝监测与储层评价

在油田水力压裂微地震事件定位结果的基础上,结合有效微地震事件的时空分布、震级大小、地震矩、震源半径、应力降和b值等地震学参数进行综合研究,并结合研究区域的地质背景和测井资料对水力压裂诱发的裂缝网络进行几何形态分析和应力解释.本文提出的微地震综合分析解释方法可对压裂后储层物性进行综合评价,有利于对储层改造效果进行预测,对油田的水力压裂施工具有指导意义.     

基于微地震监测技术的油田开发方案调整及效果——以辽河探区J2块为例

微地震监测技术是联系储层和压裂的桥梁和纽带.针对老油田精细开发的需求,开展基于微地震监测技术的油井压裂效果评价和开发方案调整应用研究,并形成技术流程.准确定位微地震事件基础上,定量描述压裂裂缝参数;综合研究区地质资料、井资料、压裂施工数据等解释压裂裂缝形成,并用生产数据验证,准确评价压裂改造效果;利用压裂裂缝纵向特征认...     

基于井中微地震快速定位监测技术的煤系页岩气水平井压裂效果评价——以南华北地区J1HF井为例

井中微地震快速定位监测是评价非常规油气藏压裂效果的有效手段之一,鉴于研究区内压裂井和监测井距离较远,采集到的微地震数据信噪比低,纵横波初至拾取困难,直接影响微地震定位以及储层压后效果评价的准确性.针对该问题,本文对区内J1HF井的井中微地震事件的识别和初至拾取,采用了更具灵活布设、成本低廉的井中微地震快速定位技术,利用邻井埋设的三分量检波器组成的观测系统,采集了压裂井微地震信号,并对微地震信号进行数据精细处理,利用微地震快速定位算法,实现岩石破裂事件的有效监测.通过对压裂过程岩石破裂能量的时空特征分析,获得了压裂裂缝几何形态及扩展模式,认为本井采用的“暂堵球+纤维暂堵剂”双暂堵工艺较为合理,可有效提高压裂裂缝复杂程度,获得较理想的储层改造体积,研究成果对南华北地区煤系页岩气压裂改造具有一定的指导和借鉴作用.     

页岩气压裂微地震监测技术及其在四川盆地威远地区X平台的应用

四川盆地威远地区志留系龙马溪组页岩气压裂过程中存在压裂井套管变形和周边井受压裂干扰产量波动的问题.为了有效评价页岩气压裂效果,查明压裂井套管变形、周边井产量波动的原因,以四川盆地威远地区X平台微地震监测为例,开展了页岩气压裂微地震监测技术研究与应用.结果表明：(1)基于微地震事件计算的储层改造体积可定性评价压裂效果,一般压裂规模越大,压裂改造体积越大,压后产量也越高;(2)根据微地震监测结果实时调整暂堵剂加入时机和尝试多次暂堵,可提高人工压裂裂缝的复杂度,同时降低可能引起套管变形的天然裂缝活化;(3)与人工压裂裂缝方向一致的天然裂缝不易引起套管变形,与人工压裂裂缝方向不一致的天然裂缝的剪切滑移是套管变形的重要因素;(4)压裂液在压裂层段积累,形成高压力带,逐渐驱动压裂液沿着天然裂缝或储层孔隙通道向周边井的低压力带渗流,造成X平台周边井产量波动.以上认识,对页岩气高效开发具有一定指导意义.     

基于微地震定位与震源机制联合反演算法(JSSA)分析页岩气水力压裂效果及应力状态

采用微地震定位与震源机制联合反演算法(JSSA算法)对威H3-1井的实际压裂数据进行处理,得到1507个事件的空间位置和震源机制信息.根据联合反演的震源机制信息,计算事件的P轴分布,从而解释压裂施工区域的应力分布状态.通过对压裂施工区域的综合解释分析,表明工区西侧存在较大的SN向天然裂缝,以及在水平井附近存在较小的压裂...     

储层岩性对水力裂缝延伸的影响

水力压裂施工过程中,天然断层或裂缝对水力裂缝的延伸影响显著,甚至与水平井轨迹平行或近乎平行的断层或裂缝会形成压裂屏障,阻止水力裂缝的延伸甚至造成砂堵.而岩性对水力裂缝延伸的影响目前还不清楚.本文首先利用地面微地震监测技术对水力裂缝进行了成像并提取出微震事件点分布平面图;然后利用三维地震断层属性预测了天然断层或裂缝分布,利用三维地震GR反演体提取了沿层砂岩分布平面图;最后,通过叠合天然断层或裂缝分布图、砂岩分布平面图以及微震事件点分布平面图,分析了岩性和天然断层或裂缝对水力裂缝延伸的影响,证实了岩性是除天然断层或裂缝以外控制水力裂缝延伸过程的另一个重要因素.     

基于微震特性的断层检测技术（英文）

对非常规油气藏,断层既可以成为油气的流通通道,也可能成为油气藏开采开发的阻碍,体现在(1)导致压裂液的滤失;(2)导致储层水淹;(3)诱发小型地震。因地震勘探分辨率的影响使得部分小型断层无法被有效检测,该类断层在压裂施工过程中变得异常活跃并释放出大量的微震。为此,本文总结出一种融合微震时空特征、相对震级、震源机制、振幅、频率的天然断层识别方法。该方法基于储层力学机理分析天然断层和压裂裂缝激发的力学环境,并得出其时空分布规律;通过引入微地震相对震级的算法对天然断层和压裂裂缝活动所致的微地震事件进行标定,并基于地震位移理论分析天然断层和压裂裂缝所致微震的动力学特征,得出其在频率和振幅存在的差异。通过微地震地面和井中监测实例的应用和验证,该方法能有效地达到对天然断层和压裂裂缝识别的目的。     

Determination of moment tensor and location of microseismic events under conditions of highly correlated noise based on the maximum likelihood method

We examine the problem of localization of a single microseismic event and determination of its seismic moment tensor in the presence of strongly correlated noise. This is a typical problem occurring in monitoring of microseismic events from a daylight surface during producing or surface monitoring of hydraulic fracturing. We propose a solution to this problem based on the method of maximum likelihood. We discuss mathematical aspects of the problem, some features and weak points of the proposed approach, estimate the required computing resources, and present the results of numerical experiments. We show that the proposed approach is much more resistant to correlated noises than diffraction stacking methods and time reverse modeling.     

Interpretation of Microseismicity Resulting from Gel and Water Fracturing of Tight Gas Reservoirs

We provide a comparative analysis of the spatio-temporal dynamics of hydraulic fracturing-induced microseismicity resulting from gel and water treatments. We show that the growth of a hydraulic fracture and its corresponding microseismic event cloud can be described by a model which combines geometry- and diffusion-controlled processes. It allows estimation of important parameters of fracture and reservoir from microseismic data, and contributes to a better understanding of related physical processes. We further develop an approach based on this model and apply it to data from hydraulic fracturing experiments in the Cotton Valley tight gas reservoir. The treatments were performed with different parameters such as the type of treatment fluid, the injection flow rate, the total volume of fluid and of proppant. In case of a gel-based fracturing, the spatio-temporal evolution of induced microseismicity shows signatures of fracture volume growth, fracturing fluid loss, as well as diffusion of the injection pressure. In contrast, in a water-based fracturing the volume creation growth and the diffusion controlled growth are not clearly separated from each other in the space-time diagram of the induced event cloud. Still, using the approach presented here, the interpretation of induced seismicity for the gel and the water treatments resulted in similar estimates of geometrical characteristics of the fractures and hydraulic properties of the reservoir. The observed difference in the permeability of the particular hydraulic fractures is probably caused by the different volume of pumped proppant.     

邻近算法在微地震震源位置和一维速度模型同时反演中的应用

微地震事件的空间分布可以用来监测水力压裂过程中裂缝的发育情况.因此,震源定位是微震监测中重要的环节.震源定位依赖准确的速度模型,而震源位置和速度模型的耦合易导致线性迭代的同时反演方法陷入局部极小值.邻近算法作为一种非线性全局优化算法,能够最大程度地避免陷入局部最优解.本文将邻近算法应用于单井监测的微震定位和一维速度模型...     

A review of the microseismic focal mechanism research

Reservoir reconstructions implemented in unconventional oil and gas exploration usually adopt hydraulic fracturing techniques to inject high-pressure fluid into the reservoir and change its pore-fracture connection structure to enhance production. Hydraulic fracturing changes the reservoir stress and causes the rocks to crack, thus generating microseismic events.One important component of microseismic research is the source mechanism inversion. Through the research on the microseismic focal mechanism, information on the source mechanisms and in-situ stress status variations can be quantitatively revealed to effectively optimize the reservoir reconstruction design for increasing production. This paper reviews the recent progress in hydraulic fracturing induced microseismic focal mechanism research. We summarize their main principles and provide a detailed introduction of the research advances in source modeling, microseismic data synthesis, and focal mechanism inversion. We also discuss the challenges and limitations in the current microseismic focal mechanism research and propose prospects for future research ideas and directions.     

基于稀疏分布特征的井下微地震信号识别与提取方法

井下微震监测获得的地震记录往往包含大量的噪声,记录信噪比很低.有效地震信号的识别与提取是进行后续地震定位等工作之前需要优先解决的问题.经过研究发现,井下水压裂微地震信号具有稀疏分布的特征,而井下环境噪声则具有更多的Gaussian分布特征.为此,本文提出将图像处理领域适宜于稀疏分布信号降噪处理的稀疏码收缩方法应用于井下微震监测数据处理.为解决需要利用与待处理数据中有效信号成分具有相似分布特征的无噪信号序列估算正交基以及计算效率等问题,将原方法与小波变换理论相结合.即通过优选小波基函数作为正交基进行小波变换将信号分解为不同级的小波系数,利用稀疏码收缩方法中对稀疏编码施加的非线性收缩方式作为阈值准则对小波系数进行改造.通过多方面的数值实验证明了该方法在处理地震子波及井下微地震信号方面准确可靠.含噪记录经过处理后有效地震信号的到时、波形、时频谱特征等均能得到良好的识别和恢复.并且该方法具有很强的抗噪能力,当信噪比低至-20~-30db时,仍然能够发挥作用.在处理大量实际井下微震监测数据的过程中,面对多种复杂情况,本方法展现出了计算效率高、计算结果可靠、应用简单等优势,证明了其本身具有实际应用价值,值得进一步的研究和推广.     

Cross double‐difference inversion for simultaneous velocity model update and microseismic event location

Microseismic monitoring is an approach for mapping hydraulic fracturing. Detecting the accurate locations of microseismic events relies on an accurate velocity model. The one‐dimensional layered velocity model is generally obtained by model calibration from inverting perforation data. However, perforation shots may only illuminate the layers between the perforation shots and the recording receivers with limited raypath coverage in a downhole monitoring problem. Some of the microseismic events may occur outside of the depth range of these layers. To derive an accurate velocity model covering all of the microseismic events and locating events at the same time, we apply the cross double‐difference method for the simultaneous inversion of a velocity model and event locations using both perforation shots and microseismic data. The cross double‐difference method could provide accurate locations in both the relative and absolute sense, utilizing cross traveltime differences between P and S phases over different events. At the downhole monitoring scale, the number of cross traveltime differences is sufficiently large to constrain events locations and velocity model as well. In this study, we assume that the layer thickness is known, and velocities of P‐ and S‐wave are inverted. Different simultaneous inversion methods based on the Geiger's, double‐difference, and cross double‐difference algorithms have been compared with the same input data. Synthetic and field data experiments suggest that combining both perforation shots and microseismic data for the simultaneous cross double‐difference inversion of the velocity model and event locations is available for overcoming the trade‐offs in solutions and producing reliable results.     

基于时频稀疏性分析法的低信噪比微震事件识别与恢复

微震监测是直观评价压裂过程和压裂效果的有效手段.微震事件识别是微震监测的首要步骤.然而对于低信噪比微震监测数据,常规识别方法很难取得满意效果.基于微震事件在时频域中的稀疏性,本文提出利用Renyi熵值表示微震监测数据的时频稀疏程度,并以时频距离为约束条件,建立以低熵值的道数为判别阈值的目标函数.本文方法能在识别出微震事件的同时,恢复出较为清晰的微震事件.通过数值计算和对实际监测数据的测试,表明该方法对低信噪比的微震监测数据有较好的处理效果.     

基于波动方程的微地震震源位置、震源时间及VTI介质各向异性参数联合反演

对于非常规油气开发,水力压裂监控的效果取决于对微地震事件的分析、解释.准确的微地震震源位置是关乎施工成败的重要因素.微地震震源位置的准确性与多个参数相关,其不仅依赖于微地震事件的激发时间,同时也依赖于储层介质参数信息,因此进行微地震震源位置、震源时间、储层介质参数的联合反演尤为重要.页岩气储层通常表现出较强的各向异性,...     

Brittle crack growth in rocks

Fracture phenomena in rocks are associated with mainly mode I crack growth, sometimes superposed by shear or torsion. The present paper contributes to a fracture mechanics analysis of mode I and mixed mode crack propagation, by presenting reliable fracture toughness data for some rocks which include the effect of induced crack propagation rate, and the influence of effective pressure, and by numerical calculations on fracture propagation in layered rock formations. Empirical relations between fracture toughness,K _Ic' and induced crack opening displacement rate, as well as effective pressure, are given. The observedK _Ic pressure relation supports a theoretical model which takes into account the existence of microcracks in the crack tip region. Finite element calculations of fracture propagation in layered rock formations demonstrate the important effect of mixed mode crack growth. The numerical approach is particularly applied to single crack growth in hydraulic fracturing and in three point bending tests on layered single edge crack specimens.